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1、目录目录专题专题三三 阅读阅读理解理解本节目录本节目录考考点点串串讲讲重重难难突突破破模模拟拟演演练练能能力力提提升升目录目录考考 点点 串串 讲讲 重重 难难 突突 破破考点一主旨大意考点一主旨大意题题题题型攻略型攻略主旨大意主旨大意题题主要有三种解主要有三种解题类题类型型:主主题题型、型、标题标题型和目的型型和目的型.常常见设问见设问方式方式1主主题题型主旨型主旨归纳题归纳题的的题题干表干表现现形式形式The passage is mainly about.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of t
2、he passage?What is the passage mainly about?目录目录2标题标题型主旨型主旨归纳题归纳题The best title for the passage might be.Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?3目的型主旨目的型主旨归纳题归纳题The anthors main purpose in writing the passage is to.The passage is meant to.The purpose of the articl
3、e is to.目录目录真真题题感悟感悟(2012高考新高考新课标课标全国卷全国卷B)Honey from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar，it is also delicious.Most people，and many animals，like eating it.However，the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest and take the honey from it.Often，these nests are h
4、igh up in trees，and it is difficult to find them.In parts of Africa,though,people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helpera little bird called a honey guide.目录目录The honey guide does not actually like honey，but it does like the wax in the beehives(蜂房蜂房)The little bird cannot
5、 reach this wax，which is deep inside the bees nest.So,when it finds a suitable nest，it looks for someone to help it.The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people.Once it has their attention，it flies through the forest，waiting from time to time for th
6、e curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.When they finally arrive at the nest，the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.目录目录Some of the honey，and the wax，always falls to the ground,and this is when the honey guide takes its share.Sci
7、entists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax，but it is very determined in its efforts to get it.The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away.They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives，and will even enter churches when beeswax c
8、andles are being lit.【解【解题导语题导语】有一种有一种鸟鸟，能，能轻轻易找到蜂蜜，并借助人或其易找到蜂蜜，并借助人或其他他动动物的帮助，得到自己喜物的帮助，得到自己喜欢欢的蜂蜡。非洲森林中一种的蜂蜡。非洲森林中一种鸟鸟儿儿竟然将人或其他竟然将人或其他动动物与蜂蜜物与蜂蜜联联系在一起，他系在一起，他们们各取所需各取所需.目录目录63What can be the best title for the text?AWild BeesBWax and HoneyCBeekeeping in Africa DHoneyLovers Helper解析：解析：选选D。标题标题判断判断
9、题题。本文主要。本文主要讲讲述的是非洲森林里的述的是非洲森林里的一种奇特的一种奇特的动动物物一种蜂蜜向一种蜂蜜向导导，它，它们们帮助喜帮助喜爱爱蜂蜜的人蜂蜜的人或其他或其他动动物物寻寻找蜂蜜，并得到自己想要的蜂蜡，找蜂蜜，并得到自己想要的蜂蜡，D项项既概括既概括了全文主旨，又不失了全文主旨，又不失风风趣，趣，helper一一词词很很传传神。神。为为了得到不了得到不同的食物，人、同的食物，人、动动物和物和鸟鸟儿互相帮助，各取所需。儿互相帮助，各取所需。目录目录解解题题技巧技巧1主主题题型型寻寻找主找主题题句，确定文章主旨。句，确定文章主旨。通通读读全文，了解大意，灵活运用概括、判断、全文，了解大
10、意，灵活运用概括、判断、归纳归纳、推理等、推理等方法，准确理解文章的主旨大意。方法，准确理解文章的主旨大意。2标题标题型型采用采用浏览浏览法法(skimming)，一般不需逐句，一般不需逐句浏览浏览，只需，只需选读选读文章文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主旨的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主旨线线索和主索和主旨信息。旨信息。目录目录3目的型目的型关注开关注开头头句和句和结结尾句，但也不要忽略文中尾句，但也不要忽略文中夹夹句。句。英英语语高考高考试题试题中文章开中文章开头头点点题题往往居多，但有些文章的主往往居多，但有些文章的主题题句出句出现现在文章的最后，此在文章的最后，此
11、类类文章往往以列文章往往以列举举事事实实开开头头，通，通过过论证论证，最后，最后阐阐述核心述核心观观点，或者引用某个人的点，或者引用某个人的话话来印来印证证自己自己的的观观点，以此点，以此归纳归纳文章的主旨大意。中文章的主旨大意。中间间段可能偶段可能偶尔尔有有阐阐述述控制性概念。控制性概念。目录目录考点二考点二词义词义猜猜测题测题题题型攻略型攻略词义词义猜猜测题测题主要考主要考查查文章中出文章中出现现的的词词、词组词组的意的意义义或句子的或句子的含含义义。词词和和词组词组的考的考查查需要学生需要学生们们推推测测出生出生词词的中文意思或的中文意思或其英其英语语近近义词义词或短或短语语的引申意的引
12、申意义义，而句子，而句子则则考考查查根据上下文根据上下文推推测测整句整句话话的含的含义义。常。常见见的形式有：的形式有：1直接直接对对某个陌生的某个陌生的词汇进词汇进行理解；行理解；2对对文中的某个代文中的某个代词词确确认认指代的指代的对对象；象；3对对多多义词义词或短或短语进语进行文中含行文中含义义的精确定的精确定义义；目录目录4对对英英语语中特有的表达、格言、中特有的表达、格言、谚语谚语等等进进行直接的或解行直接的或解释释性的描述。性的描述。常常见见的的设题设题方式有：方式有：(1)The underlined word in the second(third，.)paragraph me
13、ans(refers to)_.(2)The term“.”can be best replaced by _.(3)The word“.”probably refers to _.(4)The phrase“.”is closest in meaning to _.(5)According to the author，the underlined word“.”means _.(6)From the context/passage，we can infer that the word“.”means _.目录目录真真题题感悟感悟(2012高考天津卷高考天津卷C)The practice of
14、 students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past.With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphones,writing by hand has become something of a nostalgic(怀怀旧的旧的)skill.However,while todays educators are using more and more technology in their te
15、aching,many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successfulboth in school and in life.目录目录Virginia Berninger,professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington,says its important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill
16、of writing by hand.Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasksboth on a computer and by hand.The study,published in 2009,found that when writing with a pen and paper,participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentenc
17、es and had a faster word production rate.目录目录In a more recent study,Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a students writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write.“Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active,which helps us access
18、 our vocabulary,word meaning and concepts.It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.”Berninger said.Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换转换)“those words in the mind into written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen，”the st
19、udy said.目录目录Seeing the words in the“minds eye”helps children not only to turn their ideas into words,says Berninger,but also to spot(发现发现)spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct them over time.“In our computer age,some people believe that we dont have to teach spelling becau
20、se we have spell checks,”she said.“But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level,they wont have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”【解【解题导语题导语】本文本文为为一篇一篇调查报调查报道道,与学与学习习生活的生活的话题话题有有关。通关。通过调查过调查和和对对比用比用电脑电脑拼写和用手拼写两种技能
21、所拼写和用手拼写两种技能所带带来来的不同的学的不同的学习习效果效果,阐阐述了掌握用手拼写的技能的重要性述了掌握用手拼写的技能的重要性.目录目录49What does“minds eye”in Paragraph 5 mean?AWindow.BSoul.CPicture.DImagination.解析：解析：选选D。词义词义猜猜测题测题。根据第五段的第一句。根据第五段的第一句话话“拼写有拼写有助于学生首先把自己的助于学生首先把自己的观观点在点在头脑头脑中中转换转换成成词汇词汇”以及以及关关键键信息信息词词in their mind可知可知“在把在把观观点点转换转换成成词汇词汇”时时,所所“看到
22、的看到的词汇词汇”都是在都是在“头脑头脑中中”，即，即“想象中想象中”，故可猜，故可猜测测出出D项项正确。正确。A项项“窗口窗口”，B项项“灵魂灵魂”,C项项“图图画画”,均不合适。均不合适。目录目录解解题题技巧技巧1利用副利用副词词或或连词连词的的转转折、因果等关系折、因果等关系虽虽然不能直接猜然不能直接猜测测出有些出有些词词的意的意义义，但在上下文中能找到一，但在上下文中能找到一些与之具有些与之具有对对比关系的比关系的词词，通，通过这过这些些词词的意的意义义，就可以推断，就可以推断出所考出所考查词查词的意思。考生的意思。考生还还可以通可以通过过近近义词义词或反或反义词义词猜猜测测生生词词的
23、的词义词义。2利用构利用构词词法猜法猜测词义测词义(1)合成法。合成合成法。合成词词是由两个或两个以上的是由两个或两个以上的单词单词构成的构成的.英英语语的合成的合成词词有合成形容有合成形容词词、合成名、合成名词词等。等。目录目录(2)派生法。派生法，即在派生法。派生法，即在词词根的基根的基础础上加上前上加上前缀缀或后或后缀缀构构成另一成另一单词单词的构的构词词法。只要掌握了法。只要掌握了词词根和前后根和前后缀缀的意的意义义,就就可猜可猜测测出它出它们组们组成的新成的新词词的的词义词义。(3)转转化法。化法。转转化法指在化法指在词词形不形不变变的情况下的情况下,一个一个单词单词由一由一种种词词
24、性性转换转换成另一种成另一种词词性。性。3利用文中的定利用文中的定义义、例子或上下文猜、例子或上下文猜测词义测词义可以在文中找到与可以在文中找到与许许多生多生词词相关的解相关的解释释或定或定义义,常常见见的一些的一些标标志性志性词语词语有有that is，mean，like等等.也可以利用也可以利用标标点符号点符号,如破折号，或者利用同位如破折号，或者利用同位语语理解理解词义词义。目录目录做做题时题时，考生可以通，考生可以通过过分析作者所列分析作者所列举举的具体的具体词汇词汇的共同的共同点，抓住其共性，从而推点，抓住其共性，从而推测测出所出所给词汇给词汇的意的意义义；有；有时时候考候考生需要生
25、需要结结合上下文的合上下文的语语境得出答案。境得出答案。4利用利用经验经验或常或常识识猜猜测词义测词义在在阅读阅读的的过过程中，如遇到生程中，如遇到生词词，考生有，考生有时还时还可以根据自身可以根据自身的直接或的直接或间间接的接的经验经验，或运用自己已有的常，或运用自己已有的常识识将其推将其推测测出出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风风俗俗习惯习惯、宗教、宗教信仰、社会制度等，可以帮助考生很好地猜信仰、社会制度等，可以帮助考生很好地猜测词义测词义、理、理解文章。解文章。目录目录考点三篇章考点三篇章结结构构题题题题型攻略型攻略篇章篇章结结构构题题的考的考查
26、对查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考查查同学同学们们在理解全文的基在理解全文的基础础上上对对文章所描述事件的文章所描述事件的发发展展顺顺序、序、所所说说明事物的明事物的结结构构层层次或在次或在论论述述观观点点过过程中使用的方法程中使用的方法进进行行推推测测、归纳归纳和和总结总结的能力。在解答此的能力。在解答此类题类题目之前，有必要目之前，有必要对对全篇或被考全篇或被考查查的段落的段落进进行通行通读读以了解其大意。以了解其大意。目录目录常常见设问见设问方式方式(1)Which of the following shows the structure of the
27、 passage?(2)In the next part，the author would most probably discuss with you.(3)The second paragraph is developed by.(4)How does the passage develop?(5)The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with.目录目录真真题题感悟感悟(2012高考北京卷高考北京卷D)Wilderness“In wilderness(荒野荒野)is the preservation of
28、 the world.”This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism.The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection:whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.目录目录As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK poi
29、nts out,there is a strong appeal in images of the wild,the untouched;more than anything else,they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly.The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong,and the danger exploitation(开开发发)brings to such landscapes(景景观观)is real.Some of th
30、ese wildernesses also perform functions that humans needthe rainforests,for example,store carbon in vast quantities.To Mr.Sauven,these“ecosystem services”far outweigh the gains from exploitation.目录目录Lee Lane,a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute,takes the opposing view.He acknowledges that wilde
31、rnesses do provide useful services,such as water conservation.But that is not,he argues,a reason to avoid all human presence,or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation.There are ever more people on the Earth,and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives,rather than merely strugg
32、le for survival.While the ways of using resources have improved,there is still a growing need for raw materials,and some wildernesses contain them in abundance.If they can be tapped without reducing 目录目录the services those wildernesses provide,the argument goes,there is no further reason not to do so
33、.Being untouched is not,in itself,a characteristic worth valuing above all others.I look forward to seeing these views taken further,and to their being challenged by the other participants.One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a l
34、ittle more directly.And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.目录目录This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings,but also the guidance of reason.What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously dese
35、rves much more serious thinking.【解【解题导语题导语】本文是一篇本文是一篇议论议论文，从两个人关于荒野是否文，从两个人关于荒野是否值值得保得保护护的不同的不同观观点着手展示了不同的点着手展示了不同的观观点及理由，作者最点及理由，作者最后表达了自己的后表达了自己的观观点，希望点，希望这这些些辩论继续辩论继续深入深入目录目录70Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?目录目录CP：Central PointP:PointSp:Subpoint(次要点次要点)C:Conclusion解析：解析
36、：选选D。结结构理解构理解题题。文章第一段提出了中心。文章第一段提出了中心论论点：荒点：荒野是否野是否值值得保得保护护；第二段提出了分；第二段提出了分观观点：点：John Sauven认为认为荒野的开荒野的开发发是有害的；第三段提出了分是有害的；第三段提出了分观观点：点：Lee Lane认为认为开开发发荒野是必需的；第四段作者荒野是必需的；第四段作者认为应认为应当客当客观观地看待地看待这这两种两种观观点；最后一段点；最后一段给给出出结论结论，荒野是否，荒野是否值值得保得保护护需要更多的考需要更多的考虑虑。所以。所以选选D项项。目录目录解解题题技巧技巧篇章篇章结结构构类阅读类阅读理解的理解的备备
37、考策略考策略这这种种题题型可分型可分为为两种：考两种：考查对查对文章整体文章整体结结构的把握；考构的把握；考查查根据根据现现有文章有文章预测预测后文的能力。后文的能力。(1)对对于文章于文章考生要弄清段落意考生要弄清段落意义义和段落之和段落之间间的关系，就的关系，就很容易理解其很容易理解其结结构解决此构解决此类题类题关关键键在于找出篇章或段落中表在于找出篇章或段落中表示示层层次次发发展的关展的关键词键词，如表示，如表示时间时间、方位、因果关系或、方位、因果关系或对对比比的关的关联词联词等。等。目录目录(2)对对于推于推测测出作者接下来要叙述的事件将要出作者接下来要叙述的事件将要发发表的表的观观
38、点点题题,同学同学们们要在正确理解篇章内容的基要在正确理解篇章内容的基础础上上对对文章的文章的发发展作出合展作出合理的推断。同学理的推断。同学们们需要重点依据篇章最后一段需要重点依据篇章最后一段(特特别别是最后是最后一句一句话话)作出判断作出判断.作者作者总总会会给读给读者充分的者充分的证证据据对对文章的文章的发发展展进进行推行推测测:或是或是说说明了两个明了两个对对象中的一个象中的一个;或是只或是只讲讲了区了区别别,没没讲联讲联系；或是只系；或是只给给出了理出了理论论解解释释，而缺少事例的，而缺少事例的证证明明.目录目录考点四考点四观观点和点和态态度度题题题题型攻略型攻略观观点点态态度度类类
39、的的题题和了解文章大意有所不同，后者要知道文和了解文章大意有所不同，后者要知道文章的中心思想是什么；而前者是要知道作者章的中心思想是什么；而前者是要知道作者为为什么要写什么要写这这篇文章。篇文章。常常见设问见设问方式方式(1)How does the author feel about.?(2)The writers attitude toward.is _.(3)How does the author seem to feel about.?目录目录真真题题感悟感悟(2012高考新高考新课标课标全国卷全国卷D)Grownups are often surprised by how well
40、they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as
41、well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins“Twinkle,twinkle,little star”or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.目录目录One explanation is the law of overlearning,which can be stated as follows:Once we h
42、ave learned something,additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming,bicycle riding,and playing baseball long after we have learned them.We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as“Twi
43、nkle,twinkle,little star”and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks.We not only learn but overlearn.目录目录The multiplication tables(乘法口乘法口诀诀表表)are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are another of the things we over
44、learn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突突击击学学习习)for an examination,though it may result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.By cramming,a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination,but he is likely soon to forge
45、t almost everything he learned.A little overlearning,on the other hand,is really necessary for ones future development.【解【解题导语题导语】本文是一篇科普文章，向我本文是一篇科普文章，向我们们介介绍绍了什么是了什么是过过度学度学习习,以及以及过过度学度学习习与突与突击击学学习习的的对对比及不同效果等比及不同效果等.目录目录70What is the authors opinion on cramming?AIt leads to failure in college exam
46、s.BIts helpful only in a limited way.CIts possible to result in poor memory.DIt increases students learning interest.解析：解析：选选B。观观点点态态度度题题。作者在文章最后一段提到了。作者在文章最后一段提到了cramming(突突击击学学习习)，陈陈述了述了对对突突击击学学习应习应付考付考试试的看法的看法.突突击击学学习习可能能可能能应应付考付考试试但却不足以但却不足以应应付大学付大学课课程的学程的学习习,因因为为容易忘容易忘记记，即它的作用是有限的。，即它的作用是有限的。目录
47、目录解解题题技巧技巧1正确把握字里行正确把握字里行间间的意思，切忌用自己的的意思，切忌用自己的观观点代替作者点代替作者的的观观点，可以利用点，可以利用语语境的褒境的褒贬贬性性进进行信息推断。几乎每篇文行信息推断。几乎每篇文章的章的语语境都有一定的褒境都有一定的褒贬贬性，性，这这种褒种褒贬贬性反映了主人公的特性反映了主人公的特定心理和情定心理和情绪绪状状态态及作者的写作意及作者的写作意图图，因此，利用好文章的，因此，利用好文章的语语境褒境褒贬贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基性就能在把握主旨文意的基础础上上对对文章文章进进行准确的行准确的逻辑逻辑判断。判断。认认真真阅读阅读原文并找出反映原文并找出反映语
48、语境褒境褒贬贬性及性及变变化的化的标标志性志性词汇词汇或句子，或句子，对对我我们们掌握文章主旨大意，了解主人公的掌握文章主旨大意，了解主人公的心理特点及心理特点及发发展展变变化化,从而正确地从而正确地进进行行逻辑逻辑推断很有好推断很有好处处。目录目录2要分清要分清选项选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对对或否定的或否定的词语词语，再以此，再以此对对照文章内容。下面是一些常照文章内容。下面是一些常见见的有关作者情的有关作者情感、感、态态度的度的词语词语：subjective(主主观观的的)，objective(客客观观的的)，neutral(中立的中立的),positi
49、ve(积积极的极的)，negative(消极的消极的)，approval(赞赞成的成的),disapproval(不不赞赞成的成的)，indifferent(漠不关心的漠不关心的)，sarcastic(讽讽刺的刺的)，critical(批批评评的的)，optimistic(乐观乐观的的)，pessimistic(悲悲观观的的)等。等。目录目录考点五推理判断考点五推理判断题题题题型攻略型攻略推理判断推理判断题题主要有以下几种主要有以下几种类类型：型：简单简单推理判断、推理判断、综综合推理合推理判断、因果关系推断、判断、因果关系推断、观观点点态态度推断、材料出度推断、材料出处处或或读读者者对对象象
50、推断、文章后文推断。推断、文章后文推断。常常见设问见设问形式形式1This passage/text would most likely be found in/taken from.2What can be inferred from the passage?目录目录3From Paragraph 4 we can infer that.4It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that.5What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?6Where would this passage