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1、英语四级单项选择阅读理解附讲解PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)WhyIntegrityMattersWhatisIntegrity?Integrityisdefinedasadherencetomoralandethicalprinciples;honesty.Thekeytointegrityisconsistency-notonlysettinghighpersonalstandardsforoneself(honesty,responsibility,respectforothers,fairness)butalsolivin
2、guptothosestandardseachday.Onewhohasintegrityisboundbyandfollowsmoralandethicalstandardsevenwhenmakinglifeshardchoices,choiceswhichmaybecloudedbystress,pressuretosucceed,ortemptation.Whathappensifwelie,cheat,steal,orviolateotherethicalstandards?Wefeeldisappointedinourselvesandashamed.Butalapseofinte
3、grityalsoaffectsourrelationshipswithothers.Trustisessentialinanyimportantrelationship,whetherpersonalorprofessional.Whocantrustsomeonewhoisdishonestorunfair?Thus,integritymustbeoneofourmostimportantgoals.RiskyBusinessWeareeachresponsibleforourowndecisions,evenifthedecision-makingprocesshasbeenunderm
4、inedbystressorpeerpressure.Therealtestofcharacteriswhetherwecanlearnfromourmistake,byunderstandingwhyweactedaswedid,andthenexploringwaystoavoidsimilarproblemsinthefuture.Makingethicaldecisionsisacriticalpartofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecantseetherisksweretaking,wec
5、antmakeresponsiblechoices.Toidentifyrisks,weneedtoknowtherulesandbeawareofthefacts.Forexample,onewhodoesntknowtherulesaboutplagiarismmayaccidentallyusewordsorideaswithoutgivingpropercredit,oronewhofailstokeepcarefulresearchnotesmayunintentionallyfailtoquoteandcitesourcesasrequired.Butthefactthatsuch
6、aviolationisunintentionaldoesnotexcusethemisconduct.Ignoranceisnotadefense.ButEverybodyDoesItMostpeoplewhogetintroubledoknowtherulesandfacts,butmanagetofoolthemselvesabouttheriskstheyretakingbyusingexcuses: Everyoneelsedoesit, Imnothurtinganyone,orIreallyneedthisgrade.Excusescangetveryelaborate: Ikn
7、owImlookingatanothersexam,eventhoughImsupposedtokeepmyeyesonmyownpaper,butthatsnotcheatingbecauseImjustcheckingmyanswers,notcopying.Wemustbehonestaboutouractions,andavoidexcuses.Ifwefoolourselvesintobelievingwerenotdoinganythingwrong,wecantseetherealchoiceweremaking-andthatleadstobaddecisions.Toavoi
8、dfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest:Askhowyouwouldfeelifyouractionswerepublic,andanyonecouldbewatchingoveryourshoulder.Wouldyoufeelproudorashamedofyouractions?Ifyoudratherhideyouractions,thatsagoodindicationthatyouretakingariskandrationalizingittoyourself.EvaluatingRisksTodecidewhether
9、ariskisworthtaking,youmustexaminetheconsequences,inthefutureaswellasrightnow,negativeaswellaspositive,andtoothersaswellastoyourself.Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmediatebenefits(whatsinitforme),andsimplyhaventconsideredwhatmightgowrong.Theconsequencesofgettingcaughtareserious,andma
10、yincludea0onatestorassignment;anFintheclass;SuspensionorDismissalfromschool;transcriptnotation;andatarnishedreputation.Infact,whenyoubreakaruleorlaw,youlosecontroloveryourlife,andgiveothersthepowertoimposepunishment:youhavenocontroloverwhatthatpunishmentmightbe.Thisisanextremelyprecariousandvulnerab
11、leposition.Theremaybesomemattersoflifeanddeath,orhighestprinciple,whichmightjustifysucharisk,buttherearentmanythingsthatfallinthiscategory.GettingAwayWithIt-OrNotThosewhodontgetcaughtpayanevenhigherprice.Acheaterdoesntlearnfromthetest,deprivinghim/herselfofaneducation.Cheatingunderminesconfidenceand
12、independence:thecheaterisafraud,andknowsthatwithoutdishonesty,he/shewouldhavefailed.Cheatingdestroysself-esteemandintegrity,leavingthecheaterashamed,guilty,andafraidofgettingcaught.Worstofall,acheaterwhodoesntgetcaughtthefirsttimeusuallycheatsagain,notonlybecausehe/sheisfartherbehind,butalsobecausei
13、tseemseasier.Thisslipperyslopeoferodingethicsandbiggerrisksleadsonlytodisaster.Eventually,thecheatergetscaught,andthelaterhe/shegetscaught,theworsetheconsequences.Studentshavebeendismissedfromschoolbecausetheydidntgetthissimplemessage:HonestyistheONLYpolicythatworks.CheatingHurtsOthers,TooCheatersof
14、tenfeelinvisible,asiftheiractionsdontcountanddontreallyhurtanyone.Butindividualchoiceshaveaprofoundcumulativeeffect.Cheatingcanspreadlikeadisease,andacheatercanencourageothersjustbybeingseenfromacrosstheroom.Recentstatisticssuggest30%ormoreofcollegestudentscheat.Ifaclassisgradedonacurve,cheatinghurt
15、sothersgrades.Evenifthereisnocurve,cheatingpoisonstheclassroom,andothersmayfeelpressuredtojoinin. (IfIdontcheat,Icantcompetewiththosewhodo.)Cheatingalsohasadestructiveimpactonteachers.Therealrewardofgoodteachingisseeingstudentslearn,butacheatersays, Imnotinterestedinwhatyouretryingtoteach;allIcareab
16、outisstealingagrade,regardlessoftheeffectonothers.Theendresultisablatantanddestructiveattackonthequalityofyoureducation.Finally,cheatingcanhurtthereputationoftheUniversity,andharmthosewhoworkedhardfortheirdegree.WhyIntegrityMattersIfcheatingbecomesthenorm,thenweareinbigtrouble.Wemustrelyonthehonesty
17、andgoodfaithofotherseveryday.Ifnot,wecouldntputmoneyinthebank,buyfood,clothing,ormedicinefromothers,driveacrossabridge,getonaplane,gotothedentist-thelistisendless.Therearemanyexamplesofthevastharmthatiscausedwhenindividualsforgetorignoretheeffecttheirdishonestycanhave.Thesavingsandloanscandal,thesto
18、ckmarketandjunkbondswindles,and,ofcourse,Watergate,haveunderminedthefaithofmanyAmericansintheintegrityofpoliticalandeconomicleadersandsocietyasawhole.Suchincidentstakeatremendoustollonournationseconomyandourindividualwell-being.Forexample,butforthesavingsandloandebacle,theremightbefundsavailabletore
19、ducethenationaldebtandpayforeducation.Insum,weallhaveacommonstakeinourschool,ourcommunity,andoursociety.Ouractionsdomatter.Itisessentialthatweactwithintegrityinordertobuildthekindofworldinwhichwewanttolive.1.Apersonofintegritynotonlysetshighmoralandethicalstandardsbutalso_.A)stickstothemintheirdaily
20、lifeB)makesthemknowntoothersC)understandstheirtruevaluesD)seesthatothersalsofollowthem2.Whatroledoesintegrityplayinpersonalandprofessionalrelationships?A)IthelpstocreateteamspiritB)ItfacilitatescommunicationC)ItisthebasisofmutualtrustD)Itinspiresmutualrespect3.whymustwelearntoidentifytheriskswearego
21、ingtotake？A.Toensurewemakeresponsiblechoices.B.Toavoidbeingoverwhelmedbystress.C.sothatwedontbreakanyrules.D.sothatwedontrunintotrouble.4.Violationofaruleismisconductevenif_?A.ithascausednoharm.B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.C.ithasgoneunnoticed.D.itiscommittedwithgoodintentions.5.Whatshouldonedoifh
22、edoesntwishtofoolhimself?A.Avoidmakingexcuses.B.Listentootherpeoplesadvice.C.Makehisintensionspublic.D.Haveotherswatchoverhisshoulder.6.Thosewhotakeriskstheyregretlateron_.A.willoftenbecomemorecautiousB.areusuallyveryaggressiveC.valueimmediatebenefitsmost.D.mayloseeverythingintheend7.Accordingtothea
23、uthor,acheaterwhodoesntgetcaughtrightawaywill_.A)paymoredearlyB)becomemoreconfidentC)bewidelyadmiredD)feelsomewhatlucky8.Cheatersatexamdontcareabouttheireducation,alltheycareaboutishowto_9.Integritymattersinthatallsocialactivitiesrelyonpeoples_10.ManyAmericanslostfaithintheintegrityoftheirpoliticall
24、eadersasaresultof_.PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)1.Apersonofintegritynotonlysetshighmoralandethicalstandardsbutalso_.A)stickstothemintheirdailylifeB)makesthemknowntoothersC)understandstheirtruevaluesD)seesthatothersalsofollowthem【答案】A)stickstothemintheirdailylife【解析】第一题的答案就在全文第一句。关键
25、词是notonly.Butalso. ，关键句是Thekeytointegrityisconsistency-notonlysettinghighpersonalstandardsforoneself(honesty,responsibility,respectforothers,fairness)butalsolivinguptothosestandardseachday. 这里的liveupto和选项里的stickto属于同义替换。2.Whatroledoesintegrityplayinpersonalandprofessionalrelationships?A)Ithelpstocre
26、ateteamspiritB)ItfacilitatescommunicationC)ItisthebasisofmutualtrustD)Itinspiresmutualrespect【答案】C)Itisthebasisofmutualtrust【解析】关键词是personalandprofessional，关键句是Trustisessentialinanyimportantrelationship,whetherpersonalorprofessional.Whocantrustsomeonewhoisdishonestorunfair?Thus,integritymustbeoneofo
27、urmostimportantgoals.结合紧接着的问句，我们很容易锁定trust这个选项。3.whymustwelearntoidentifytheriskswearegoingtotake？A.Toensurewemakeresponsiblechoices.B.Toavoidbeingoverwhelmedbystress.C.sothatwedontbreakanyrules.D.sothatwedontrunintotrouble.【答案】A.Toensurewemakeresponsiblechoices.【解析】关键词是identifytherisks，关键句是Makinget
28、hicaldecisionsisacriticalpartofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecantseetherisksweretaking,wecantmakeresponsiblechoices. 所以答案很明显是A。4.Violationofaruleismisconductevenif_?A.ithascausednoharm.B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.C.ithasgoneunnoticed.D.itiscommittedwithgoodintentio
29、ns.【答案】B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.【解析】关键词是misconduct，关键句是Butthefactthatsuchaviolationisunintentionaldoesnotexcusethemisconduct. 和原文意义高度一致的，就是这个unintentional。因此答案是：B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.5.Whatshouldonedoifhedoesntwishtofoolhimself?A.Avoidmakingexcuses.B.Listentootherpeoplesadvice.C.Makeh
30、isintensionspublic.D.Haveotherswatchoverhisshoulder.【答案】A.Avoidmakingexcuses.【解析】关键词是fooloneself，关键句是Toavoidfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest这里的watchoutfor和选项里的avoid属于同义替换。所以答案是A。6.Thosewhotakeriskstheyregretlateron_.A.willoftenbecomemorecautiousB.areusuallyveryaggressiveC.valueimmedi
31、atebenefitsmost.D.mayloseeverythingintheend【答案】C.valueimmediatebenefitsmost.【解析】关键词是regretlater，关键句是Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmediatebenefits(whatsinitforme)。很明显，选项valueimmediatebenefitsmost是正确答案。这里的value和focuson属于同义替换。7.Accordingtotheauthor,acheaterwhodoesntgetcaughtrightawayw
32、ill_.A)paymoredearlyB)becomemoreconfidentC)bewidelyadmiredD)feelsomewhatlucky【答案】A)paymoredearly【解析】关键词是getcaught，关键句是Thosewhodontgetcaughtpayanevenhigherprice. 这里的higherprice和选项里的moredearly属于同义替换。所以答案是A。8.Cheatersatexamdontcareabouttheireducation,alltheycareaboutishowtostealagrade.【答案】stealagrade【解
33、析】关键词：careabout关键句：Imnotinterestedinwhatyouretryingtoteach;allIcareaboutisstealingagrade,regardlessoftheeffectonothers.9.Integritymattersinthatallsocialactivitiesrelyonpeopleshonestyandgoodfaith.【答案】honestyandgoodfaith【解析】关键词是relyon，关键句是Wemustrelyonthehonestyandgoodfaithofotherseveryday.10.ManyAmericanslostfaithintheintegrityoftheirpoliticalleadersasaresultoftheWatergatescandal.【答案】theWatergatescandal【解析】关键词是politicalandeconomicleaders，关键句是Watergate,haveunderminedthefaithofmanyAmericansintheintegrityofpoliticalandeconomicleadersandsocietyasawhole.