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1、外研社版英语 八年级上册 课堂讲义Module 9 PopulationUnit 1 The worlds population was about 7.8 billion in 2020.1. I m preparing a report called “The worlds population”. 我正在准备一份名叫世界人口的报告。(1) prepare 既可作vt，也可作vi.名词形式为preparation 常见固定搭配： prepare sth. 准备某物Eg. They begin to prepare yangge even a month before the Chinese
2、 New Year. 他们甚至在新年前一个月就开始准备秧歌表演。 prepare to do sth. 准备做某事Eg. My mother prepared to make dumplings for dinner. 我母亲准备包晚饭要吃的饺子。 prepare . for . 为.准备.Eg. He didnt like having to stay up to prepare things for the next day. 他不喜欢被迫熬夜准备第二天的东西。 prepare for sth. 为某事/物做准备Eg. Prepare for the worst, hope for the
3、 best, and be unsurprised by everything in between. 做好最坏的打算，期望最好的结果，不要对介于两者之间的一切感到惊讶。【例题】-What is Tom doing?- He is the English speech in the hall.A. paying for B. preparing for C. caring for D. looking for(2) report n. 报告；汇报 make/give a report 作报告Eg. I am going to make a report to my company. 我将向公司
4、作报告。 n. 报道；成绩报告单 a weather report 天气预报 a school report 学校成绩报告单Eg. The weather report says it will be rainy for two more days, and then the sun will come out on Tuesday. 天气预报说还要下两天的雨，周二将会出太阳。 v. 报告；报道 reporter n. 记者，通讯员It is reported that. 据报道. Eg. We want to report the news as soon as possible. 我们想要
5、尽快报道这则新闻。Its reported that many people die of traffic accidents each year. 据报道，每年有很多人死于交通事故。My aunt is a reporter from The New York Times. 我姑姑是纽约时报的一名记者。2. I cant believe it! Thats a huge number. 我简直无法相信！ 那是一个巨大的数字。(1) believe v. 相信I dont / cant believe it! = Its hard to believe！ 我简直难以置信！Attention:
6、believe 后接表示否定意义的宾语从句，且主句的主语是第一人称，须将否定前提，即汉语意思是否定从句，英语应否定主句。Eg. I dont believe that he can come. 我认为他不会来。辨析：believe sb. & believe in sb. believe sb.表示“相信”某人的话，信以为真believe in sb.表示“相信，信任”某人的品行或能力Eg. I believe him.= I believe what he says. 我相信他（说的话）。I believe in him. = I trust him. 我信任他。【例题】-Do you kn
7、ow two hundred and fifty babies are born every minute in the world?- ! It brings an increasing population.A. I cant believe it B. Thats very funny C. Hang on a minute D. Thats a good idea.(2) huge adj. 巨大的辨析： huge & big & large & great 词汇用法huge强调尺寸和体积的庞大，容量和数量的巨大big是最广泛、最通俗常用的，强调比正常的程度、范围及规模的标准大，常用于
8、修饰人、物或者数量。 反义词是little 和 smalllarge强调远远超过标准的大，可指数量、容量、体积和面积的大。反义词是smallgreat通常指抽象的事物，可以表示数量、距离和程度的大。修饰人时，意为“伟大的。”Eg. There is a huge stone in the park. 公园里有一块巨大的石头。This house isnt big enough for us. 这座房子对我们来说不够大。There are three sizessmall, medium and large. 有三种尺寸小号、中号和大号。The loss of his wife was a gr
9、eat blow to him. 他妻子去世对他来说是个巨大的打击。3. The largest increase in population will take place in India, Nigeria and Pakistan. 人口增长最快将发生在印度、尼日利亚和巴基斯坦。increase n. 增大，增长have a(n) . increase in. 在.方面增长.Eg. Some scientists are paying attention to the housing price increase. 一些科学家正在关注房价的增长。Many cities have a qu
10、ick increase in the population aged over 65. 许多城市65岁以上的人口急剧增加。 v. 增加，增大，增长increase by + 倍数/百分数 增加了.Eg. Their salary has increased by 20%. 他们的薪水增长了20%。increase to + 具体增长后的数 增加到.Eg. The number of the members in his club will increase to 300. 他的俱乐部成员数量将增长到300。【例题】If every family has more than one child
11、, the population will rapidly.A. increase B. receive C. prepare D. raise4. Hang on a minute! 稍等一会儿！hang on 的用法hang on 常用于口语中，意为“稍等”，其后常跟a minute, a second, a moment和a while等，表示等待的时间很短暂。也常用于电话用语中，表示“别挂断；请等一下；稍等”，其同意短语为hold on.Eg. Hang on ! Ill be back in a minute. 稍等！我马上就回来。Please hang on/hold on a s
12、econd. Ill look for the manager. 请稍等片刻。我去找经理。【例题】-Hello, may I speak to Mary, please?- . She is coming soon. A. No idea. B. Sounds great. C. That s too bad. D. Hang on a minute5. When populations increase too fast，it can cause problems, such as too much traffic and noise. 当人口增长的太快时，会导致一些问题，比如交通拥挤和太多
13、的噪音。(1) cause 的用法cause v. 造成；引起；导致 = lead to cause sth 造成某结果cause sb. sth. = cause sth. to sb. 给某人造成某事Eg. This will cause (your parents) much trouble. 这将（给你的父母）造成很大麻烦。 cause sb./sth. to do sth. 引起某人/某物做某事Eg. The heavy rain caused rivers to rise. 大雨引起河水上涨。 n. 原因；起因；理由 （近义词为reason）Eg. Smoking is one o
14、f the causes of heart disease. 吸烟是心脏病的诱因之一。The stone caused the accident and it was the only cause. 这块石头引起了事故，并且它是唯一的原因。(2) problem的用法problem cn. 麻烦的事；问题have problems (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难have no problem (in) doing sth. 做某事没有困难Eg. Can you work out this maths problem？你能做出这道数学题吗？Some parents have pro
15、blems in communicating with their children. 一些父母和他们的孩子交流有困难。I have no problem in finishing my homework。我完成家庭作业没有问题。辨析： problem & question & troubleproblem指客观存在或遇到的疑难问题，也可指通过思考或运算而得出正确答案的问题，通常对数学物理化学等学科上的习题，常与cause, solve, work on, work out等词连用。question通常指主观需要得到解答或解释的问题或疑问，常与ask, answer等词连用。trouble指遇
16、到的“麻烦，问题”，常指有点棘手的问题。Eg. The students are working on a physics problem. 学生们正在解一道物理难题。May I ask you a question and can you answer it? 我可以问你一个问题，你能回答它吗？The young man has got some trouble while he is walking across the fields. 那个年轻人横穿田地时有一些麻烦。(3) too much 的用法复习： too much & much too & too many词汇含义与用法例句to
17、o much太多 后接不可数名词He doesnt have too much money. 他没有太多钱。much too太 后接形容词或副词It s much too cold. 天太冷了。Too many太多 后接可数名词复数There are too many people in the park. 公园里人太多了。(4) noise的用法noise n. 噪声；杂音，形容词为noisy,意为“吵闹的”，副词形式为noisily,意为“喧闹地；吵闹地；嘈杂地”make a noise 制造噪音 make much/a lot of noise 制造许多的噪音Eg. Dont make
18、any noise. The baby is sleeping. 不要制造任何噪声。婴儿正在睡觉。At weekends the beach is crowded with noisy visitors. 在周末海滩上满是喧哗的游客。The children were playing noisy upstairs. 孩子们在楼上吵闹地玩耍。辨析： noise & sound & voice词汇含义及用法例句noise指不悦耳的“噪声；杂音，吵闹声”等There is too much noise in that restaurant. 那家餐馆有太多噪声。sound泛指自然界中的一切声音Lig
19、ht travels much faster than sound. 光的传播速度比声音快得多。voice指人说话或唱歌发出的“嗓音”，有时也指鸟鸣声。The little girl has a beautiful voice. 这个小女孩有一副好嗓音。【例题】Oh, my god! The kids are making a lot of here. I can t do anything.A. songs B. sound C. voice D. noise6. How about countries with low growing populations? 人口增长缓慢的国家呢？gro
20、w v. 增长；增大，通常指数量、尺寸、力度等增长或增大。名词形式为growth, 意为“增加，增长”Eg. My home town is growing larger. 我的家乡越来越大。7. Great，thanks for the information. 太好了，多谢这些信息。thanks for 因.而感谢 （强调感谢的原因），介词for后跟名词、代词、动名词Eg. Thanks for giving me so much help. 感谢你给我这么多的帮助。thanks to 多亏了，幸亏，归功于。相当于because of, with the help of, with one
21、s help，常位于句首或句末，带有感情色彩，多指好的结果。Eg. Thanks to your help, I finish my work on time. 多亏了你的帮助，我按时完成了工作。Thanks to the doctor，the boy was saved. 多亏了那位医生，那个男孩得救了。【例题】 our teachers, weve made great progress in the past four years.A. Thanks for B. Thankful to C. Thanks toUnit 2 Arnwick was a city with a popul
22、ation of 10,000,000.1. When Jos grandparents first came to Parkville, it was a quiet village. 当乔的祖父母最开始来到帕克维尔时，它是一个宁静的乡村。quiet 的用法quiet adj. 安静的，寂静的 比较级为quieter, 最高级为quietest 其副词形式为quietly,意为“安静地，悄悄地”。keep/be quiet 保持安静Eg. They live in a very quiet place. 他们住在一个非常安静的地方。The father couldnt say anythin
23、g, and he just stood there quietly. 这位父亲一句话也说不出来，只是静静地站在那里。Attention: quiet的形近词为quite,作副词，意为“相当，非常”Eg. Tina looked quite quiet when she heard the exciting news. 当蒂娜听到那个令人激动的消息时，她看上去相当安静。2. Soon Parkville became part of Arnwick, and the population of Arnwick became even larger. 很快，帕克维尔就成为阿恩威克的一部分，并且阿
24、恩威克的人口变得甚至更多。even的用法adv. 修饰比较级，用来表示程度，意为“还；甚至更”Eg.This book is even more useful than that one. 这本书比那一本甚至更有用。类似的可以修饰形容词/副词比较级的词（组）还有：much, a lot, a little, a bit等Eg.After practicing for several months, I can swim much faster now. 几个月的练习之后，我现在游泳游得更快了。He is a little heavier than his brother. 他比他弟弟重一点。a
25、dv. 修饰动词，起强调作用，意为“甚至于；实际上”Eg. I even forgot my grandfathers birthday. 我甚至连我爷爷的生日都忘了。【例题】-Mary got a late and didnt catch the bus, even , she forgot to bring her homework!-Poor girl!A better B farthest C.worst D worse3. The small local school in Parkville closed down five years ago, and getting to th
26、e nearest school in Arnwick takes her an hour by bus. 帕克维尔当地的小型学校五年前就关闭了，坐公交车去阿恩威克最近的一所学校上学花费她一个小时的时间。(1)local adj. 本地的，当地的 （副词形式为locally）Eg. Some local people make a living by fishing.n.本地人，当地人（常用其复数形式locals）Eg.We asked one of the locals to show us the way. 我们请一位当地人给我们指路。 location n. 位置Eg. Can you
27、tell me the exact location of your car? 你能告诉我你的汽车的确切位置吗？(2)close down （永久）关闭，关停；（电台、电视台）停止播音Eg. The company closed down its London office last month. 上个月这家公司关闭了它在伦敦的办事处。The radio station is now closing down and we wish you all good night. 电台现在播音就要结束了，祝大家晚安。【例题】- I miss the delicious food in the Sun
28、Restaurant, but I can t find it now. - It several months ago. What a pity!A. fell down B. closed down C. hurried up D. got up4. The traffic is always bad, not to mention the air pollution. 交通总是很拥堵，更不用提空气污染了。(1)mention vt. 提及，谈到常用搭配：mention sb./sth. 提及某人/某物 mention doing sth. 提到做某事 mention that +句子 提
29、及.、说起. mention sth. to sb. 向某人提及某事 Dont mention it. 不客气，不用谢。（=Thats all right./ Youre welcome./Not at all.）【例题】- Thanks a lot for taking care of my boy when I was away. - . We had great fun together.A. All the best. B. Good idea. C. Thats right. D. Dont mention it.(2)pollution un. 污染air/water/noise
30、pollution 空气/水/噪声污染Eg. Its our duty to stop the pollution. 阻止污染是我们的责任。pollute v. 污染Eg. Its reported that the factory has polluted the water underground. 据报道，这家工厂污染了地下水。polluted adj. 受污染的，被污染的Eg. It is one of the most polluted rivers in my hometown. 在我的家乡，那条河是受污染最严重的河流之一。【例题】-The air is very fresh in
31、 our city. There is less than before.- Yes. The government has taken action to protect the environment.A. wood B. pollution C. noise D. water5. Luckily, the government is making a great effort to solve Arnwicks problems with better public services. 幸运的是，政府正在通过更好的公共服务来解决阿恩维克的问题。(1) solve v. 解决问题solve
32、 the problem 解决问题solution n. 解答；解决办法(2) public adj. 公开的；公众的Eg. We can read books in the public library. 我们可以在公众图书馆读书。n.民众，平民 （常与the连用）in public 意为“当众；公开地”Eg. The public is interested in the news. 公众对于这个新闻感兴趣。He made a speech in public. 他在公共场合做了与一次演讲。(3) service n. 公共服务；服务 （作“公共服务”讲时，为可数名词；作“服务”讲时，是不
33、可数名词）at ones service 随时为某人效劳Eg. Public services are getting more and more important for people. 对人们来说，公共服务变得越来越重要。The service is perfect in the restaurant, although the food is not good. 这个饭店里的服务很棒，尽管食物不太好。 serve v. 给.提供服务Eg. The young man is serving the guests dishes. The guests are satisfied with
34、his service. 这个年轻人正在给客人们上菜。客人们对他的服务很满意。6. The government is reducing air pollution from traffic. 政府正在减少车辆带来的空气污染。reduce v. 减少；降低；缩小 （指重量、程度、数目、范围、速度等减少或降低）反义词为increase Eg. To reduce weight, plastic has taken the place of iron and steel in making boats. 造船时代为了减少重量，钢和铁已经被塑料所取代。reduce by. 降低了./ 减少了.red
35、uce from. to. 从.减少到.Eg. The costs have been reduced to two million dollars, it means that the costs have been reduced by twenty percent.成本已经降低到了200万美元，这意味着成本已经降低了20%。7. With population rising, cities should try to create a more enjoyable, comfortable and convenient living environment. 随着人口的增长，城市应该尽力
36、营造一个更加令人愉悦的、舒适的和方便的生活环境。environment n. 环境；周围状况 the environment 生态环境；自然环境Eg. People cant live in an environment without air. 人们不能在没有空气的环境里生存。Students must have a pleasant learning environment. 学生们必须有一个愉快的学习环境。environmental adj. 自然环境的；有关环境的【例题】The idiom(成语) “Mengzi s mother makes three moves” tells of
37、 a mother who did all she could to provide the best for her child.A. experience B. instruction C. environment D. informationUnit 3 Language in use1. Mina is an eighteen-year-old girl. 明娜是一个十八岁的女孩。Eighteen-year-old 是由“基数词+单数名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词（形容词通常为long, wide, high, tall, old, deep等），该类复合形容词通常用在名词前作定语。E
38、g. He is an 8-month-old baby. 他是一个八个月大的婴儿。That is a 500-metre-long bridge. 那是一座500米长的桥。“基数词+单数名词”也可构成符合形容词，通常也用作名词的定语。Eg. A ten-mile walk 步行十英里的路程； a five-year plan 一个五年的计划A three-week holiday = three weeks holiday. 三个星期的假期Attention: “基数词+单数名词”构成的复合形容词作定语时，如果数词为8,11,18,80等，前面的不定冠词要用an, 因为这些数词的发音以元音音
39、素开头。【例题】The Lianyungang-Xuzhou High speed Railway was open to the public this year. A. 180 kilometer long B. 180 kilometers long C. 180-kilometer-long D. 180-kilometers-long2. . we are working to make them even better. 我们正在设法使它们更好。even adv. 还；更加，此处用于修饰比较级，表示强调。Eg. I do it even better. 我做得比以前更好了。It w
40、as cold yesterday, but its even colder today. 昨天冷，今天更冷。修饰比较级的词（组）还有：much, a little, a bit, far, a lot 等Eg. Its much hotter today. 今天热多了。Its a little colder today. 今天稍冷一点儿。3. There is so much traffic on the roads that in some cities the air is heavily polluted. 道路上有太多的车辆以至于在一些城市空气被严重污染。so.that.如此.以至于
41、.(1) so + adj. + a/an + 可数名词单数 +that从句Eg. This is so interesting a book that we all enjoy reading it. 这本书非常有趣，我们都喜欢看。(2) so + adj./adv. + that从句Eg. He ran so fast that we couldnt catch up with him. 他跑得太快，我们都追不上他。(3) so + many/much/few/little + n. +that从句Eg. There was so much snow on the road that th
42、e cars couldnt move fast. 路上雪太多，汽车跑不快。so that 以便；目的是 引导目的状语从句，也可引导结果状语从句，意为“以至于”Eg. He got up very early so that he could catch the train. 他起得很早以便能赶上火车。He raised his voice, so that everyone heard him. 他提高了声音，结果大家都听见了。（结果状语从句）【例题】-The big stone is heavy I cant carry it alone.-Dont worry. I will help
43、you.A. such;that B. so;that C. too;to4. As a result, getting good,clean water is becoming a problem in many places. 结果，在许多地方得到优质的、清洁的水成为一个问题。as a result (1) 结果是；因此 其后通常用逗号与后面的成为隔开。 Eg. He made a big mistake, and as a result, he lost his job. 他犯了一个大错误，结果丢了工作。(2)因为；由于 相当于because of, 其后接n. pron.或动名词形式。
44、Eg. He was late as a result of the heavy snow. 由于大雪，他迟到了。5. More than 3.4 million people die each year from drinking and washing with polluted water. 每年因饮用和使用被污染了的水洗漱而死亡的人数超过340万。die vi. 死（瞬间动词，不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用）现在分词形式为dying, 表示“即将死去，奄奄一息”形容词形式为dead. “死的”，可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用名词形式为death，意为“死亡”Eg. His dog
45、has been dead for two weeks. 他的狗已经死了两周了。His mothers death was a great blow to him. 他母亲的去世对他是一个巨大的打击。辨析：die from & die of & die out & die fordie from意为“由于.而死”，常用于由灾祸、负伤、衰弱等外因引起的死亡。Eg. The old man died from a car accident last year. 这个老人去年死于一场车祸。die of 意为“因（患）.而死”，后常接年老、疾病、情感等内因引起的死亡。Eg. His grandfath
46、er died of liver cancer in 1992. 他的祖父1992年死于肝癌。die out意为“（家族、物种等）灭绝；绝迹”Eg. Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago. 恐龙在数百万年前灭绝了。die for意为“为.而死”Eg. He died for the people. His death is as heavy as Mount Tai. 他为人民而死，他的死重于泰山。【例题】-Do you know that Mr. Zhang passed last week?-Yes, he died illness. We re very sorry to hear that. A. on;from B. away;of C. by;with D. off;for模块话题写作：Module 9 Population本模块的话题为“人口