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1、专项五 中考题型 重难点25 完形填空之说明文1.命题特点分析：1.1. 开头点题。说明文类完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。1.2. 结构清晰。说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。1.3. 难度较大。说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。1.4. 说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。1.5. 说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或
2、认知顺序来说明事物或事理。2.解题方法：2.1. 快速弄清文章大意。对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。2.2. 弄清楚说明的顺序。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。2.3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节。把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一
3、些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。2.4. 注重上下文语境应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服思维定势，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。2.5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。（2）语法正确。从语法的角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。1
4、. 试题难度保持基本稳定。2. 强调考生的通篇理解能力。大部分题需从全文出发，根据前后语境或行文逻辑做出判断，体现出了 突出语篇的命题风格。3. 考查内容主要以实词为主，其中各词考查比例稍微有变动。纵观近三年的中考题，动词、名词、形容词、副词和代词等实词的比例始终稳定占据80%左右。4.有少量题目对初中学生提出了新的要求，即在掌握了双基的基础上对英语知识有一定的扩展。要求初中学生在掌握双基的基础上必须扩展知识面，特别是要注重开发大纲内动词的用法。典例解析（2020四川眉山统考中考真题）In the US, lots of people have waimai, or food delivere
5、d to their home. Pizza and Chinese food are popular. The delivery _73_ can usually get the food to your door in half an hour.But wanmai for other things is not so quick in the US. For example, if you order toothpaste or cooking oil, it will usually _74_ at least one day to arrive.Here in China. I ca
6、n order nearly anything and get it _75_ just 30 to 45 minutes. Did I forget to buy onions and cabbages for making dinner? No problem - waimai will deliver it soon. There is even waimai for things _76_medicine and snacks.Some people say this makes people lazier. I guess theyre not wrong. But I really
7、 love the _77_ life.73AdriversBpostmenCpolicemenDcleaners74AspendBcostCtakeDpay75AatBforCafterDin76Aas forBsuch asCrather thanDinstead of77AcomfortableBconvenientCcarefulDcommon【短文大意】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍美国的外卖和中国的外卖的不同之处，中国的外卖可以预订更多的事物而且有些东西送到的时间也更短。作者喜欢这种便利的生活方式。【答案解析】73句意：送外卖的司机通常可以在半个小时内将食物送到你门口。drivers司机
8、；postmen邮递员；policemen警察；cleaners清洁工。根据前文“food delivered to their home”可知外卖需要司机送到你门口，用名词drivers。故选A。74句意：例如，如果你预订牙膏或者食用油，通常要花至少一天的时间才能到达。spend某人花费时间在某物上或做某事；cost某物花某人多少钱；take做某事花某人多长时间；pay某人为某物付款。句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to arrive，此处表达“到达要花多长时间”用动词take，故选C。75句意：我可以预订几乎任何的东西而且可以在30到45 分钟内就能得到它。at表示具体的某一时刻
9、；for为了；after在之后；in一段时间以内或者以后。“just 30 to 45 minutes”是一段时间，此处用in表示30到45 分钟以内或者以后。故选D。76句意：甚至有外卖比如药品和小吃这样的东西。as for对于；such as例如；rather than而不是；instead of而不是。根据“medicine and snacks”可知是在举例说明，用短语such as。故选B。77句意：但是我真的喜欢这种便利的生活。comfortable舒服的；convenient便利的；careful小心的；common平常的。根据前文讲述的外卖可以在很短时间送任何东西，可以此处用形
10、容词convenient表达“便利的”。故选B。（2022安徽淮南统考二模）Chinese people are well-known for being hospitable (好客的). Many even feel that they will lose face if their _1_ eat up all the food on the table. As we all know, food waste becomes a _2_ problem in China. Luckily, this situation can be _3_ with the help of a rule
11、.According to the rule, food providers who encourage or force people to _4_ too much food may face fines (罚款) of up to 10,000 yuan. And they should remind people to order the _5_ amount of food.Besides, people are encouraged to finish all the food on the dining table. Now many people show their supp
12、ort for the rule by sharing photos and videos of empty _6_ online. And many Chinese people have _7_ the habit of taking leftovers (吃剩的食物) home.The purpose of introducing the rule is not to _8_ anybody, but to avoid food waste. Wasting food is not just a waste of money, but more. _9_, it is a waste o
13、f resources (资源). Its necessary to create an environmentally friendly _10_. In a word, there is no excuse for wasting food.1AleadersBwinnersCguestsDofficers2AsimpleBseriousCpossibleDdifferent3AchangedBacceptedCcreatedDreturned4AsellBorderCcookDtaste5AsameBtotalClargeDproper6AchairsBbowlsCbusesDrooms
14、7AexpectedBbrokenCdiscoveredDdeveloped8ApunishBallowCinviteDunderstand9AnaturallyBsimilarlyCimportantlyDinterestingly10AsocietyBfamilyCschoolDcompany【短文大意】本文主要介绍了一项反对食物浪费的规定。【答案解析】1句意：许多人甚至觉得，如果客人把桌上的食物都吃光了，他们会很丢脸。 leaders领导者；winners赢家；guests客人；officers官员。根据空前的“Chinese people are well-known for bein
15、g hospitable (好客的).”可知，此处是说，如果自己的“客人们”吃光了桌子上的食物，很多人甚至会觉得丢脸。故选C。2句意：众所周知，食物浪费成了中国的一个严重问题。simple简单的；serious严重的；possible可能的；different不同的。根据“food waste becomes aproblem”可知，此处是说食物浪费成为一个“严重”问题。故选B。3句意：幸运的是，这种情况可以在规则的帮助下改变。change改变；accept接受；create创造；return归还。根据空后的“with the help of a rule”及下文内容可知，此处表示这种情况会有
16、所“改变”。故选A。4句意：根据该规定，食品供应商鼓励或强迫人们点太多食物的，将面临最高1万元的罚款。sell卖；order点菜；cook烹饪；taste品尝。结合下文中的“they should remind people to order theamount of food.”可知，此处是说，鼓励或者强迫人们“点太多食物”的供应商可能会面临高达一万元的罚款。故选B。5句意：他们应该提醒人们点适量的食物。same同样的；total全部的；large大的；proper恰当的。根据上文“who encourage or force people totoo much food may face
17、fines (罚款) of up to 10,000 yuan.”可知，此处说强迫人们点太多食物的供应商会面临罚款。因此这里是说应该提醒人们点“适量的”食物。故选D。6句意：现在很多人通过在网上分享空碗的照片和视频来支持这项规定。 chairs椅子；bowls碗；buses公共汽车；rooms房间。根据上文中的“people are encouraged to finish all the food on the dining table.”可知，此处是说，现在很多人通过在网上分享“空碗”的照片和视频的方式来表示自己对该规定的支持。故选B。7句意：许多中国人已经养成了把剩菜带回家的习惯。exp
18、ected期望；broken违反；discovered发现；developed发展。根据空后“the habit of taking leftovers (吃剩的食物) home.”可知，此处是固定搭配，develop the habit of.意为“养成的习惯”。故选D。8句意：引入这项规定的目的不是为了惩罚任何人，而是为了避免食物浪费。punish惩罚；allow允许；invite邀请；understand理解。根据上文中的“may face fines (罚款) of up to 10,000 yuan.”可知，此处说推行这项规定不是为了“惩罚”任何人，而是为了避免食物浪费。故选A。9句
19、意：重要的是，它是一种资源浪费。naturally自然地；similarly相似地；importantly重要地；interestingly有趣地。根据“it is a waste of resources (资源).”可知，浪费食物不仅仅浪费钱，“更重要的是”它浪费资源。故选C。10句意：创建一个环境友好型社会是必要的。society社会；family家庭；school学校；company公司。根据“Its necessary to create an environmentally friendly.”可知，此处是说创建一个环境友好型“社会”是必要的。故选A。（2021广东广州校考二模）I
20、t is a cold and dry winter morning. When you _11_, you suddenly feel that your throat hurts. You begin to sneeze and later you may cough. You must have a cold! Wait a second. Could it just be a _12_cold or the flu thats been going around?A cold gives you a runny nose and cough. But its usually easy
21、to_13_with. Some take medicine such as aspirin (阿司匹林)_14_others try home treatments like herbal tea or chicken soup. Usually you feel better after a week.The flu on the other hand can be much more_15_. It usually gives you fever. Sometimes it can be deadly. The worst flu, the so-called Spanish Flu o
22、f 1918 to 1919, killed about 50 million people, according to The Atlantic.Dont worry. Getting a flu vaccine (流感疫苗) can_16_you from the virus. Flu vaccines work by giving the body a small amount of flu viruses. This causes our body to develop antibodies （抗体). _17_next time you get the flu, the antibo
23、dies can help protect you.Unfortunately, the flu virus_18_every few years. Therefore, there are so many types of flu, such as H1N1 and H5N1. The antibodies for one type of flu cant protect us against all types of flu. Thats_19_we need to get the vaccine every year.However, good health_20_may also he
24、lp to prevent a cold or flu. Washing your hands often helps protect you from viruses. Getting regular exercise and eating healthy food is also important. All these can help you strengthen your immune system (免疫系统).11Astand upBturn upCgive upDwake up12AcommonBlittleCpopularDstrange13AagreeBdealCmeetD
25、start14AbecauseBafterCuntilDwhile15AinterestingBfamiliarCdangerousDsmooth16AprotectBleaveCrecoverDdraw17ASoBUnlessCSinceDAs18AstopsBchangesCspreadsDkills19AhowBwhenCwhetherDwhy20AclubsBcustomsChabitsDhobbies【短文大意】这是一篇说明文，本文主要讲述了流感的危害以及预防流感的方法。【答案解析】11句意：当你醒来时，你突然感到你的喉咙疼。stand up站起来;turn up出现;give up
26、放弃;wake up醒来。根据前文的“It is a cold and dry winter morning.”可知是在早上，因此判断是醒来的时候，用动词短语wake up。故选D。12句意：是普通的感冒还是流行的流感？common普通的,常见的;little小的;popular受欢迎的;strange奇怪的。根据“A cold gives you a runny nose and cough. But its usually easy towith.”可知，感冒很容易处理，因此是常见的，用形容词common。故选A。13句意：但是它经常很容易处理。agree同意;deal处理;meet遇见;
27、start开始。根据后文的“Some take medicine such as aspirin（阿司匹林）others try home treatments like herb tea or chicken soup”可知，此处表示处理感冒,用deal with。故选B。14句意：一些人服用阿司匹林等药物，而另一些人则尝试草药茶或鸡汤等家庭疗法。because因为，after在之后，until直到，while然而。根据some和others可知，此处是两种人进行比较，用连词while。故选D。15句意：另一方面，流感可能更危险。interesting有趣的；familiar熟悉的；dang
28、erous危险的；smooth光滑的。根据后文 “The worstflu,the so-called Spain Flu of 1918 to 1919, killed about 50 million people, according to The Atlantic.”可知，流感可能会导致人死亡，因此更危险。故选C。16句意：接种流感疫苗可以保护你免受病毒感染。protect保护；leave离开；recover恢复；draw拉，画画。此处用动词短语protect sb. from sth.表达“保护某人不受某物的伤害”，故选A。17句意：所以下次你得流感时，抗体可以帮助保护你。so所以；
29、unless除非；since自从；as作为。前句表示接种流感疫苗可以让你的身体产生抗体，后一句表示抗体可以帮助保护你，前后表示因果关系，此处用so表示“因此”。故选A。18句意：不幸的是，流感病毒每隔几年就会发生变化。stops停止；changes变化，改变；spreads传播；kills杀死。根据后文的“Therefore, there are so many types of flu”可知，流感有很多种类，每隔几年就会发生变化。故选B。19句意：那是为什么我们每年需要接种疫苗的原因。how怎样；when什么时候；whether是否；why为什么。thats后面用why引导表语从句表示“那是
30、为什么我们每年需要接种疫苗的原因”。故选D。20句意：然而，良好的健康习惯也可能会帮助你预防感冒或流感。clubs俱乐部；customs风俗；habits习惯; hobbies爱好。根据后文“Washing your handsGetting regular exercise and eating healthy food”可知，洗手，规律地锻炼，吃健康的食物，这些都是良好的习惯，所以空格处填habits。故选C。（2022河北石家庄统考三模）If a friend helps you a lot, what do you do in return? You could just say “t
31、hanks”, or you could write a(an) _21_ note which is more polite. But most people dont do this. Why dont people like _22_ thank-you notes? And how do most people react (反应) when they _23_ one? Kumar from University of Texas made a study of it. He asked each student to write a thank-you note to anothe
32、r person _24_ email. Then, they questioned both the writer and the recipient (接受者) about the note and how it made them feel. They found there were several _25_ for people not to write thank-you notes. They feel like they have to think too much about it. They _26_ what to say and how to say it. They
33、also overthink the “correctness” of what they are writing. But people _27_ like receiving thank-you notes. “As recipients, they pay attention to the _28_ of the thank,” Kumar says. “Besides, they (recipients) feel positive (积极的) _29_ they were receiving these expressions.” If people knew that writin
34、g a thank-you note can have such a big influence on the recipient, they would do it more _30_. Kumar adds.Kumar says this study told us that “simple, small changes in our everyday lives can make a big difference in how we treat other people and how we feel.”21AadviceBthank-youCinstructionsDsale22Are
35、adingBcopyingCfindingDsending23AwriteBhearCreceiveDoffer24AbyBinCatDfor25AformsBreasonsCskillsDuses26Acare forBtake downCworry aboutDmake up27AeasilyBrecentlyCfinallyDreally28AwarmthBtimeCresultDspirit29AbeforeBwhenCifDthough30AseldomBhardlyCoftenDusually【短文大意】本文介绍了人们不喜欢写感谢信的原因以及收到感谢信的人的感受。从中我们知道在日常
36、生活中，一些简单、微小的改变能在如何对待他人和我们的感受上，产生很大的影响。【答案解析】21考查名词及语境的理解。A. advice建议，B. thank-you感谢，C. instructions指令，说明；D. sale销售。句意：你可以只说“谢谢”，或者你可以写一封更礼貌的感谢信。根据You could just say “thanks”,可知此处表示感谢，故选B。22考查动词及语境的理解。A. reading读，B. copying复制，C. finding找到，D. sending发送。句意：人们为什么不喜欢发送感谢信呢？根据宾语thank-you notes可知此处表示发送感谢信，
37、故选D。23考查动词及语境的理解。A. write写，B. hear听，C. receive收到，D. offer提供。句意：当他们收到一封感谢信时，大多数人如何反应呢？根据前文的Why dont people like 2 thank-you notes?可知，有人发送了感谢信，故此处表示收到感谢信，故选C。24考查介词及语境的理解。A. by通过，B. in在.里，C. at在，D. for为了。句意：他要求每一名学生通过电子邮件写一封感谢信给另一个人。by email通过电子邮件，故选A。25考查名词及语境的理解。A. forms形式，B. reasons原因，C. skills技术，D
38、. uses用途。句意：他们发现人们有几个不写感谢信的原因。根据后文的They feel like they have to think too much about it.可知，此处表示不写感谢信的原因，故选B。26考查动词短语及语境的理解。A. care for关心，B. take down记下，拿下；C. worry about担心，D. make up编造。句意：他们担心要说的内容和如何说它。根据They found there were several 5 for people not to write thank-you notes.可知，此处表示不写感谢信的原因，因此是担心要说的
39、内容，故选C。27考查副词及语境的理解。A. easily容易地，B. recently最近地，C. finally最后地，D. really真地。句意：但是人们非常喜欢收到感谢信。根据后文的Besides, they (recipients) feel positive (积极的)可知，此处表示收到感谢信的人非常喜欢收到它，故选D。28考查名词及语境的理解。A. warmth温暖，B. time时间，C. result结果，D. spirit精神。句意：作为接受者，他们关注感谢信的温暖。根据Besides, they (recipients) feel positive (积极的)可知，感谢
40、信给接受者带来积极的感受，因此是温暖，故选A。29考查连词及语境的理解。A. before在之前，B. when当时候，C. if如果，D. though尽管。句意：此外，当他们（接受者）收到这些感谢的表达，他们感到积极。此处表示收到感谢信的时候，故用连词when，故选B。30考查副词及语境的理解。A. seldom很少，B. hardly几乎不，C. often经常，D. usually经常。句意：如果人们知道写一封感谢信能对收信人产生如此大的影响，他们会做得更频繁。more often更多时候，更频繁，故选C。【点睛】根据前后文的语境，认真辨析选项里的单词或短语的词义，结合词性，短语，句型
41、，时态，语态和主谓一致，选出正确的选项。例如小题1，句意：你可以只说“谢谢”，或者你可以写一封更礼貌的感谢信。根据You could just say “thanks”,可知此处表示感谢，故选B。（2022山东淄博统考一模）COVID - 19 outbreak drives the general public to take measures to protect themselves. In many Asian countries its _31_ to see people wearing masks (口罩) in public. However, this practice is
42、 almost unheard-of in many Western countries. In many Asian countries, people with colds are _32_ to wear masks to prevent others from getting sick. Some people with allergies (过敏症) feel that wearing masks helps them breathe better. Masks have _33_ become a fashion accessory (配饰). Some people like t
43、he mysterious _34_ masks give them, while others enjoy the feeling of privacy they provide in public. However, in most Western countries, masks are only worn by hospital workers and _35_. If you wear one in public, people might find it unusual or may worry that you have a terrible disease. Whats mor
44、e, masks arent usually thought as a way to _36_ illness. Instead, more attention is paid on hand washing, and people who are sick are encouraged to stay home. In addition in _37_ like France, Italy, and Austria, it is actually against laws to wear a mask in public. The laws try to stop people from h
45、iding their faces for public safety. This is _38_ wearing a mask would make it more difficult for the police to find a criminal. Some countries _39_ wearing masks only in high-rick situations, such as public events or protests. In others, wearing a mask anywhere in public could very well result in a
46、 fine (罚款). As you can see, masks are treated very _40_ in Asia and the West. While cultural differences like these are important to avoid, we should all try to understand and respect each other no matter what.31AcommonBdifficultCspecialDcomfortable32ArefusedBrememberedCencouragedDdisagreed33AstillBalsoCinsteadDyet34AsoundBtasteCsmellDlook35ApatientsBstudentsCteachersDplayers36AdevelopBreachCpreventDfind37AvillagesBtownsCcitiesDcoun