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1、定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who （宾格whom ）, 所有格whose ）和关系副词where when why等，关系代词 或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分，关系代词that , which,who,whom等在从句中分别作主语或宾语,whose在从 句中作定语，而关系副词whenfwhere,why等在从句中作状语。 例如： I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together. I will never forget the days which/that we spent togeth
2、er.解析在句中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语， 所以用关系副词when来代指,引导定语从句修饰先行词the days ;而在句中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词 spent的宾语,所以用关系代词that或which来代指。同样，表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语，则用关系副 词where或why来代指；如果在从句中作动词的宾语，则用 which或that来代替。例如: This is the factory where/in which I worked.(作状 语) This is the factory that/which I visite
3、d years ago.(作宾语)注：当先行词为time,reasonf place时，引导词可以省略。 例如： This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss. That is the reason (why) I did it.This is the place (where) we met yesterday.另外，定语从句中谓语动词数应与先行词数一致。Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.He is one of t
4、he students who were praised by the teacher解析在句中，先行词foreigner被only修饰，强调只有一个，所以 从句中谓语动词用单数形式。而在句中,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students , 为复数，所以从句谓语动词应为复数。*that引导的定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，”的名词， 而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词 必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词，如： fact,news,belief,truth,reply 等。That在定语从句中必须作成分，可用which或wh
5、o/whom代 替，而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作 用。Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.（2） Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.解析在句中，that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容,that 不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。而在句中,that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语，对先行词the chicke
6、n farm起修饰作用。*名词性从句中，关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点1）名词性从句作主语或宾语时，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形 式主语或形式宾语。It s a pity that he don t come to give a speech.（形 式主语）We think it possible that you can finish the job today.（形式宾语）2 ）谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make 等接由if或when引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾 语it.Eg: I would appreciat
7、e it if you could come to my birthday party.3 ）动词 hare, take, hide, punish, put 等,后接由 that 弓|导 的病因从句式，往往在从句前加形式宾语it. I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.4 版语动词 answer forf count on depend onf insist onf see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句
8、时，必须冠以形式宾语it. r m counting on it that you will come. She II see to it that he goes ahead.注：作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用it.代词it、one, that用法与区别One泛指，指代前面提到的那类人或物，用于指代可数名词，相 当于a+名词单数，其复数形式ones前一般要有定语，否则就要 用 some.That （those复数）即可指代不可数名词，表特指，相当于the + 名词，后面经常与介词修饰语连用。It指代上文出现的名词，表示同类同物，还可表示时间、距离、 天气、还可指代人称代词，表示性别身份不明，可
9、作形式主语， 形式宾语，引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配.如get it, catch it, make it. I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丢 了只表，我想我必须再买一只。（代指上文指到的同类事物，但 不指同一个） Where is my pen? Have you seen it?我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了，你见了吗？（代指上文提到的同一事 物）（3） The land of China is larger than that of America. Tome has a red pen and a blue one （或 two b
10、lue ones ）（5） He has no child, and he wants toadopt one （或 some ）虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在if引导的条件句中的易错点if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.句子都是虚拟语气在条件句中的使用，从句中都是假设过去 的情况，所以用过去完成时。但在主句中向依然指代过去的情况，谓语动词是
11、would have doneo而中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now,这样就必须将其理解 为假设现在的情况，所以谓语动词必须为 would/should/might+动词原形。学生在这一点上经常会忽略now的存在，从而按句的形式填 写答案。二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法在 it is important (strange, natural, necessary)+that句子或者 It is decided (ordered,suggested, demanded, advised)+that句子中，主语从句中的谓语动词常用(should ) +动词原形结构，表示某事重要、必要、被决定”等
12、it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night. it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.1 .在一般疑问句中，无论肯定的问或是否定的问，如果回答为肯 定则用yes ,反之则用no.特别注意如果出现省略则看下文所暗示的意义。一Are you a new comer?Yesf I came here only yesterday.(2)Isnr t Tom a good student?Yesf h
13、e is excellent.一Don t you think the composition good?Nof It can t be any worse.注意：在句中，当答的意思与问句相一致时，则用No,译为是的“，当回答的意思与问句相反时，则用Yes，译为“不2 .情态动词mustI must leave now, mustn t I ?He must be in the classroom, isn t ?（表推测）（3）He must have finished his homework, hasn, t he ? （表现在的结果） He must have finished his
14、 homework yesterday afternoonrdidnf t he?（表过去）当句子中有表示猜测的情态动词时，其反意疑问句的构成不能再 用原句中的情态动词，而应根据原句在去掉情态动词的情况下的 主谓关系来确定其反问形式。非谓语动词中的易错点非谓语与其逻辑主语（即动作的执行者或承受者）之间有三种关 系：如为主谓关系，则用现在分词或不定式的主动式；如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词的被动（强调动作正在进 行）或不定式的被动式（动作将进行）；如既无主动也无被动关系则只能用状语从句或独立主格结构（即 非谓语加上自己的逻辑主语）例句Having been ill in bed for ne
15、arly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.解析：从这个句子可以看出，句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语he 一致，并且是主谓关系，所以用了现在的分词作状语，同时，分 词的动作明显地发生在句子的谓语动词动作之前,故采用了现代 分词的完成式。In order to improve English ,.A. Jenny1 s father bought her a lot of tapes.B. Jenny s father bought a lot of tapes for herself.C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.解析：根据不定式短语我们可以推知，句子的逻辑主语应该是人 而不是物，所以，应该排除CD ,再就是应该是Jenny提高自己 的英语，而不是她爸爸，故答案先B.