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1、 颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师2323考研考研全程班全程班暑期集训暑期集训 新题型新题型讲义讲义主讲人：颉斌斌主讲人：颉斌斌公众号公众号/微博微博/b/b站站/cctalk:/cctalk:颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?1 2005!#$#$%&%&(&(&!#$_%_&Canadas premiers(the leaders of provincial governments),if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their
2、 late July annual meeting,might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce health-care costs.Theyre all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41._ What to do?Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health careto sa
3、y nothing of reports from other expertsrecommended the creation of a national drug agency.Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs,bureaucracy,procedures and limited bargaining power,all would pool resources,work with Ottawa,and create a national institution.42._ But“national”d
4、oesnt have to mean that.“National”could mean interprovincialprovinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way,one benefit of a“national”organization would be to negotiate better prices,if possible,with drug manufacturers.Instead of having one provinceor a series of hospitals within a provinc
5、enegotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than,say,Quebec,negotiating on behalf of seven million people,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people.Basic economics suggests the greater the p
6、otential consumers,the higher the likelihood of a better price.43._ A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and the provinces.Under it,a Common Drug Review recommends to
7、provincial lists which new drugs should be included.Predictably and regrettably,Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.They(particularly Quebec and Alberta)just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few,if any,strings attached.Thats one
8、 reason why the idea of a national list hasnt gone anywhere,while drug costs keep rising fast.44._ Premiers love to quote Mr.Romanows report selectively,especially the parts about more federal money.Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs:“A national drug agency would provide governm
9、ents more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”)*+,颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?2 45._ So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list,they should also get cracking about something
10、in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.A Quebecs resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology.One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebecs Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from
11、 14.3 percent to 26.8 percent!B Or they could read Mr.Kirbys report:“the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”C What does“national”mean?Roy Romanow and Senator Mi
12、chael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.D The problem is simple and stark:health-care costs have been,are,and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.E According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,prescr
13、iption drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments.Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.F So,if the provinces want to run
14、 the health-care show,they should prove they can run it,starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication,save administrative costs,prevent one province from being played off against another,and bargain for better drug prices.G Of course,the pharmaceutical companies will scream
15、.They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way.They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another.They can hope that,if one province includes a drug on its list,the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs.They wouldnt like a national agency,but self-interest w
16、ould lead them to deal with it.)*+,颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?3 2006!#$#$%&%&(&(&!#$_%_&On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville,Ind.,home of David Williams,52,and of a riverboat casino(a place where gambling games are played).During several years of gambling in that
17、 casino,Williams,a state auditor earning$35,000 a year,lost approximately$175,000.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for$20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino,lost the$20 and left.On his second visit he lost$800.The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a“Fun Card”,which
18、 when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities.For Williams,these activities become what he calls“electronic heroin”.(41)_.In 1997 he lost$21,000 to one slot machine in two days.In March 1997 he lost$72,186.He sometimes played
19、 two slot machines at a time,all night,until the boat docked at 5 a.m.,then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m.Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted.It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williamss
20、got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions,and wrote to inform the casino of Williamss gambling problem.The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a“cease admissions”letter.Noting the“medical/psychological”nature of problem gambli
21、ng behavior,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42)_.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning:“Enj
22、oy the fun.and always bet with your head,not over it.”Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health.Nevertheless,Williamss suit charges that the casino,knowing he was“helplessly addicted to gambling,”intentionally worked to“lure”him to“eng
23、age in conduct against his will.”Well.(43)_.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says“pathological gambling”involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.)*+,颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?
24、阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?4 (44)_.Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45)_.Forty-four states have lotteries,29 have casinos,and most of these sta
25、tes are to varying degrees dependent on you might say addicted torevenues from wagering.And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995,competition for gamblers dollars has become intense.The Oct.28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos eve
26、ry week.With$3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year,gambling has passed pornography as the Webs most profitable business.A Although no such evidence was presented,the casinos marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings.And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card witho
27、ut being detected.B It is unclear what luring was required,given his compulsive behavior.And in what sense was his will operative?C By the time he had lost$5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even,he would quit.One night he won$5,500,but he did not quit.D Gambling has been a common
28、 feature of American life forever,but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin,or a social disease.Now it is a social policy:the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.E David Williamss suit should trouble this gambling nation.But dont bet on it.F It i
29、s worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,often defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations explained as weakness of will.G The anonymous,lonely,undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior.But even if the governme
30、nt knew how to move against Internet gambling,what would be its grounds for doing so?)*+,颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?5 2007!#$#$%&%&(&(&!#$_%_&A Set a Good Example for Your Kids B Build Your Kids Work Skills C Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities D Talk about the Future on a
31、Regular Basis E Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies F Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are G Build Your Kids Sense of Responsibility How Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.Even if a jobs starting salary seems too small to s
32、atisfy an emerging adults need for rapid content,the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures,drawn from my book Ready or Not,Here Life Comes,that parents can take to prevent what I call“work-life unreadiness”.(41)You
33、 can start this process when they are 11 or 12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings,like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating.Also,identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to,as these offer clues to the
34、careers that will fit them best.(42)Kids need a range of authentic role modelsas opposed to members of their clique,pop stars and vaunted athletes.Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are.Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and
35、 encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future.When asked what they want to do,they should be discouraged from saying“I have no idea.”They can change their minds 200 times,but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.(43)Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how
36、to learn;parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work.Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met.Encourage teenagers to take a part-time)*+,颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?6 job.Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification
37、 and deploying effective organizational skills,such as managing time and setting priorities.(44)Playing video games encourages immediate content.And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way.At the same time,listening through earphones
38、to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration the
39、y will need for most jobs.(45)They should know how to deal with setbacks,stresses and feelings of inadequacy.They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts,ways to brainstorm and think critically.Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply th
40、ese skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood?Parents still have a major role to play,but now it is more delicate.They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child.
41、They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill-conceived as it may seem)while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.Most of all,these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that ap
42、preciates them.)*+,颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?7 2008!#$#$%&%&(&(&!#$_%_&The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand
43、 up,or lie down to write.（41）Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.（42）Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise.Concentrate on wh
44、at you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.（43）Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you
45、are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.（44）These printouts a
46、re also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely
47、dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.（45）Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many timesand then againworking to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of
48、the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into sh
49、ape.)*+,颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?8 A To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.B After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your pape
50、r,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.Its probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.C Its worth remembering,howev