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1、第18讲 主旨大意题 （讲义） 【复习目标】 掌握主旨大意两大类题型特征 区分主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰项特征 掌握主旨大意题不同文体的解题技巧 掌握主旨大意题不同题型的解题技巧【考情分析】 年份卷别题号主旨大意题2023新高考I卷3212023新高考II卷2712022新高考I卷3412022新高考II卷3112021新高考I卷3112021新高考II卷311【网络构建】 主旨大意题概述命题规律：主旨大意题即考查细节理解能力, 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼
2、、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。题型和考查角度：1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。选项特征：正确选项特征1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩4. 语言精练，若是标题类，则应当醒目且语言具有概括性和针对性。干扰项特征1. 过于笼统范围太大，超出文章内容。2. 以偏概全只是文章的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。3. 主观臆断与文章内容无关，
3、只是涉及个别单词或按现实生活生搬硬套。命题方式：What is the text mainly about?What is the best title for the text?What can be a suitable title for the text?Whats the first/second/third.paragraph mainly about?Whats the main idea discussed in the first/second/. paragraph?不同文体解题技巧：1. 议论文或说明文：议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。2.
4、 新闻报道： 新闻报道的主题句就是导语,即文章的首句或首段。正文采取倒金字塔形式-最重要事实, 次要事实,最次要事实3. 科研报告或调查报告：反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，内容主要包括“科研实验 结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段,且常伴有 according to a study, a study showed/proved, this is suggested by the results of new research on, scientists recently reported, a study c
5、laimed 等。4. 记叙文：纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。知识点 一 文章大意题文章大意题借助各段段落主题句归纳段首；段中；段尾借助文章主题段进行归纳首段（新闻报道、说明文、议论文）；尾段（记叙文、议论文）借助主题词或关键句归纳文中出现频率较高的关键词进行归纳，多为主题词根据位置确定主题句:1. 主题句在文首文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场。大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅
6、读文章首句。2. 主题句在文末有的主题句放在文章的末尾,先摆出事实细节，最后总结, 从而形成强有力的结论, 要求考生耐心地读完全文。有时主题句首尾呼应，开篇先提出主题，结尾再次升华主题。3. 主题句在文中或隐含主题句在段中间或隐含在文中, 让读者很难发现, 这种情况难度较大,考生要通观全文,分清主旨细节,进行归纳推理。最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统。解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论,捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。【真题典例】 （2023年新高
7、考II卷B篇）Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop sci
8、ence skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillos students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,”
9、she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiment
10、s such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result
11、 of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now theyre eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the programs benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gard
12、ens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillos special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”27. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Rescuing School GardensB. Experiencing Co
13、untry LifeC. Growing Vegetable LoversD. Changing Local Landscape【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental a
14、wareness, and healthy lifestyles.(起初是这样的，艾比哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选B。知识点 二 段落大意题通过结构或暗示概括段落大意1. 根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落
15、大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式2. 通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。【真题典例】(2020年全国卷B篇)The creative team behind “Apes” used motioncapture (动作捕捉) tec
16、hnology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actors performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realisticlooking ape.25What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?AThe cost of
17、making “Apes.”BThe creation of digitalized apes.CThe publicity about “Apes.”DThe performance of real apes.【答案】B【解析】段落大意题。 根据本段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术来创造数字化动物，在记录演员表演和后期加工处理上花费了上千万美元，最后创造出了猿的图像。由此可知，本段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B。知识点三 标题归纳题三大方法定标题1. 最佳标题应具备以下三大特征： 概括-准确而又简短; 针对性-标题外延正好与文章内容相符; 题目-能引发读者的阅读欲望。三
18、大方法： 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项； 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。【真题典例】(2021年全国乙卷C篇)Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceansbetween 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup
19、really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to reexamine their relationship to singleuse plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse，” a pair
20、 of 10foottall plastic waves, frozen midcrash. Made of 168，000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by
21、no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but theyve recently come under fire because most people dont need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw thats part of Von Wongs artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for
22、 only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic，” Von Wong and a group
23、of volunteers collected more than 10，000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.31Which of the following can be the best title f
24、or the text?AArtists Opinions on Plastic SafetyBMedia Interest in Contemporary ArtCResponsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesDOcean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures【答案】D【解析】标题判断题。通读全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong(本杰明冯王)用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑以期望唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此D项(海洋塑料变雕塑)适合作文章标题。故选D。考向一 文章大意和段落大意题1.（2023年湖北武
25、汉校考阶段练习）Blinkist, a website and an app, now summarizes nonfiction titles in the form of quick takes labeled “blinks”. The end result is more than one sentence, but not by much. Sarah Bakewells “At the Existentialist Caf” is broken into 11 screens of information; Michelle Obamas “Becoming” fills 13.W
26、hat is Paragraph 2 mainly about?AWhat Blinkist is.BWhy Blinkist is popular.CHow to use Blinkist.DWhere you can use Blinkist.【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段(Blinkist，一个网站和一个应用程序，现在号称为“blinks”的快速形式总结非小说标题。最终的结果是不止一句话，但不多。莎拉贝克威尔的在存在主义咖啡馆被分解成11个信息屏幕；米歇尔奥巴马的成为占了13个屏幕)”可知，第二段主要介绍了什么是Blinkist。故选A。考向二 标题判断题（2023年浙江绍兴
27、高三统考）Recycling is a great way of doing your bit for the environment and helping to protect the earths precious resources. However, a new study has revealed that our desire to be sustainable maybe doing more harm than good. According to waste company Biffa, this is because of “wish-cycling” assuming
28、that items such as disposable coffee cup sand pizza boxes will be recycled if put in the recycling bin. In fact, pollution from those items or other non-recyclables can result in recyclable items that have been put in the correct bin going to landfill. David Heaton, a business director at Biffa, sai
29、d: “Pollution happens when items are disposed of in the wrong bins or havent been cleaned before being recycled.”Experts at Biffa analyzed the amounts of non-target and non-recyclable materials that entered UK material recycling facilities between 2016 and 2020. It was found that, in 2016, the avera
30、ge pollution rate of recycling waste was 13.4 percent, rising over four years to 17 percent by the end of 2020. This shows that, even as people are becoming more eco-conscious, wish-cycling is increasing both in households and businesses.The Biffa experts say that one of the best ways to prevent pol
31、lution of recycling is to clean recyclable waste before putting it in the bin. They suggest cutting off the top of old pizza boxes and only recycling that part to avoid pollution from the grease (油脂). Check the on-packaging recycling label to check it can actually be recycled When it comes to plasti
32、cs, Biffa recommends checking the resin code, the number in the plastic triangle, to know whether it should go in the recycling bin. In general, resin codes 1, 2, 4 and 5 are recyclable, while 3, 6 and 7 are not. Larger items, like electronics, furniture and batteries, can also be recycled but often
33、 can not go in household recycling bins as they need specialist separating. These will need to be taken to recycling centers or sustainable waste management companies.“Its vital as a nation that we get better at effective pre-cycling sorting waste correctly before collection to reduce pollution rate
34、s,” added Mr. Heaton.Which is the most suitable title for the text?ARecycling: a Big ProjectBWish-cycling: a New TrendCWish-cycling: a Growing ConcernDPre-cycling: an Effective Method【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“However, a new study has revealed that our desire to be sustainable maybe doing more harm
35、 than good. According to waste company Biffa, this is because of “wish-cycling” assuming that items such as disposable coffee cup sand pizza boxes will be recycled if put in the recycling bin. In fact, pollution from those items or other non-recyclables can result in recyclable items that have been
36、put in the correct bin going to landfill. (然而，一项新的研究表明，我们对可持续发展的渴望可能弊大于利。据废品处理公司 Biffa 称，这是因为“希望循环”假设一次性咖啡杯和比萨饼盒等物品如果放入回收箱就会被回收利用。事实上，来自这些物品或其他不可回收物品的污染会导致已经放入正确垃圾箱的可回收物品被送往垃圾填埋场)”可知，文章主要讲述了“希望回收”所带来的问题，同时文章就如何正确回收提出建议，由此可推知，C项“希望循环：一个日益关注的问题”适合做文章标题。故选C。1. （2023年新高考I卷D篇）This effect capitalizes on t
37、he fact that when people make errors, those errors arent always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the
38、 same errors, then their errors wont cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, peoples errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.22. What is paragraph 2 of the t
39、ext mainly about?A. The methods of estimation.B. The underlying logic of the effect.C. The causes of peoples errors.D. The design of Galtons experiment.【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容：这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的
40、角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。2.（2022年新高考I卷C篇）Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after t
41、he Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.34What is paragraph 5 mainly about?ASupporting evidence for the research results.BPotential application of th
42、e research findings.CA further explanation of the research methods.DA reasonable doubt about the research process.【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “
43、v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。10学科网（北京）股份有限公司