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1、第三讲主旨大意题高屋建瓴明意旨主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大， 但是难度较高， 是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型， 应给予足够的重视， 争取阅读得满分。近3年全国卷考情分析全国卷主旨大意题题量统计命题专家有话说高考状元传经验年份卷别202120202019解答主旨大意题需要对首尾段或文中的某些细节进行语义概括，若考查把握全文主题和理解中心思想时，可采用“主题定位”的解题方法；若考查对整篇文章的领悟和概括能力时，可采用“查找主线”的解题方法；若考查把握某一段落大意时，可采用“首尾兼顾”的解题方法。通过研究近三
2、年高考全国卷可知主旨大意题一般有12个。关注整篇文章需要从整篇文章出发，切忌本末倒置，主次不分。关注事态主线在归纳主题时，切忌以偏概全，把某一细节当作主题。关注主题语句文章主题句通常是位于首段或尾段的，但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落，做题时要谨慎辨别。关注标题特点标题的三大特点：醒目性、概括性和针对性。新高考卷2(最佳标题、段落大意)1(文章大意)/全国卷1(最佳标题)2(段落大意、最佳标题)2(段落大意、最佳标题)全国卷1(最佳标题)2(文章大意、最佳标题)2(文章大意、最佳标题)全国卷/3(段落大意、文章大意、最佳标题)1 (最佳标题)技法1段落大意题首尾兼顾定段意知答题方略明命题方式段落
3、大意题常见的设题方式：What does the author tell us in Paragraph.？The main idea of the second paragraph probably is.The first paragraph is mainly about.Which of the following can best summarize Para.1？What is the first/second paragraph mainly about？典例2021全国卷乙阅读BThese days youd be hard pressed to find anyone in
4、Australia over the age of 15 who doesnt own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.24What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?ATheir target users.BTheir wide popularity.CTheir major fu
5、nctions.DTheir complex design.【破题关键点】第一步首尾兼顾定段意根据文中的“These days youd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesnt own a mobile phone.”以及“Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.”可知，移动电话在澳大利亚几乎随处可见，即本段主要谈及移动电话在澳大利亚的普及程度。第二步析选项，斟酌判断A文中提到了年轻人，但并不是用
6、于介绍移动电话的目标用户以偏概全，曲解文意B本段主旨就是举例说明手机在澳大利亚非常普遍，该项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括涵盖性强，覆盖全段C原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套D原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套第三步对比选项得出答案自主解答：_技法2文章大意题定位主题和文意知答题方略1.主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。2.主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。3.主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。4.主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进
7、一步解释。明命题方式文章大意题常见的设题方式：Whats the main idea/point of the passage？The passage is mainly about.What is the text mainly about？The general/main idea of the passage is about.典例2021全国卷甲阅读C When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone
8、 in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery. Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards
9、 left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant dont worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, a
10、nd Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe！” And thats what mattered landing tricks, being a good skater. When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, bu
11、t the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, Id given it up.When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. Ive traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear; tourists and Londoner
12、s stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving (穿梭) among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded (滑) up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glanc
13、es. “I was a local here 20 years ago，” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”“Yeah，” I said. “Safe.”31What message does the author seem to convey in the text?AChildren should learn a second language.BSport is necessary for childrens health.CChildren need a sense of be
14、longing.DSeeing the world is a must for children.【破题关键点】第一步：读文章，概括文意第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A儿童应当学习第二外语。文中没有这种说法无中生有，生搬硬套B体育运动对儿童健康非常必要。文章中虽提到了滑板运动，但并未涉及滑板运动对健康的作用无中生有，曲解文意C儿童需要归属感。文章描述了作者通过滑板运动融入新生活、结交当地人成为朋友的经历，表达了归属感、集体感对于儿童的必要性，故该选项符合文章主旨涵盖性强，覆盖全文D看世界对于儿童是件必要的事情。文中没有这种说法无中生有，生搬硬套第三步对比选项得出答案自主解答：_技法3最佳标题类文章主
15、线定标题知答题方略好标题三大特点1.概括性短小精悍，精确性强，能覆盖全文大意；2.针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3.醒目性能激发读者的阅读欲望。有必要掌握的三大法宝1.正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩最能准确概括主旨的选项；2.反面否定法：撇开原文，设想用每个选项写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3.研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。明命题方式文章标题类常见的设题方式：The best title of the passage is.Which of the following is the best title
16、of the passage？What would be the best title for the passage？The most appropriate title of the passage is.典例2020浙江卷7月阅读CChallenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the jour
17、nal Neurology suggests.Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the
18、lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.Those who had held mentally stimulating (刺激)，demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests.And they tended to lose cognitive (认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs.The results h
19、eld true even after the scientists accounted for the participants overall health status.“This works just like physical exercise，” says Francisca Then, who led the study.“After a long run, you may feel like youre in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at worksure, you wil
20、l feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy.”Its not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit. Then points out. A waiters job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. A
21、nd “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating (协调)，” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasonsincluding other environmental influences
22、or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.30Which of the following is the best title for the text?ARetired Workers Can Pick Up New SkillsBOld People Should Take Challenging JobsCYour Tough Job Might Help Keep You SharpDCognitive Fun
23、ction May Decline As You Age【破题关键点】第一步读文章，概括文意本文是“总分”结构，文章开头提出主旨“挑战性的工作能够让人更好地保持大脑的活力”，接下来的几段就研究人员所进行过的测试和得出的结论进行介绍和说明。第二步析选项，斟酌判断A退休工人可以学习新技能。作者没有呼吁退休工人学习新技能，擅自发挥，与文章主旨内容不符。无中生有，曲解文意B老年人应该做有挑战性的工作。擅自发挥，与文章主旨内容不符。无中生有，曲解文意C棘手的工作可能会帮助你保持思维敏捷。精炼地概括了文章内容。涵盖性强，覆盖全文D随着年龄的增长，认知功能可能会下降。是事实但不是文章主旨。以偏概全，主次不分
24、第三步比对选项确定答案自主解答：_A2021河南省高考适应性测试An amazing occurrence happened in South Africa when 31 elephants made a journey to pay their respect to their hero who had saved their lives and many other animals. Lawrence Anthony, a legend (传奇人物) in South Africa and author of three books including the bestseller Th
25、e Elephant Whisperer, bravely rescued elephants and other wildlife all over the globe, including the courageous rescue of Baghdad Zoo animals in 2003. On March 7, 2012, Lawrence Anthony died.Two days after his passing, the wild elephants showed up at his home led by two old female elephants. Separat
26、e wild groups arrived to say goodbye to their beloved man-friend. A total of 31 elephants had patiently walked over 12 miles to reach his South African house. Witnessing this sight, humans were obviously in awe (敬畏) not only because of the precise timing that these elephants sensed about Lawrences p
27、assing, but also because of the deep memory and emotion the beloved animals showed in such an organized way.Walking slowlyfor daysthey made their way in a one-by-one queue from their home in the wild bush to his house. Lawrences wife, Francoise, was especially touched, knowing that the elephants had
28、 not been to his house prior to (在前面的) that day for well over three years! They knew, where they were going and they seemed to know why they were going to Lawrences home. The elephants obviously wanted to pay their deep respect, honoring their human friend who had saved their livesso much respect th
29、at they stayed for two days and two nights without eating anything.After honoring Lawrence Anthony in the only way they could, then one morning, they left, making their long journey back home.1When did the elephants appear at Lawrence Anthonys house?AOn March 5, 2012. BOn March 7, 2012.COn March 9,
30、2012. DOn March 11, 2012.2Which paragraph(s) show(s) the elephants were intelligent, emotional and well-organized?AParagraph 1.BParagraph 2.CParagraph 2 and Paragraph 3.DParagraph 3 and Paragraph 4.3What makes Lawrence Anthony a legend?AThe bestseller The Elephant Whisperer.BThe wild elephants amazi
31、ng occurrence.CHis rescue of wildlife all over the world.DHis special way of living with wild animals.4What is the best title for the text?AAn honorable legendBA long journey back homeCWell-organized wild elephantsDThe day they rememberedB2021青岛市统一检测It might seem strange to be making predictions abo
32、ut 2021, but one thing is clear: technology has been affected just as much as every other part of our lives. Another clear thing is that todays most important technology trends will play a big part in helping us deal with and adapt to the many challenges facing us. From the shift to working from hom
33、e to new rules about how we meet and interact in public spaces, technology trends will be the driving force in managing the change.One of the major technology trends that are likely to play out this year is 5G and enhanced connectivity. Each successive advance in mobile connectivity from 3G onwards
34、has unlocked new use cases for the Internet. 3G made web browsing and data-driven services useful on mobile devices, 4G led to the growth of streaming video and music platforms as bandwidths (宽带) increased, and 5G, similarly, will open more doors in terms of what is possible.5G means that services r
35、elying on advanced technologies such as augmented (增强的) reality and virtual reality, as well as cloud-based gaming platforms like Googles Stadia, become a practical thing, anywhere at any time. They also threaten to make cable and fiber-based (光纤) networks redundant,_with their need for us to be tie
36、d to a particular location.In short, 5G and other advanced, high-speed networks make other new technologies available anywhere, any time. A great example is Norwegian fishery operator Salmar that uses a 5G network to automate the care and feeding of its fish. Image recognition algorithms (算法) are us
37、ed to detect which fish are over or under-feeding, and automatically distribute food and medicine needed to keep them healthy. Initiatives like this will become increasingly important during 2021, where businesses look to increase automation across their workforces.5Which of the following is highly
38、influenced by 5G technology?AData-driven services. BStreaming video.CMusic platforms. DGoogles Stadia.6Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “redundant” in Paragraph 3?AUseful. BUnnecessary.CExpensive. DSpecial.7Why is “Salmar” mentioned in the text?ATo show the development of
39、Norwegian fishery.BTo explain how to keep fish healthy.CTo present the application of 5G technology.DTo propose new initiatives for businesses.8What is the text mainly about?ADifferent predictions of technology trends.BSuccessive advances in mobile technology.COne of the technological highlights of
40、the year.DThe driving force in managing changes.第三讲主旨大意题高屋建瓴明意旨研磨真题提升审题能力技法1答案：B技法2答案：C技法3答案：C随堂落实创新应用体验A语篇类型：记叙文主题语境：人与自然人与动物知恩图报的大象【文章大意】Lawrence Anthony是南非的一名动物保护者。在他去世两天之后，31头被他帮助过的大象走了12多英里去他家待了两天两夜且未进食以表示它们的敬意。1答案与解析：C考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第一段结尾“On March 7, 2012, Lawrence Anthony died”和第二段第一句可知，大象在201
41、2年3月9日出现在Lawrence Anthony的房子前，故C项正确。2答案与解析：C考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第二段和第三段内容可知，多头大象在两头母象的带领下排成一列纵队走了12多英里到Lawrence Anthony家待了两天两夜且未进食以表示它们的敬意，故第二段和第三段表现出大象是聪明的、有情感的、组织有序的动物。3答案与解析：C考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第一段中的“bravely rescued elephants and other wildlife all over the globe, including the courageous rescue of Baghdad
42、Zoo animals in 2003”可知，Lawrence Anthony因其在全球范围内救助大象和其他野生动物的举动而成为一个传奇人物，故C项正确。4答案与解析：D考查理解文章主旨要义的能力。本文主要讲了在动物保护者Lawrence Anthony去世两天之后，31头被他帮助过的大象走了12多英里去他家待了两天两夜且未进食以表示它们的敬意，故D项为本文的最佳标题。B【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了5G技术在实际生活中的应用及其所带来的影响。5答案与解析：D细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“5G means that services relying on advanced tec
43、hnologies such as augmented (增强的) reality and virtual reality, as well as cloud-based gaming platforms like Googles Stadia, become a practical thing, anywhere at any time.”可知，5G意味着依靠先进技术的服务，如增强现实和虚拟现实以及像谷歌的视距一样基于云游戏的平台成为一种随时随地实用的事物。由此可知，谷歌的视距被5G技术影响最大。故选D。6答案与解析：B词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“with their need for
44、 us to be tied to a particular location.”可知，它们(光纤网络)需要把我们束缚在一个特定的位置，由此可推知，5G服务使得人们没有必要再使用电缆和光纤网络。因此，画线词应意为“不需要的”，与B项意思相近。故选B。7答案与解析：C推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，挪威渔业运营商Salmar就是一个很好的例子，该公司利用5G网络实现了对鱼类的自动化照料和喂养。由此可推知，作者提及Salmar的例子是为了呈现5G技术在实际生活中的应用。故选C。8答案与解析：C主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了2021年，5G技术在实际生活中的应用及其所带来的影响，即本年度的科技亮点之一。故选C。