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1、完成时 完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。一、现在完成时1. 现在完成时的用法表示结果的现在完成时 现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。I have bought a pen. 我买了一支笔。（结果：I have a pen now.） The temperature has increased by 10. 温度上升了10摄氏度。（结果：It is quite hot now.） A
2、ir pollution has taken the lives of many people. 空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。（结果：Air pollution is very serious now.） 注意： 现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。 【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought表示你现在已经有笔了，这和后面的have lost有矛盾） 【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now. 我（过去）买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。 【误】I have lost my pe
3、n but I have found it now.（have lost强调你现在已经没有笔了，与后面have found的意思有冲突） 【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now. 我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。表示经历的现在完成时：强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。 Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你去过长城吗？ I have visited Beijing at least ten times.北京我至少访问过十次了。 She has never spent a holiday at the sea
4、side.她从未到海滨度过假。表示延续的现在完成时 这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能要继续下去。 Hes loved fishing for a long time.他爱好钓鱼为时已久。（他现在仍爱好钓鱼） I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在这儿住了三十多年了。（也许还会继续住下去）注意： 现在完成时的“未完成”用法既可用于动态动词（主要是持续动词），也可用于状态动词，但它一般不适用于表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, l
5、eave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定结构。 I havent seen a film for weeks.我已经好几个星期没看电影了。 She hasnt written to me since September.自从9月份以来她还没给我写过信呢。2. 现在完成时的时间状语与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语 现在完成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去时间内，和它连用的时间状语要与现在时间有关，不能是明确地表示过去的时间状语。 a. 不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等 Ive se
6、en the film before.我以前看过这部电影。 Have you been there lately?近来你去过那里吗?b. 频度时间状语：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely 等 We have never heard of that.我们从未听说过这事。 He has sometimes played tennis.他有时打网球。 Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.大本钟很少出差错。c. 包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, t
7、his year等 I have just finished the letter now.我现在刚写完信。You have just missed the bus.你刚好错过公共汽车。 Has he done much work today?他今天做了很多工作吗？比较：already和yet用法上的区别 already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。 She has already gone.她早就走了。 Have you eaten your dinner already?你已经吃过饭了? He has no
8、t come yet.他还没有来。与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语 与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。a. since + 具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始 Since then, he has developed another bad habit. 自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。 He hasnt been home since he graduated. 他毕业后就没回过家。b. for + 一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久 We have worked here for
9、 ages.我们在这里工作很久了。 There has been no rain here for nearly two months. 这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment到目前为止 I have not seen him so far.到目前为止我没见过他。 Up to the present, everything has been OK.到目前为止一切正常。d. in/during the past/last five years在刚刚过去的5年里 He has been away from
10、school during the last few weeks. 过去的几个星期里他没在学校。 In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。e. all the while, all day 一直，一整天 She has been busy all day. 她忙了一整天。 【易混辨析】 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则只是表
11、示过去有 这一动作的事实。 He locked the door.他锁过门。（但现在门是开是锁不清楚。） He has locked the door.他把门锁上了。（现在门是锁着的。） Who turned on the light?谁开的灯？（着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。） Who has turned on the light?谁把灯打开了？（着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。）两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说 明该动作现已终止。 He has lived in Beijing for four years. 他在北京住了四
12、年了。（现在仍住那儿） He lived in Beijing for four years. 他曾在北京住了四年。（现在不住那儿了）二、 过去完成时 过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。1. 过去完成时的用法“已完成”用法 表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以 before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。 By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。 He had
13、just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office. 老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。 They came earlier than we had expected. 他们到得比我们预料的要早。 I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university. 我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months. 旱了好几个月之后，昨天
14、下雨了。注意： 在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 The train (had) started before I reached the station. 在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。 After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。“未完成”用法 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。 Up to t
15、hat time all had gone well.直到那时一切都很顺利。 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage. 约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。 She said she had made much progress since she came here. 她说自从她到这儿后已取得了很大的进步。 “想象性”用法 过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish, as if引导的从句中。 If she had worked hard
16、, she would have succeeded. 要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。（事实上她没努力，也没成功。） I wish I had gone with you to the concert. 我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。 The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years. 那两个陌生人交谈起来就像是多年的老朋友。表示“刚刚就” 过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely . when., no sooner . than . 等结构中，表示“刚刚就”。 Hardly
17、had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。注意： intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。 I had meant to come, but something happened.我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。 I had intended to call
18、 on you, but was prevented from doing so.我本打算去看你的，但没能去成。2. 过去完成时与一般过去时的比较 一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。 I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。 He didnt know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons. 他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。 I had been a
19、t the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 我在车站等了20分钟车才来。三、将来完成时将来完成时的用法表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。 Will you soon
20、have finished laying the table? 你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？ 注意： 在时间状语从句中，不用将来完成时，要用现在完成时来代替。 When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do. 等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的所有的事了。 Please dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 请待车停稳了再下车。表示推测 You will have heard of this, I guess. 我想你已经听说过这件事了。 I am sure he
21、 will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了这个信息。四、完成进行时 完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。1. 现在完成进行时的用法 表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在 现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。 I have been reading Hemingways Farewell to Arms recently. 我最近一直在读海明威的永别
22、了，武器。 She has been reciting the words all the morning. 她整个上午都在背单词。 This is what I have been expecting since my childhood. 这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。表示动作刚刚结束 My clothes are all wet. Ive been working in the rain. 我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。 He is dead drunk. Hes been drinking with his friends. 他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。表示一个近
23、期内时断时续、重复发生的动作 Youve been saying that for five years. 这话你已经说了五年了。 He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher. 自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。表达较重的感情色彩 What have you been doing to my dictionary? 看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！ Time has been flying so quickly! 时间过得可真快啊！ Too much has be
24、en happening today. 今天可真是个多事的日子。【易混辨析】现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。 Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗？ Have you met him recently?你最近见到过他吗？现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。 I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满） I have waited for you for two hours.
25、我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。 Who has been eating the oranges? 谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些） Who has eaten the oranges? 谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）2. 过去完成进行时表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。 I had been looking for it for days before I found it.这东西我找了好多天才找着的。 Th
26、ey had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。表示反复的动作 He had been mentioning your name to me.他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。 You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中（详见第12章） The doctor asked what he had been eating. 医生问他吃了什么。 I asked where they had been staying all
27、 those days. 我问他们那些天是待在哪儿的。过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when 分句 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。 Shed only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。经典例题1.Chinas high-speed railways _ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilom
28、eters in the past few years.A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9,000公里增长到25,000公里。该句时间状语为in the past few years。中国高速铁路的增长是从过去一直到现在几年里的情况，故该句应用现在完成时态。B选项正确。2.Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars. We _ here for more than two
29、hours. A. waitedB. wait C. would be waitingD. have been waiting【答案】D 【解析】考查时态。句意：打扰了，你们在等哪一部电影？星球大战，我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。for+时间段与完成时连用，根据语境可知，说话的时候仍然在等，因此用现在完成进行时，故选D。【名师点睛】英语中的时态主要由动词的形式决定，因此在学习英语时态时，要注意分析动词形式及具体语境，想象在那个特定的时间动作所发生的背景，这个动作是经常性动作、一般性动作、进行性动作、完成性动作还是将要发生的动作。现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在一直进行可能还要继续进行的动作。3
30、.Dashan, who _ crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition. A. will be learningB. is learning C. had been learningD. has been learning【答案】D 【解析】考查时态。本句的时间状语是for decades几十年来，该时间状语通常和现在完成的有关时态连用，本句强调这几十年来大山一直努力把中国相声和西方的脱口秀相结合。所以使用现在完成进行时，强调动作的延续性和反复性。故D正确。4.I _ half of the English novel, and Ill try to finish it at the weekend. A. readB. have read C. am readingD. will read【答案】 B【解析】句意：我已经看完了这本英文小说的一半，周末会尽力把另一半看完。强调过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，要用现在完成时。看小说这一动作发生在过去，到目前为止看了一半，故用现在完成时，选B。