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1、 冠词、代词、介词考点运用目标导航冠词冠词是语法填空题的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a，an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词类题目时，首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指，如果是前者用the，后者则需要再判断用a还是an。短文改错中的冠词类题目，除了判断是表示特指还是泛指外，还需要注意单数可数名词前必须有冠词。同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。(一)考点练悟(用冠词填空)When I walked down 1._ Third Avenue, as 2._ rule, I used to look into the windows of 3._ old shop that so
2、ld old and beautiful things. Since I often took my walk after the closing time, I cupped my hands against 4._ windows to get 5._ small look at the treasures inside.Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for 6._ long time, but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface.
3、 I even thought they were 7._ most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people, too. I knew their value, and it hurt me when others missed it. I was raised by my grandmother and given 8._ deep sense of the value of experience. Taught to behave well, my sister and I respected
4、 other people, regardless of their age or color. My grandmother was loved by all 9._ people around her. She was known to be 10._ wise and kind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years.Old people should be treated as fine gold. They may be gradually tarnished (失去光泽) by age, but th
5、ey can be polished with respect. You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.【答案】1.the2.a3.an4.the5.a6.a7.the8.a9.the10.a(二)快捷技法思考趋向如何确定填冠词如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。解题规则如何确定填什么冠词1不定冠词a/an的常考点(1)表示泛指，相当于“a certain”。(如题3,6,10)(2)表示类指，指某类中的“任何一
6、个”。(3)表示量指，但数的概念没有one强烈。(4)表示“每”，相当于per，用于价格、速度、频率等表达中。(5)考查固定搭配中的不定冠词。(如题2,6)(6)和具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词连用表示具体的概念。(如题5,8)2定冠词the的常考点(1)特指某人或某物。(如题4,9)(2)用于最高级或序数词前或由only, very, same等修饰的名词前。(如题1,7)(3)和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。(4)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。(5)定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。一、不定冠词a/anMy friend Linda is an honest gi
7、rl studying in a university.We are of an age，we both like milk and we drink a cup of milk a day.So we think a cow is very useful.不定冠词的用法表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在读音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。表示“同一”。表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。表示“每一”，相当于per。表示“一类”事物。二、定冠词 theMr Smith is a teacher from the Unit
8、ed States.He was the first foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze Riverwhen a ship wrecked.The Smiths came up to help the injured and saved a boy by catching him by the arm.The boys parents said they were the kindest people in the world.They would rem
9、ember the couple forever.定冠词的用法用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。用于序数词之前。用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。用于江河湖海山岛前。用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)sb.介词the身体部位。用于形容词或副词的最高级前。用在世界上独一无二的事物前。表示上文已经提到过的人或事物。三、零冠词When learning that teachers are badly needed in remote districts，Lily volunteered to
10、 teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese，maths，and English herself from spring to winterand from Monday to Sunday.On weekends，she teaches them to play volleyball and chess.When she finds many children attending school with
11、out having lunch，she raises money for the childrens meals.零冠词常用的几种情况表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词前。表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。一日三餐前一般不加冠词。随堂练习题组一冠词的基本用法.单句填空1.Also known as the Snow Dragon, the icebreaker carrying a research team set sail from Shanghai on Nov. 2 l
12、ast year, beginning countrys 35th Antarctic expedition.2.Its not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary. Like many things in life,its ongoing process. 3.Chaplin liked idea of working in the film industry because it would mean a new life. 4.Three became political leaders;three became
13、 doctors;the most famous graduate became university teacher and was responsible for the introduction of modern teaching methods in his country.【答案】1.the2.an3.the4.a题组二冠词的习惯用法.单句填空1.The sound of the car died away in distance. 2.Eating chocolate once in while makes it easier for you to resist eating i
14、t all the time. 3.Beavers build themselves curious huts to live in, and quite frequently great number of these huts are placed close together. 4.All ofsudden, a student rushed in and pushed her aside.【答案】1.the2.a3.a4.a代词近几年，高考对代词的考查主要集中在代词的基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单。语法填空侧重对it用法的考查；而短文改错对代词的考查主要集中在不定代词、反身代词、
15、形容词性物主代词和代词的格等的用法上。考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数，应仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和在句中充当的成分，确定代词的格。未来高考对代词的考查将继续侧重代词的基本用法，并会加强语境的真实性和复杂性。(一)考点练悟(用代词填空)“Without the ball, Im half complete of 1._ (I)，” Luis Figo, one of the worlds greatest football players once said.The Portuguese played his first international match in 19
16、91 at the age of 18 and has kept scoring ever since.He reached a new mark on February 18 by playing 2._ (he) hundredth match for his national team in a friendly match against England. A crowd of more than 30,000 fans watched and cheered for 3._ (he) in Lisbon. “Figo, Figo，” 4._ shouted excitedly whe
17、n he walked onto the field.The Real Madrid player, 31, wanted to help his country in Euro 2004 and to win 5._ Spanish Cup with Real Madrid. Madrid bought Figo from FC Barcelona for 82.4 million dollars in 2000, and he showed everyone what a great player he was by winning FIFAs Footballer of the Year
18、 award in 2001.“Figo works like an artist and has the skills to be the most complete player，” said FIFA President Joseph Blatter in 2001. “Figo 6._ (he) is a real leader who always tries his best on the field and a good team player. 7._ is no problem for him to work together with his teammate at Rea
19、l Madrid, star footballer David Beckham.” In fact, Figo was the first 8._ to welcome Beckham when he arrived. “We have a strong team, and we can help one 9._ and work together to be successful，” Figo said.【答案】1.myself2.his3.him4.all5.another6.himself7.It8.one9.another(二)快捷技法思考趋向1当提示词为代词时，需分析判断用其主格、宾
20、格、物主代词、反身代词中的哪种形式。2如空后无提示词，且空格处在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时，考虑填代词。解题规则1人称代词、物主代词和反身代词常考点一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词I am a senior school student and I want to join our school football team，but the person in charge rejected me.I have to spend my spare time practicing football to improve myself.Look! The football under the b
21、ed is mine.It has been worn out.为代词的主格形式作主语。为代词的宾格形式作宾语。为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。(1)人称代词中第三人称的主格(he, she, it, they)与宾格(him, her, it, them)常指代前文或后文出现的人或物。当提示词为人称代词的主格时需考虑是否变为宾格。(如题3)(2)形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)在句中作定语，常表示物体的所属；而名词性物主代词(mine,
22、yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语，但不可以作定语。(如题2)(3)反身代词(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者，可以在句中作宾语、表语和同位语。(如题1,6)2替代词和不定代词常考点替代词that，those，one，ones，the one，the onesI found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luc
23、kily，I found one looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that/the one in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones with high
24、quality.one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an单数名词”。that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the单数名词/不可数名词”。the one替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the单数名词”。the ones替代上文出现的复数名词，相当于“the可数名词复数”。those 替代上文出现的复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the可数名词复数”。ones替代上文出现的复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。(1)替代词that, those, one, onesthat可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，其复数形式为th
25、ose。one指代前面出现过的同类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones。(如题8)(2)不定代词的用法不定代词1all/every/both/each/neither/noneThere are 50 students in my class.Though not all of us are studying well，we all study hard.Every student has a dream university，though not every student can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both lik
26、e music，but both of us dont want to enter a music institute.Each of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none of whom treat us badly.However, my deskmate and I are both fat，so neither of us love PE classes.all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。every强调
27、(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都”。each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复
28、数皆可。2anything/nothing/something/everythingDo you have anything to say about your exam? No，I have nothing to say about it.I hope you can share something special about your school.I have told you that I dont have anything to say about it.Everything has gone wrong.anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便
29、什么事物”，用于肯定句中。nothing表示“什么也没有”，可用于肯定、疑问及否定句。something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。3the other，another，others与the othersExcuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another one? Some others say it doesnt fit me well.Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other
30、 one.Dont bother.There are so many shops and I will go to see the others.another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。both, either, neither都强调两者，可作主语、宾语和定语。neither表示“两者都不”； either表示“两者中任何一个”； both表示“两
31、者都”。all和none都强调三者或三者以上，all表示“全部都”，而none表示“全部都不”。(如题4)another表示“(三者或三者以上中的)另一个，再一个”； the other意为“(两者中的)另一个”；other意为“其余的，另外的”； others泛指其余的人或物。(如题5,9)3it的常考点(1)it可指代事物或上文提到过的内容。(2)it可作形式主语或形式宾语，用来指代不定式、动词ing形式或从句，而把真正的主语或宾语后置。(如题7)(3)表示“喜欢，恨”等情感的动词后面跟从句时，要先接it，再接从句，这类动词有like, love, hate, dislike, appre
32、ciate等。(4)it常用于一些固定搭配中，如it is no wonder that “难怪”；make it“成功；赶上”；when it comes to .“当提到”等。1.A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than who are not.2.was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.3.In many ways, the education
33、 system in the US is not very different fromin the UK. 4.The quality of education in this small school is better than in some larger schools.5.How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?6.The meeting will be
34、 held in September,but knows the date for sure.7.To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the.8.Niki is always full of ideas,but is useful to my knowledge.【答案】1.those2.It3.that4.that5.it6.nobody7.other8.none介词高考对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法及含介词的固定搭配的用法上。语法填空题对介词的考查形式为纯空
35、格，即没有提示词，这对考生正确理解句意和掌握的知识提出了较高的要求。短文改错题对介词的考查主要涉及介词的多余、缺失或误用，其中固定搭配中介词的误用是考查的重点。因此，考生应在掌握介词基本用法的同时，注意总结和积累其与名词、形容词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意义和用法。(一)考点练悟(用适当的介词填空)In the chemistry lab, because 1._ the students carelessness, the tube cracked and the liquid in it caused a fire on the table. Fortunately, he put it o
36、ut 2._ time at last.In fact, it is common to have some small accidents caused 3._ carelessness. I used to enjoy cooking, so I always sought a chance to cook. However, the desire led 4._ an accident.Once I stayed 5._ home alone. I found it a chance to cook. I put all the food I needed 6._ a pot. Then
37、 I had to wait 7._ it to boil. In order to kill the waiting time, I went to watch TV. Only in a few minutes was I fascinated by a wonderful programme. It was about half an hour later that I remembered my food. I turned off the cooker immediately but unfortunately the food ran over 8._ the pot. I was
38、 blamed and had to clean the kitchen.So we should pay attention 9._ everything we are doing to avoid accidents.【答案】1.of2.in3.by4.to5.at6.into7.for 8from9.to(二)快捷技法思考趋向1若空格后是名词、代词或动名词，且它们在句中不是作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，那么空格处一般是填介词。(如题1,2,3,6,8)2看空格前的动词或形容词，若空格处能与之构成固定搭配，且空格后的成分又作宾语，那么空格处一般填介词。(如题4,5,7,9)1表示方位的介词W
39、e walked across the beach，through the woods and finally came to the house which was underthe big tree marked in the map.After stepping into the house，we found a small black table，over which was a lamp.Then we looked around，only to find nothing.My friend found something specialan empty box.Beneath it
40、 was a note saying，“Stand beside the window and look out of it.” From the window we saw another house beyond a small hill.across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。through指从立体的事物中间穿过。to指到某处，去某处。under在下面，无接触面。in在里面。into到里面。over在正上方(无接触面)；on在上面(有接触面)around在/向周围。beneath在下面(有接触面)beside在旁边。out of在外面。from从。beyond 在/向较远的一边，超出。2表示
41、时间的介词It happened on a Saturday morning in November,2015.My parents left home at 600 am to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in two hours.However，it wasnt long before someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peep hole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the doo
42、r from the inside，and didnt open it until my parents came back.During the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldnt listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for two hours since 610 am.” Why had my uncle changed so much ove
43、r the years?on指在具体的某一天。in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。before在之前。until直到时候。during在期间。for表示延续一段时间。over表示“在期间”，表延续。3表示原因的介词John was punished for cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over it and he trembled with anger because ofJohns bad behaviour.f
44、or表示原因，后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面加名词(词组)。with用在表示情绪的名词之前。because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。4其他重要介词Between the two opinions，I am for the first one but against the second one.Bywearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by others despite the different ec
45、onomic backgrounds among them.Besides，the price is within students reach.Most students except a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for the fact that they are not fashionable.between表示两者之间。for表示支持。against表示反对。by表示“借助/通过”，也可以表示“被”。despite表示尽管，等于in spite of。among表示在三者或三者以上中。besides表示除
46、此之外(还)。within表示在范围之内。except表示同类事物除外。except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。其他常考的介词with(1)(表示状态)具有，带有(2)(表示伴随)随着(3)(表示原因)由于，因为(4)(表示关系)和一起(5)构成with复合结构against(1)(表示态度)反对(2)(表示对比)以为背景(3)(表示方位)倚靠着of(1)表示“的”(2)“ofn.”相当于该名词对应的形容词for“for时间段”表示“长达”despite尽管，虽然without如果没有beyond超出，超越3介词在固定搭配中的考查介词在固定搭配中的考查主要有以下几种形式：(1)介词与名词的搭配(2)介词与形容词的搭配(3)介词与动词的搭配随堂练习1.Favorable policies areeffect to encourage employees