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1、 颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师2323考研考研全程班全程班暑期集训暑期集训 翻译翻译讲义讲义主讲人：颉斌斌主讲人：颉斌斌公众号公众号/微博微博/b/b站站/cctalk:/cctalk:颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?1 2005!#$#$%&%&(!#$_%_&It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history.History and
2、news become confused,and ones impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.(46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyedand perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.The E
3、urope that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples,their cultures and national identities.With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene.(47)In Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful:groups which bring together television,ra
4、dio,newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group,while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly,only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly
5、-contested market.(48)This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in,a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks,no less than 50%took a loss in 1989.Moreover,the integration of the European community will oblige t
6、elevision companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.(49)Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choicethat of produci
7、ng programs in Europe for Europe.This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market,whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives,we must concentrate more on co-productions,the exchange of news,docume
8、ntary services and training.This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which,on the model of the European Investments Bank,will handle the finances necessary for production costs.(50)In dealing with a challenge on such a
9、 scale,it is no exaggeration to say“Untied we stand,divided we fall”and if I had to choose a slogan it would be“Unity in our diversity”.A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.!#$颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?2(46)Television is
10、one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyedand perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.(47)In Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful:groups which bring together telev
11、ision,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(48)This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in,a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks,no less than 50%took a los
12、s in 1989.(49)Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice (50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say“Untied we stand,di
13、vided we fall”!#$颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?3 2006!#$#$%&%&(!#$_%_&Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going to suggest that it is not true.Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it
14、 is the intellectuals who have rejected America.But they have done more than that.They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual.It is they,not America,who have become anti-intellectual.First,the object of our study pleads for definition.What is an intellectual?(46)I shall define him as
15、an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems.He explores such problems consciously,articulately,and frankly,first by asking factual questions,then by asking moral questions,finally by suggesting action which
16、 seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.(47)His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes ma
17、ny individuals usually referred to as intellectualsthe average scientist,for one.(48)I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.Like other hu
18、man beings,he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine dutieshe is not supposed to cook his experiments,manufacture evidence,or doctor his reports.(49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expect
19、ed to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted,as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method wh
20、ereby many intellectuals earn their living.(50)They may teach very well,and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars.Being learned in some branch
21、 of human knowledge is one thing;living in“public and industrious thoughts”,as Emerson would say,“is something else.”!#$颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?4(46)I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in
22、Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems.(47)His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.(48)I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the
23、 solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.(49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration o
24、f rules of conduct in business.(50)They may teach very well,and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.!#$颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?5 2007!#$#$%&%&(!#$_%_&The study of law has
25、 been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However,only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,
26、rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily,the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning
27、to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.(47)On the othe
28、r,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and pro
29、duction just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understan
30、ding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works,the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact,it is difficult to see
31、how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,the
32、re is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-g
33、rounded understanding of the legal system.!#$颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?6(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.(47)On the oth
34、er,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the
35、established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.(49)In fact,it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhanc
36、e stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.!#$颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?7 2008!#$#$%&%&(!#$_%_&In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He poi
37、nts out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and i
38、n his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeede
39、d with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a
40、good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,because the“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one,he submits,could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.He was willing to assert th
41、at“I have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,but not,I believe,in any higher degree.”(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in obse
42、rving them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him con
43、siderable,and music very great,delight.In 1881,however,he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious
44、to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.!#$颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?8(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors
45、in reasoning and in his own observations.(47)He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge
46、made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”(50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes
47、 was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.!#$颉斌斌老师颉斌斌老师 23 考研全程班暑期集训营?阅读讲义?cctalk/b 站/微博/公众号：颉斌斌老师?9 2009!#$#$%&%&(!#$_%_&There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others
48、and the deliberate educating of the young.In the former case the education is incidental;it is natural and important,but it is not the express reason of the association.(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,but
49、this effect is not a part of its original motive.Religious associations began,for example,in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity;systematic labor,for the most part,because of e
50、nslavement to others,etc.(47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today,in our industrial life,apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift,the intel