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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.WritingResearch an original hip-hop DJ.Write a biography describing the DJs life,influences,and what the artist is doing today.Be sure to cite your references.Social StudiesCreate a timeline showing the evolution of rap music.Include key dates
2、 and people.Research additional information,if needed.Include at least five events on your timeline.ConnectionsRoots of RapA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,548www.readinga-Written by Randolph HeardXZ1Z2LEVELED BOOK Z1www.readinga-How has rap influenced the music that came after it?Focu
3、s QuestionWritten by Randolph Heardamplifier commentary cultures defacing influential innovation inspired mainstream poverty rivals turntables vinylWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRARoots of Rap Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Randolph HeardAll righ
4、ts reserved.www.readinga-Front and back cover:Grandmaster Flash and his group the Furious Five were the first hip-hop act to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.Page 3:Run-DMC and the Beastie Boys pose for their tour promotion photo,1987.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:MediaPunch In
5、c/REX USA;title page:Sean Pavone/123RF;page 3:Marty Lederhandler/AP Images;page 4:Owen Franken/Corbis;pages 5,7(top):WENN Ltd/Alamy;page 6:Ted Spiegel/Corbis;pages 7(bottom),9:PYMCA/Alamy;page 8:Thinkstock/Stockbyte/Thinkstock;page 10:Heide Benser/Corbis;page 12(left):Keystone Pictures USA/Alamy;pag
6、e 12(right):Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy;page 14(top):Keizo Mori/AFLO/Nippon News/Corbis;page 14(center):Carlos Cazalis/Corbis;page 14(bottom):Agencja Fotograficzna Caro/Alamy;page 15(top):courtesy of Upper Hutt Posse;page 15(bottom):courtesy of Third3ye3Roots of Rap .4Born at the Block Party .6 The Fo
7、ur Pillars of Hip-Hop .7 The DJ .8 Breaking .10Graffiti Art .11Rap .12Rap Evolves .13The Party Doesnt Stop .14Glossary .16ContentsRun-DMC and the Beastie BoysRoots of Rap Level Z14 New York City in the 1970s was a dismal scene of twentieth-century urban decay.The citys growing financial and social p
8、roblems resulted in high crime rates,soaring poverty and homelessness,and a crumbling infrastructure.Not much was looking bright for the future of many New Yorkers,particularly those in poor neighborhoods with few resources to begin with.Out of this poverty and decay,however,a new style of music wou
9、ld arise.One hot summer afternoon in 1973,teenager Cindy Campbell asked her sixteen-year-old brother Clive to DJ(disc jockey)a back-to-school jam.The party would take place on August 11 at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in their South Bronx neighborhood,which was made up mostly of African American and Puerto
10、Rican immigrants.The Campbell family had emigrated from Jamaica five years earlier.In Jamaica,Clive had grown up going to local parties,known as dancehalls,that featured local DJs talking,or toasting,over music played on portable sound systems.Roots of RapIn the 1970s,abandoned buildings were a comm
11、on part of the South Bronx landscape.5Clive didnt have access to much fancy equipment.He picked out some records from his large collection and hooked up two turntables to a guitar amplifier.Clive,who was nicknamed“Hercules”due to his large frame,performed under the name DJ Kool Herc.The party was an
12、 incredible success.Little did he know that this party would give rise to the birth of a global musical movement known as hip-hop.The next day Clive was instantly famous throughout the Bronx,and he went on to become known as the Father of Hip-Hop.Like Clive,other kids from different backgrounds and
13、cultures were inspired to take what little they hadbeat-up turntables,vinyl records,a microphoneand use their creativity to invent an entirely new musical culture.Hip-hop featured a distinct kind of performance called rapping that showcased clever rhymes and catchy beats.This winning combination of
14、creativity caught fire all over the world.DJ Kool Herc and Cindy CampbellRoots of Rap Level Z16 During a block party,a neighborhood closes its streets to traffic so people can come together outdoors to have fun.In the 1970s,block parties were especially common in poor communities like the South Bron
15、x,where people could not afford to go to expensive dance clubs.They had to find creative ways to make their own entertainment.Fortunately,entertainment technology had become widely available and affordable enough that more people could access it.Block parties were essential to the growth of hip-hop.
16、Live audiences were made up of friends,neighbors,and even rivals.They gave performers instant feedback,both positive and negative.This helped hip-hop constantly evolve.Every performer wanted to create the newest and most popular style.Born at the Biock PartyNeighborhood block parties helped develop
17、a sense of community in cities across the country.7The original hip-hop artists knew they could become legendary among their peers.But they did not realize that what they were creating would become world famous.Looking back at those days,DJ Kool Herc noted that no one knew they were actually making
18、history by creating a new culture.Grandmaster Flash,one of hip-hops pioneer DJs,turned down his first offer to make a record.He was charging a dollar or two for local shows and couldnt imagine anyone would want to pay full price for a hip-hop record.Early hip-hop was more than just music;it was an e
19、ntire culture.It had a lifestyle all its own that was expressed in different ways.Since the hip-hop community had no access to performing in clubs,dancing on stages,or exhibiting their art in galleries,artists took their creativity to the streets and made them their stageand the city,their audience.
20、Early hip-hop DJs such as Afrika Bambaataa and MCs(rappers)such as KRS-ONE referred to the“four pillars,”or key elements,of hip-hop culturethe DJ,the MC,breaking,and graffiti art.Each was equally important.The Four Piiiars of Hip-HopAfrika BambaataaKRS-ONERoots of Rap Level Z18The job of the DJ has
21、always been to keep the music flowing.To play music,the DJ placed the turntable needle on a groove in the record,ideally as smoothly as possible.Typically,as a song was ending on one turntable,the DJ used a second turntable to fade in a new song.Hip-hop turned this tradition on its head.Hip-hop took
22、 the tools designed to play music and turned them into tools to make music.One of the most famous sounds of early hip-hop,called scratching,was developed by early hip-hop DJs from New York City such as Grand Wizard Theodore.DJs created a scratchy sound by moving the vinyl record back and forth with
23、their hand while it was playing on the turntable.The DJOriginal hip-hop DJs used turntables to scratch and mix music.9In 1974,a year after his sisters block party,DJ Kool Herc became popular enough to get shows in Bronx clubs.Kool Herc noticed that the crowd loved a part of the record called the bre
24、akbeata short,catchy drum solo.He used his two turntables to repeat the breakbeat over and over.His live audience went crazy.From this musical innovation came the idea of sampling,or taking a part(sample)of a sound recording and reusing it in a different song.Hip-hop DJs created their music from rec
25、ords that already existed,whether they were making breakbeats,sampling catchy vocal bits,or adding scratching.The innovations of early hip-hop DJs influenced music-makers far outside the world of hip-hop for years to come.Competition was an important key to every creative aspect of hip-hopeverybody
26、wanted to be the best,the newest,and the freshest.A conflict that might once have been settled with physical confrontation could instead be addressed through the creative victory of a rap battle or a breakdance showdown.Two rappers would throw down their best verses,or two dancers would show off the
27、ir most impressive movesand let the live audience decide who had won.Surviving Your RivaiRoots of Rap Level Z110Although it became known as breakdancing,the original street dancers called what they did breaking and referred to themselves as b-boys,b-girls,or breakers.Breakers danced to hip-hop,funk
28、music,and,of course,breakbeats.They danced alone or as part of a dance crew.Breakers would show off their skills while the breakbeat played,using four types of movement:Toprock is a dance done standing up to initiate breaking.A unique style is key.Downrock is a move usually performed with hands and
29、feet on the floor.The emphasis is on foot speed and footwork combinations.Power moves are closer to gymnastics than dancing.This centerpiece of a routine relies on speed,momentum,and acrobatics.BreakingA b-boy performs one of many types of freezes.11 Freezes are just what they sound likethe breaker
30、stops,or freezes,all bodily motion,typically in an unusual or difficult position.Breaking became world famous.It was featured in movies,shown on TV shows,and adopted and adored by hip-hop fans all over the world.The streets of New York had graffiti before hip-hop.But in the early 1970s,graffiti arti
31、sts expressed hip-hop culture by spray-painting personalized signatures on,or tagging,the sides of buildings,subway cars,buses,and even places that seemed impossible to reach.Graffiti artists wanted the fame that came from other people seeing their enormous,aerosol-painted street tag on the side of
32、a building or bridge.They got more attention if they had a unique visual style.Bubble lettering was popular first.But the elaborate,almost unreadable“wildstyle”that came out of Brooklyn proved to be the defining look.Graffiti artists were committing criminal acts by defacing public property.However,
33、hip-hop fans saw graffiti as their own art form.Eventually,classic hip-hop graffiti was preserved in museums and art books,and on the Internet.Graffiti ArtRoots of Rap Level Z112Some of the most widely used breakbeats of early hip-hop were originally found in The Winstons“Amen Brother”(1969);James B
34、rowns“Funky Drummer”(1970);Lyn Collinss“Think(About It)”(1972);and the Incredible Bongo Bands cover of“Apache”(1973).Despite their forming the foundation of countless other songs,these breakbeats werent very long.The breakbeat from“Amen Brother”is a drum loop that lasts only six seconds.BreakbeatsJa
35、mes BrownLyn CollinsIn the beginning,the rapper was called the MC(which traditionally stands for Master of Ceremonies).As the DJ played music,the MC did call-and-response to excite and involve the crowd.Rappers soon found they could please the audience even more by making simple rhymes that worked w
36、ell with the beat.A rapper was always judged by the content,flow,and delivery of his or her rap.The content covered a wide range of subjectsfrom boastful rhymes to social and political commentary;everything was fair game.Good flow meant staying true to the beat while delivering lyrics,and the delive
37、ry indicated the mastery of the voice.This involved vocal presence,enunciation,and breath control.Rap13Although breaking,graffiti art,and DJing are still present and vibrant,rap as a musical art form clearly broke away from the pack.In the beginning,the rapper was just a part of the hip-hop party.Bu
38、t once hip-hop records started becoming hugely popular,the rappers themselves became the stars.From the release of“Rappers Delight”by the Sugarhill Gang in 1979,raps first worldwide hit,through the present day,rap music has evolved and transformed in many different ways.Rap EvoivesPolitical and soci
39、al topics have often been an important part of popular American music.Blues,jazz,and rock n roll have all created their share of controversy.Rap,however,brought the idea of controversial music to an entirely new level.Like many genres of music that preceded it,rap changed as its popularity grew.With
40、 the growth of gangsta rap in the 1990s,some rap lyrics shifted to more controversial issues such as violence,sexism,gangs,and drugs.With this shift,anti-rap feelings began to grow.Gangsta rap was targeted by Parental Advisory labels,which warned consumers against potentially offensive lyrics.Some r
41、ap artists believe their music has been unjustly targeted,when music of other genres might be seen as equally offensive.Rap will continue to create controversy as artists keep on relaying the reality of life as they see it through their lyrics.Rapped in ControversyRoots of Rap Level Z114Although it
42、has always been party music,even the earliest rappers used their skills to address serious social and political issues.“The Message,”released in 1982 by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five,described a blistering portrait of urban poverty and misery in the streets of New York.Now,rapping can be he
43、ard in everything from hard rock to country pop.In the early 1980s,as rap records became popular around the world,hip-hop culture became a global phenomenon.Hip-hop took root in France,Mexico,South Africa,and Brazil.Breakdancing spread worldwide through news reports and the release of films such as
44、Wild Style(1982)and Breakin(1984),especially in the United Kingdom,Canada,Japan,Germany,France,Russia,and South Korea.To this day,hip-hop has become part of many aspects of popular culture globally,leaving a lasting mark.The Party Doesnt StopEuropeCountries around the world have embraced hip-hop cul
45、ture.AsiaThe Caribbean15What started at a young girls party in the South Bronx in 1973 has become a global phenomenon.Poverty and the lack of means to develop new mainstream music inspired creativity and some of the most influential musical innovations of the twentieth century.All it took was imagin
46、ation,a determination to express oneself,and the desire to have fun.Its 8,928 miles(14,368 km)from the Bronx,New York,to New Zealand.But in the early 1980s records like“Rappers Delight”and“The Message”found an eager audience among the Mori,the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand.Like many in
47、 the South Bronx in the early 1970s,large numbers of Mori faced more obstacles,higher levels of crime,health problems,and poorer education than the rest of society.Hip-hop resonated strongly with Mori bands such as Upper Hutt Posse and Third3ye,who embraced it as their own musical culture.Hip-Hop Go
48、es GiobaiThird3yeUpper Hutt PosseRoots of Rap Level Z116Giossaryamplifier(n.)a piece of electronic equipment that makes sounds louder(p.5)commentary(n.)an expression of ones views on a subject(p.12)cultures(n.)the ideas and customs of a certain group of people(p.5)defacing(v.)marking or damaging the
49、 surface of something in a way that ruins its original appearance(p.11)influential(adj.)having the power to shape events(p.15)innovation(n.)a new idea,product,or way of doing something(p.9)inspired(v.)prompted to be brave or creative(p.5)mainstream(adj.)of or relating to the most widely accepted beliefs in a society(p.15)poverty(n.)the state of being poor(p.4)rivals(n.)competitors for superiority or a prize(p.6)turntables(n.)parts of a record player upon which records are spun(p.5)vinyl(adj.)made of a strong,light,plastic material(p.5)