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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Woods of WonderA Reading AZ Level R Leveled BookWord Count:877www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK RLORWritten by Rus BuyokWoods of Wonderwww.readinga-Woods of WonderWritten by Rus Buyok16Glossarycanopy(n.)the part of a forest where the tops of trees for
2、m a dense layer of foliage(p.5)coniferous(adj.)referring to a large group of plants,mostly trees,that grow cones and have leaves shaped like needles or scales(p.7)deciduous(adj.)having leaves that drop off in the fall and grow back in the spring(p.7)diversity(n.)a wide variety of many things(p.13)ec
3、osystems(n.)communities of living things together with their habitat (p.6)endangered(adj.)in danger of dying out completely(p.10)old-growth(adj.)of or relating to very old forests(p.4)reserve(n.)a place where wild plants and animals are protected(p.13)species(n.)a group of living things that are phy
4、sically similar and can reproduce(p.5)16CorrelationLEVEL RN3030Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAWoods of WonderLevel R Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Rus BuyokAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,page 8(bottom right):Gary Moon/age fotostock/SuperStock;back cover:Dennis Sab
5、o/Alamy;title page:MIXA/Alamy;Page 4:William Manning/123RF;page 7:Mike Theiss/National Geographic Stock;page 8(top):Robert Harding Picture Library/SuperStock;page 8(bottom left):fotototo/Blickwinkel/age fotostock;page 9:Daniel Dempster Photography/Alamy;page 10(top):Stephen Dalton/Minden Pictures;pa
6、ge 10(bottom):Shattil&Rozinski/NPL/Minden Pictures;page 11:Kazuma Anezaki/Nature Production/Minden Pictures;page 12(left):Hiroya Minakuchi/Minden Pictures;page 12(right):Susumu Ishie/Nature Production/Minden Pictures;page 13:Wild Wonders of Europe/Schandy/Minden Pictures;page 14(top):Cyril Ruoso/JH
7、Editorial/Minden Pictures;page 14(bottom):Cultura RM/Alamy Stock Photo;page 15:Danita Delimont/Alamy15The Future of Old-Growth ForestsOld-growth forests often contain very complex ecosystems that have been supporting life for hundreds or even thousands of years.Governments,national parks,and organiz
8、ations protect many of these places.However,other old-growth forests,both small and large,are in danger.Human actions can damage or destroy these delicate ecosystems.Once gone,the beauty and scientific information that these old-growth forests hold may be lost forever.Laws prevent logging in some ol
9、d-growth forests but not others.People continue to debate how much protection is enough.Woods of Wonder Level R153Table of ContentsOh,Thats Old!.4United States .7Japan .11Russia .13The Future of Old-Growth Forests.15Glossary .16Great Smoky Mountains National Park,United StatesGreat Smoky Mountains N
10、ational Park,United StatesSequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,United StatesSequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,United StatesWestern Caucasus,RussiaWestern Caucasus,RussiaShirakami-Sanchi,JapanShirakami-Sanchi,JapanFour Old-Growth Forests Around the WorldWoods of Wonder Level R14A variety of
11、endangered animals make their home in these forests.Some scientists think that a very small number of endangered snow leopards survive there.No sightings have been reported for years,but scientists still find signs of the large cats,such as paw prints and scat.The endangered wisent,or European bison
12、,has also been returned to the forest.The last wild wisent was killed in the Western Caucasus in 1927.People set captive wisents free in the area in 1940.WisentsSnow leopards4Oh,Thats Old!Imagine youre in a dark,lovely forest.Trees with trunks wider than cars tower overhead and block almost all the
13、sunlight.Small ferns and other plants soak up what little light they can find.Pine needles and other dead leaves cover the ground.Like something out of a fairy tale,an old-growth forest is a place of wonder and mystery.13RussiaRussias Western Caucasus region stretches about 1,062 square miles(2,750
14、sq km)from the Black Sea to the Caucasus Mountains.Protected within Caucasus State Biosphere Reserve and Sochi National Park,this area shows great diversity.Coniferous trees make up most of the forests.Different species,such as pine,cedar,fir,and spruceas well as beech and oak(both deciduous)grow in
15、 different areas and at different elevations.Fallen trees like this fir can nurse along other plants in this old-growth forest in the Caucasus region of Russia.Woods of Wonder Level R5For some old-growth forests,this scene wouldnt be far from the truth.Others might look quite different.Some old-grow
16、th forests have only one type of tree,while others have many.Some may have trees that seem to touch the sky,while others have trees shorter than a house.Because of this variety,scientists do not have one definition for old-growth forests.Still,they have found some features that many old-growth fores
17、ts share.Many scientists agree that an old-growth forest must be at least 150 years old.The age of each tree in the forest may vary widely,however.The forests structure must also be complex.This means that the canopy must have varying layers with large trees,both living and dead(or dying).Fallen tre
18、es create holes in the canopy where young trees can find the sunlight to grow.Fallen trees and upright dead trees,called snags,provide food and shelter for many animals,plants,and fungi.Some of these species live nowhere else on Earth.Woods of Wonder Level R12Almost completely untouched by humans,Sh
19、irakami-Sanchi has no trails or structures.Because of its steep slopes,no trees have been cut down.Wildlife within the area is protected,although hunters called Matagi are sometimes allowed to hunt bears as part of their religion.The forest is also home to the Japanese serow.This goatlike animal is
20、only found here and in two other small areas in Japan.More than 2,100 insect species and 87 bird species live in the forestsincluding the black woodpecker,an endangered species in Japan.Japanese serowBlack woodpeckers6Old-growth forests are some of the most beautiful and scientifically interesting p
21、laces on Earth.Yet because of humans,many of them have shrunk or disappeared.By carefully studying and protecting the ones that remain,we can understand the complex and delicate ecosystems they create.Forest LevelsForest LevelsForest LevelsCanopyTall trees like pines,maples,and oaksUnderstorySmall t
22、rees and bushesForest floorGrasses,mosses,ferns,and logs11JapanIn the northern part of Japan sits Shirakami-Sanchi.Its one of the last untouched old-growth forests in East Asia.Made up mostly of Seibolds beech trees,the area covers just 65 square miles(170 sq km)of the Shirakami Mountains.Forests li
23、ke this one once covered most of northern Japan,but many have been cut down.A Seibolds beech tree reaches for the sun in Shirakami-Sanchi,Japan.Woods of Wonder Level R7United StatesSequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks in California together cover more than 1,353 square miles(3,504 sq km).They hol
24、d more than 300 square miles(777 sq km)of old-growth forest.This forest includes a variety of tree species,mostly coniferous but deciduous as well.One of the most amazing of these is the giant sequoia.Found only in California,these huge trees are among the oldest on Earth.They can live for more than
25、 3,000 years.A giant sequoia known as the General Sherman Tree is the largest tree in the world.The General Sherman Tree is the largest tree on the planet(but not the tallest).Woods of Wonder Level R10Tough,Not TallNot all old-growth forests feature towering trees.In some harsh places exposed to fie
26、rce and frigid winds,pines,spruces,and other coniferous trees become stunted and twisted.These trees are called Krummholz,a German word meaning“crooked wood.”They live near the Arctic and near timberline,the boundary on a mountain where the trees stop growing.They never grow much over 6 feet(1.8 m)t
27、all,but dont let their size fool you:Some are one thousand years old.The endangered Carolina northern flying squirrel makes its home among these trees.These small mammals dont actually fly.They use skin attached at their front and back paws to glide.They mostly eat fungi and lichens but may also fee
28、d on fruits and nuts.Without the old-growth forest,these animals would vanish.Northern flying squirrel8Sequoia vs.RedwoodGiant redwoods and giant sequoias both grow in California.They have the same color bark.Both are huge,but theyre different.Giant redwoods are the tallest trees in the world.They c
29、an reach up to 378 feet(115 m)!Giant sequoias are the largest.At up to 40 feet(12 m)in diameter,they can grow almost twice as wide as redwoods.Redwoods grow best in fog.Sequoias need dry heat for their cones to open.Redwoods grow near sea level.Sequoias grow at 5,000 to 7,000 feet(1,524 to 2,134 m).
30、Thousands of creatures live in the park,including the Pacific fisher.This relative of the weasel lives under the thick canopy in old-growth forests.It hunts birds and small mammalsbut its favorite meal is porcupine.Because its habitat is limited to old-growth forests,it is now rare in California,Ore
31、gon,and Washington.FisherSequoiaRedwood9Across the United States in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee,Great Smoky Mountains National Park covers more than 800 square miles(2,072 sq km).Almost all of the park is forest,with old-growth forests only making up about 25 percent.Deciduous trees make up most of the old-growth forests in this area.Species include dogwood,Carolina silverbell,magnolia,American beech,yellow bird,and maple,among others.Autumn is colorful in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.Woods of Wonder Level R