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1、定语从句定语从句ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE目录什么是定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句010203主主语语宾宾语语定定语语谓谓语语表表语语状状语语补补语语句子是一棵大树，主语、谓语、宾语（表语）是主干，定语、状语、补语是修饰语。什么是定语什么是定语？他是他是他是他是蓝胖子。蓝胖子。蓝胖子。蓝胖子。他是他是他是他是蓝胖蓝胖蓝胖蓝胖子。子。子。子。a red apple 一个红的苹果 a beautiful girl 一个美丽的女孩形容词作定语my friendhis pen形容词性物主代词作定语a girl in red 一个穿红色衣服的女孩介词短语作定语定语：对名词或代词起修饰限
2、定作用的词或定语：对名词或代词起修饰限定作用的词或定语：对名词或代词起修饰限定作用的词或定语：对名词或代词起修饰限定作用的词或短语短语短语短语翻译：。的翻译：。的翻译：。的翻译：。的定语的位置定语的位置定语的位置定语的位置前置定语后置定语定语从句又是什么呢？起修饰限定作用的句子。主句（先行词）+关系词+从句引导定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词关系代词：who，whom，whose，which，that，as关系副词：when,where,why关系词作用关系词作用1.连接主语和从句2.指代先行词3.在从句中充当成分先行词：被修饰限定的那个人/物He is an old man.He sen
3、ds gifts to children.He is an old man who sends gifts to children.先行词定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。注意关系代词指人指人指物指物主主语宾语定定语 表表语 thatwhichwhowhomwhose如何选择关系代词？(who,whom,whose,which,that)口诀：先看先行词，辨清人或物，后看从句里，有无主宾语。关系代词的基本用法1.who指人，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语（1）I dont like t
4、he man who doesnt keep his word.遵守诺言先行词关系词，指人，在从句中做主语（2）Id really like to find a friend who I can trust.先行词关系词，指人，在从句中作宾语2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，也可用who代替。Rose is the person(who/whom)you should care about.先行词关系词，指人，在从句中作宾语Rose is the person.You should care about her.Id really like to find a friend.I
5、can trust him.关系代词的基本用法3.whose可以指人也可指物，在定语从句中充当定语。（1）I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.先行词关系词，指人，在从句中做定语，所属关系I know the person.His house was destroyed in the earthquake.（2）He lives in a room whose window faces north.关系词，指物，在从句中做定语，所属关系先行词 He lives in a room.Its window fac
6、es north.ExerciseExercise1.Do you know the man_ is talking with your mother?2.I like those books_topics are about history.whowhose3.This is the girl_we talked about just now.who/whomThis is a girl.We talked about her just now.关系代词的基本用法4.which指事物，在定语从句中充当主语宾语，作宾语时可以省略。(1)The little girl is having an
7、apple which is big and red.先行词关系词，指物，在从句中做主语The little girl is having an apple.The apple is big and red.(2)The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring(which)he had lost on the train.先行词关系词，指物，在从句中做宾语 The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring.He had lost the gold ring on the t
8、rain.关系代词的基本用法5.that可指人也可指事物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略。习惯上指人时用who/whom,指物时用which。（1）The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.（2）The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers.先行词先行词关系词，指人，在从句中作主语关系词，指物，在从句中作主语主句：The number of people reaches one million.主句：
9、The suitcase is hers.注意1.关系代词在从句中做主语时，不能省略；作宾语时可以省略。2.在“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中，关系代词指物用which，指人用whom，不能用that、who。例：He handed me a pen with which I wrote down his phone number.他递给我一只钢笔，我用它记下了他的电话号码。先行词关系词，指物，在从句中作宾语 He handed me a pen.I wrote down his phone number with a pen.特殊用法特殊用法1.当先行词为 all，everything
10、，nothing，anything，much等不定代词。只能用that，不能用which的情况2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做了。The firstThe first place that they visited in London was Big Ben.3.先行词被all,every,no,the only,the very,the last等修饰时。Ive read all the books that are not mine.我已经读了所有那些不属于我的书。4.当先行词既指人又指物时。We
11、often talk about the persons and things that we remember.特殊用法特殊用法5.当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时只能用that，不能用which的情况6.当主句的主语是疑问词which时。Which is the car that you bought last week?Which is the car that you bought last week?你上周买的哪辆车？你上周买的哪辆车？7.当先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used
12、 to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。如何选择关系副词？（when where why）关系副关系副词指代指代修修饰作成分作成分when表示时间的名词时间时间状语where表示地点的名词地点地点状语whyreason原因原因状语当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词1.We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.例句我们已经进入到了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。2.The reason why he failed in the exam was that he was too ca
13、reless.他考试不及格的原因是他太粗心了。3.This is the hotel where we stayed last month.这是我们上个月住过的旅馆。This is a hotel.We stayed at a hotel last month.主+谓语+地点状语+时间状语主句：The reason was that he was too careless.定语从句：He failed in the exam because this reason.（why所指代的原因状语）We have entered into an age.Dreams have the best cha
14、nce of coming true in this age.(when 所指代的状语)注意：注意：1.表示表示时间、地点及原因的名、地点及原因的名词作作先行先行词时，定，定语从句可以用关系代从句可以用关系代词和关和关系副系副词引引导。2.若先行若先行词在定在定语从句中作状从句中作状语，应用关用关系副系副词。3.若先行若先行词在定在定语从句中作主从句中作主语或或宾语，则用关系代用关系代词。I dont believe the reason（that/which）he gave me for his being late.我不相信他给出的迟到的理由。（定语从句中缺少宾语，所以用which/tha
15、t,不用 why）These are the reasons why we do it.这些就是我们这样做的理由。（定语从句中不缺少主语宾语，所以why代指原因状语）These are reasons.We do it because these reasons.when 引导的定语从句when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于介词in/at/on/during.+which 结构例句：I will never forget the day when I first saw you.=I will never forget the day on which I first saw you
16、.在具体的某一天用介词on I first saw you on that day.where 引导的定语从句We then moved to Paris where we lived for six years.where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于介词in/at/on.+which 结构=We then moved to Paris in which we lived for six years.live in+地点 居住在。We then moved to Paris.we lived in Paris for six years.注意：当先行注意：当先行词为situatio
17、n，case，stage，point，activity，atmosphere等抽象名称，等抽象名称，且引且引导词在定在定语从句中表示事情从句中表示事情发生的情况、生的情况、阶段等段等时，常用关系副，常用关系副词where引引导。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。why 引导的定语从句why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于介词for+which 结构=This is the reason for which you should leave.This
18、is the reason why you should leave.You should leave because/for this reason.先行词表示方式先行词表示方式时，关系词用that/in which.例句:1.That is the way that/in which he solved the problem.2.I dont like the way that/in which he talks.He solved the problem in that way.I dont like(that)he talks in that way.介词+关系代词 引导定语从句当关
19、系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。指人，用“介词+whom”;如果指物，用“介词+which”；关系代词有时也用whose（作定语）。怎样选择介词呢？1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯。(即固定搭配)例句：Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hang Zhou is famous.昨天我们参观了西湖，杭州因其而闻名Yesterday we visited the West Lake.Hang Zhou is famous for West Lake.Yesterday we visited the
20、 West Lake because Hang Zhou is famous for West Lake.2.根据先行词的搭配习惯。(约定俗成，不一定是短语)(1)This is the camera with which he often takes photos.(2)The boss _ whose company Mr King worked heared about the accident.He often takes photos with this camera.用某样东西：介词一般用within 主句：The boss heared about the accident.Mr
21、 King worked in the boss company.金先生所工作的公司的老板听说了这起事故。在。里面：介词一般用in3.根据句子的意思来选择。The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.这种无色、离开它我们就无法生存的气体是氧气。主句：The colorless gas is called oxygen.we cannot live without the colorless gas.4.表示“所有”关系或“整体的一部分”时，通常用介词of。I have about 10 books half o
22、f which were written by Mo Yan.我大约有十本书，其中一半是莫言写的。作主语，代指10 books注意定语从句中，有一些含有介词的动词短语不可以拆开使用。例如：look after，look for 等不能把介词 移至which/whom 前。The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.护士们正在照顾的这些婴儿都非常健康。定语从句定语从句限制性定语从句：它是先行词在
23、意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。从句与主句关系十分密切，不用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加说明，如果去掉，主句意思仍然完整清楚。主句与与从句关系不很密切，往往用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句一般不用非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。引导。The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。定语从句中关系词可以省略的三种情况1.当定语从句的先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系词通常省略。Rose is the person(who/whom)you sh
24、ould care about.先行词关系词，指人，在从句中作宾语Rose is the person.You should care about her.2.当先行词是way/time 等且它们在定语从句中分别作方式和时间状语时，它们后面的定语从句的相应关系词 that/in which,when 等可以省略。（1）The way(that/in which)you look at the problem is wrong.You look at the problem in this way is wrong.（2）The second time(when)I saw him was in
25、 1980.I saw him for the second time was in 1980.时间状语定语从句中关系词可以省略的三种情况3.当由and,but,or 等并列连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰同一个先行词时，第一个关系代词可以省略，但第二个及以后的关系词一般不可以省略。This is the book（which）I read yesterday and which I found very interesting.先行词定语从句定语从句介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句五种构成形式：构成构成句法功能句法功能用法指津用法指津名词（代词）+介词+关系代词主语可转化为“whose+名
26、词”结构数词（形容词最高级）+of+关系代词主语数词还可以用some，many，most，each等不定代词替换介词（短语）+关系代词状语关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可以与关系副词互换介词+关系代词+名词状语关系代词常用which和whose介词+关系副词状语有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when 前加介词from/to例句：1.Recently,I bought an ancient vase the price of which/whose price/of which the price was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古董花瓶
27、，它的价格很合理。2.He has ten cousins,the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。做主语名名词（代（代词）+介介词+关系代关系代词主主语可可转化化为“whose+名名词”结构构做主语数数词（形容（形容词最高最高级）+of+关系代关系代词主主语数数词还可以用可以用some，many，most，each等不定代等不定代词替替换4.There is a big window in my room from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火
28、车站。3.Rose is the person about whom you should care.罗丝是你应该关心的人。例句：介介词（短（短语）+关系代关系代词状状语关系代关系代词只能用只能用which或或whom且不能省且不能省略，但可以与关系副略，但可以与关系副词互互换宾语介介词+关系副关系副词状状语有有时为了表达清楚，了表达清楚，还可以在关系副可以在关系副词where/when 前加介前加介词from/to I can see the railway station from a big window in my room.Usage of Relative Words关系词关系词 所替代的先行词所替代的先行词 在从句中的成分在从句中的成分关关系系代代词词that人或物人或物主语，宾语，表语主语，宾语，表语which物物主语，宾语主语，宾语who人人主语，宾语，表语主语，宾语，表语whom人人宾语宾语whose某人的；某物的某人的；某物的定语定语关关系系副副词词 when表示时间的名词表示时间的名词时间状语时间状语where表示地点的名词表示地点的名词地点状语地点状语whyreason原因状语原因状语目录什么是定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句010203