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1、UNIT 3Diction1/28语言语言 VS 文化文化朱利洛特门（JuriLotman）说过：“没有一个语言不是根植于某种详细文化之中；也没有一个文化不是以某种自然语言结构为其中心。”可见语言与文化是不可分割。语言是文化载体，也是文化一个主要组成部分，像一面镜子反应着一个民族全部文化，又像一个窗口揭示着该文化一切内容。而文化又是语言赖以生存基础，是语言新陈代谢生命源泉。所以，探寻英汉文化差异应是翻译中一个不容忽略原因。2/28思想观念思想观念和平和平VS斗争、直觉详细斗争、直觉详细VS理性逻辑、理性逻辑、整体整体VS个体、静止个体、静止VS运动运动3/28地域特征地域特征对牛弹琴 to c
2、ast pearls before swineA sea of debtA sea of smilesHe was at sea.海阔天空海市蜃楼海角天涯海外奇谈众人拾柴火焰高4/28谋事在人，成事在天。老天保佑、我天呢、老天爷。Man proposes,God disposes.God bless you!My God!For Gods sake!宗教习俗宗教习俗5/28文化 VS 翻译翻译中最难传译不是文本语言，而是其中蕴含文化原因。松、竹、梅“岁寒三友”在中国人心目中象征坚忍不拔优良品质；而对西方人来说，这只不过是三种普通植物，没有什么特殊文化涵义。What a door of an A
3、laddins cave it seemed to be.一个民族历史是其社会发展如实记载，其中收藏着丰富文化遗产，反应在语言上尤为显著。如：“说曹操曹操到”、“过五关斩六将”、“有眼不识泰山”、“暗渡陈仓”、“逼上梁山”，诸如这类，含有显著民族特点词语是与汉文化紧密联络。英语国家词语也包含其历史文化背景。如：meet ones Waterloo 一败涂地；round-table meeting 圆桌会议；armed to teeth 武装到牙齿；white/blue-collared workers 白领/蓝领工人等。6/28从以上几个方面，我们可对英汉两种文化差异窥见一斑。那么，怎样处理文
4、本中文化原因，便成了翻译中难点所在。在译界，对传统做法，普通有三种处理方法：直译,意译,直译加注或意译加注。二十世纪九十年代以来，翻译界有两种新处理方法，即“异化异化”（foreignization）和）和“归化归化”（domestication）。前者主张译文应以源语或源语文化为归宿（Source language culture oriented translation,or SL culture-oriented translation）后者则译文应以目标语或译文文化为归宿（Target language culture oriented translation,or TL cultur
5、e-oriented translation）。7/28异化（异化（Foreignization）Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.This method is“an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to regist
6、er the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text,sending the reader abroad”to have alien reading experience.异化译法是偏离民族主义，对译入语文化价值施加压力，使其关注外语文本语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景。蓝图蓝图 blue print 酸葡萄酸葡萄sour grapes象牙塔象牙塔ivory tower洗手间洗手间wash hand鳄鱼眼泪鳄鱼眼泪crocodile tears黑色幽默黑色幽默black humor肥皂剧肥皂剧soap opera伊甸园伊甸
7、园the garden of Edenqi gong 气功气功taiji quan 太极拳太极拳 kong fu 功夫功夫typhon台风台风tou fu 豆腐豆腐Tao 道道yin yang 阴阳阴阳paper tiger纸老虎纸老虎8/28Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent,fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.This method is“an
8、ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values,bringing the author back home.归化译法采取民族中心主义态度，使外语文本符合译入语文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化。归化（归化（Domestication）Coca-cola 可口可乐可口可乐Future cola 非常可乐非常可乐Love me,love my dog 爱爱屋及乌屋及乌掌上明珠掌上明珠 the apple of somebodys eye山中无老虎，猴子称霸王山中无老虎，猴子称霸王 In th
9、e land of the blind,the one-eyed man is king.9/28试比较：试比较：谋事在人，成事在天。Man proposes,Heaven disposes(杨宪益译)Man proposes,God disposes(霍克斯译)这是杨宪益先生和霍克斯对红楼梦中一句话翻译。杨宪益先生利用了一个英语谚语，但把其中“God”改成了“Heaven”，从而保留了原有宗教色彩。英国汉学家霍克斯(David Horkes)却直接引用了英语谚语，未作任何改动，他把原文佛教色彩变成了基督教色彩。这对英美读者来说当然更为自然，更轻易接收。10/28“异化”与“归化”各有其长，亦
10、各有其短。但二者并不矛盾，相反，应互为补充。文化移植需要各种方法和模式。译者在对翻译中包括各种原因作综合分析后，既可采取“归化”标准和方法，也可采取“异化”标准和方法。至于在译文中必须保留哪些原语文化，怎样保留，哪些原语文化原因又必须作出调整以适应目标语文化，都可在对作者意图、翻译目标、文本类型和读者对象等原因分析基础上作出选择。对译者来说，主要是在翻译过程中要有深刻文化意识，即意识到两种文化异同。11/28Diction is the choice of words and phrases to express meaning.Diction must be based on the acc
11、urate comprehension of the original.The meaning of a word is its use in the language,not only its definitions in the dictionary.Diction 12/28Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader.There are basically three types of affective me
12、anings:positive,neutral,and derogatory.Diction:choice of affective meaning(选择情感意义选择情感意义)13/28positiveneutralderogatoryPortly(发福)Overweight(超重)Obese（臃肿）Slender,slim（苗条）Underweight（体重不够）Skinny（瘦削）senior,elder（长者）Old man/woman（老人）Fossil（老朽）wordspositiveneutralderogatorydeath仙逝，长眠死，死亡一命呜呼，见鬼result结果结果后果
13、ambition雄心，理想志向野心Diction:choice of affective meaning(选择情感意义选择情感意义)14/28The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.敌人敌人杀杀了我们一个同志，我们了我们一个同志，我们宰了宰了一个敌特。一个敌特。The story of the hero is extremely moving.英雄英雄事迹是极其感人是极其感人。The real story was made public.真相大白。大白。/水落石出。水落石出。What a story!I
14、 dont believe a word of it.弥天弥天大谎！我只字不信。！我只字不信。15/28The same word,when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence,has different meanings.Its neither round nor square.它既不圆，也不方。（形容词）The wheels go round rapidly.车轮飞快地旋转。（副词）The night watchman makes his rounds every hour.
15、夜间门卫每小时巡回一周。（名词）The earth moves round the sun.地球绕太阳运行。（介词）The ship rounded the Cape of Good Hope.这船绕过好望角。（动词）The talk rounded into a plan.这次谈话发展成为一项计划。（动词）Diction:choice of Grammatical Meanings Diction:choice of Grammatical Meanings（选择语法意义）（选择语法意义）（选择语法意义）（选择语法意义）16/28The same word,when used in diff
16、erent contexts or fields of discourse(business,law,medicine,education,politics,forestry,etc.),has different meanings.Diction:choice of contextual meanings(Diction:choice of contextual meanings(选择语境意义选择语境意义选择语境意义选择语境意义)老战士老师傅老黄牛老领导老黄历 老家老儿子老芹菜a veterana master craftsmana willing oxa senior leaderanci
17、ent history,obsolete practicehometown,native placethe youngest sonovergrown celery17/28I will do everything within my power to assist you.我愿意尽力来帮助你。The new kinescope（显像管）（显像管）has a resolving power of 800 lines.这种新显像管分辨率为800行。Basically,all power is with the people.从根本上说，一切权利属于人民。Political power grows
18、 out of the barrel of a gun.枪杆子里出政权。China has a few nuclear weapons,but it will never join the so-called club of nuclear powers.中国有一点核武器，不过中国绝不参加所谓核大国俱乐部。The surface of ceramics（陶瓷）（陶瓷）must be checked by examination under a 20-power binocular（双筒）（双筒）microscope.陶瓷表面必须用20倍双筒显微镜加以检验。We can transmute wa
19、ter power into electrical power.我们能将水力变成电力。Diction:choice of contextual meanings(Diction:choice of contextual meanings(选择语境意义选择语境意义选择语境意义选择语境意义)18/28Words have the same basic meanings,but differ in collocation.Diction:choice of collocative meaning(Diction:choice of collocative meaning(选择搭配意义选择搭配意义选择
20、搭配意义选择搭配意义)soft pillow soft music soft wood soft money soft drink soft breeze soft light soft voice soft fire soft words soft answersoft goods soft heartsoft water软软枕枕轻柔音乐轻柔音乐软木软木纸币纸币不含酒精饮料不含酒精饮料和风和风柔光柔光低声低声文火文火和善话和善话委婉回答委婉回答毛织品毛织品慈心慈心软水（不含矿软水（不含矿 物盐物盐)19/28heavy current heavy industry heavy linehea
21、vy mortar heavy rainheavy traffic heavy weatheringheavy casualtiesa heavy scheduleA heavy seaA heavy buyerA heavy thinkerA heave cropThis book is heavy reading.Diction:choice of collocative meaning(Diction:choice of collocative meaning(选择搭配意义选择搭配意义选择搭配意义选择搭配意义)强电流强电流重工业重工业粗线粗线稠浆稠浆大雨大雨交通拥挤交通拥挤严重风化严重风
22、化重大伤亡重大伤亡排得很紧日程排得很紧日程波涛汹涌海面波涛汹涌海面大主顾大主顾思想深沉人思想深沉人丰收丰收这本书读起来枯燥乏味。这本书读起来枯燥乏味。20/28Some words convey the same idea but differ in stylistic features.These words are known as stylistic synonyms.Diction:choice of stylistic meanings(Diction:choice of stylistic meanings(选择文体意义选择文体意义选择文体意义选择文体意义)书面词书面词语语母亲母亲
23、诞辰诞辰清晨清晨逝世逝世散步散步恐吓恐吓口语词口语词妈妈妈妈生日生日早上早上死死溜达溜达恐吓普通用语普通用语 给给现在现在方法安排安排私下私下这这公文用语公文用语 给予给予兹兹方法布署私自此此普通用语普通用语 飞飞心心静静光亮光亮午夜寂寞寂寞文艺作品文艺作品翱翔心灵心灵寂静寂静晶莹晶莹子夜子夜寂寥寂寥21/28Examples of English stylistic synonyms with theirtranslationsinformalneutralformal(literary)broke,flat broke,hard up 穷，衣袋空空，穷光穷，衣袋空空，穷光蛋，一个子儿也没有
24、蛋，一个子儿也没有poor穷穷poverty-stricken,penniless,in want,underprivileged,impecunious,indigent身无分文，一文不名，穷困，贫身无分文，一文不名，穷困，贫困困pooped,dog-tired,worn-our,played-out,all in 没劲，累死没劲，累死tired疲劳疲劳exhausted,weary,fatigued,spent疲乏，疲惫，筋疲力尽，疲惫不疲乏，疲惫，筋疲力尽，疲惫不堪堪young/little punk(贬贬)，kid,young guy,lad小流氓，年轻人，男小流氓，年轻人，男孩子，小
25、鬼，小伙子孩子，小鬼，小伙子boy,youngperson,teenager 男孩，年轻男孩，年轻人，青少年人，青少年youth,stripling青年人，年轻男人青年人，年轻男人22/28If my mother had known of it shed have died a second time.假如我母亲知道这件事，她会再死一次。我母亲要是有知，她会再一次死去。假如我妈妈知道，她一定会气得从棺材里跳出来。Whoever tries to twist you up,may the end of his nose take a twist.谁要是想捉弄你，谁鼻子尖就会弄歪。谁要是捉弄你，
26、就叫谁鼻子尖儿歪了。谁骗你，谁就不得好死。Diction:choice of stylistic meanings(Diction:choice of stylistic meanings(选择文体意义选择文体意义选择文体意义选择文体意义)23/28不论是街道、房屋或公园，这个地方都有一个难以描不论是街道、房屋或公园，这个地方都有一个难以描绘难过情调。随便走到哪里，我都能够看到新鲜有趣绘难过情调。随便走到哪里，我都能够看到新鲜有趣东西。东西。All streets,houses and parks here have an indescribable look of the south.No
27、matter where I go,Im sure to find things new and interesting.The place,with its streets,its houses and its parks,wears an indescribable air of the south.Every corner brings me into acquaintance with some new interest.Diction:choice of stylistic meanings(Diction:choice of stylistic meanings(选择文体意义选择文
28、体意义选择文体意义选择文体意义)24/28 choice of affective meaning(选择情感意义选择情感意义)choice of Grammatical Meanings（选择语法意义）（选择语法意义）choice of collocative meaning(选择搭配意义选择搭配意义)choice of stylistic meanings(选择文体意义选择文体意义)choice of contextual meanings(选择选择语境意义语境意义语境意义语境意义)Diction 25/28Exercise 26/28Nothing is nobler than to sacrifice ones life for the country.It is true saying that time and tide wait for no man.Either a flat“yes”or a flat“no”-go back where you came from.27/28 高尚莫过于为国牺牲。/为国捐躯，至高无上。/没有比为国牺牲更高尚了。“时间不等人”，这话一点也不假。/“时不我待”，确是至理名言。干脆说“行”或者“不行”-不然你哪里来就回哪里去。/要就要，不要就拉倒-你请便吧。28/28