2023年度高中英语语法知识:句子、句子成分与主谓一致.docx

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1、2023年度高中英语语法知识:句子、句子成 分与主谓一致句子与句子成分在高考语法词汇方面虽然未直接体现,但是理解 题干、阅读、写作等方面都非常重要,因此在本章中涉及了此方 面的内容。一、句子成分由词或短语构成的能表达一个比较完整意思的语言单位,叫做句子(Sentence)。构成句子的词和短语根据它们在句子中的作用可分为若干句子成分(Members of the Sentence) o一个句子要表 达一个比较完整的意思,通常必须要有主语(Subject)和谓语 (Predicate)两个主要部分。(一)主语(Subject)主语表明句子中说的是谁或是什么。通常由名词和代词来担任。 此外,数词、动

2、名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可以用作主语。例 如:The teacher told us an interesting story.老师告诉我们一个 有趣的故事。(名词)We love our motherland.我们热爱祖国。(代词) 组合、倒装、省略。这五个基本句式:主谓结构(S + V);主系 表结构(S + V + P );主谓宾结构(S + V + 0 );主谓双宾 结构(S + V + 10 + DO);主谓宾补结构(S + V +。+ C)说明:S二主语;V二谓语;P二表语;0二宾语;10二间接宾语;D0二直 接宾语;C二宾语补足语简单句的五种基本句型歌诀学会准确运用英语简单句

3、的五大基本句型,是学好英语的基本功 之一。因此,同学们应花些时间掌握它们。请看下面这个口诀:英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。句型种类为动词,后接什么是关键;系词后面接表语;匕独身无牵连;忧.又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见,还有宾语补足语;各种搭配记心间。1、主谓结构(S + V)在此句式中,V是不及物动词,又叫自动词(vi.)。He runs quickly.他跑得快。They listened carefully.他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger. 他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country.中国属

4、于第三世 界国家。The gas has given out. 煤气用完了。My ink has run out.我的钢笔水用完了。Plants grow well all the year round.一年四季植物生长良好。2、主系表结构(S + V + P )在此句式中,V是系动词(link V.),常见的系动词有:look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, fall ill/asleep, stand/sit still, become, turn 等。He is older than he looks.他比看上去要

5、老。He seems interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting. 这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard.书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice.饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nice. 花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before.你长得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill.他突然病倒了。He stood quite still.他静静地站着。He becomes a t

6、eacher when he grew up. 他长大后当了教师。He could never turn traitor to his country.他永远不会背 叛他的祖国。注意:有些动词同时也是及物动词,可构成SVO句式。He looked me up and down.他上下打量我。He reached his hand to feel the elephant.他伸出手来摸象。They are tasting the fish.他们在品尝鱼。They grow rice in their hometown.他们在家乡种水稻。Hes got a chair to sit on,他有椅子

7、坐。Please turn the sentence into English.请把这个句于译成英 语。3、主谓宾结构(S + V + 0 )在此句式中,V是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语。I saw a film yesterday.我昨天看了一部电影。Have you read the story?你读过这个故事吗?They found their home easily.他们很容易地找到他们的家。They built a house last year.他们去年建了一所房子。Theyve put up a factory in the village.他们在村里建了一 座工厂。They

8、have taken good care of the children.他们把这些孩子 照看得很好。You should look after your children well.你应该好好照看 你的孩子。4、主谓双宾结构(S + V + 10 + D0) 在此句式中,V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的 动词有 give, ask, bring, offer, send, pay, lend, show, tell, buy, get; rob, warn 等。(1)简接宾语可以紧接动词之后,也可以用to后置。He gave me a book/a book to me.他给了我

9、一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me.他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me. 他把座位让给我。(2)简接宾语可以紧接动词之后,也可以用for后置Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me.他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me. 请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me. 他问我个问题。(

10、3)简接宾语不能紧接动词之后,要用介词后置They robbed the old man of his money.他们抢了老人的钱。Hes warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease.医生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the rats.我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。They deprived him of his right to speak.他们剥夺了他说话 的权利。5、主谓宾补结构(S + V + 0 + C)在此句式中,V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补

11、足语的 词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去 分词。常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多,哪些动词可接哪几种形式作 宾补,须根据动词的惯用法而定,不能统而概论。请看下面的例 子。They made the girl angry.他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day.他们发现那天她很高兴。I found him out.我发现他出去了。I saw him in.我见他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand.他们在沙地上发现了一个 脚印。They named the boy Charlie.他们给这个男孩起名

12、为查理。I saw him come in and go out.我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast.他们感到汽车行驶得很快。I heard the glass broken just now.我刚才听到玻璃碎了。He found the door of study closed to him.他发现研究所的 大门对他关闭了。6、There be 句型There be结构是一个重要的基本句型,它由 There + be +主 语+状语”构成。There is a book on the desk.桌子上有一本书。There is a desk and

13、two chairs in the room.屋子里有张桌 子两把椅子。二、并列句 由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子称为并列句 (compound sentence) o并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立,互不依 从,但它们表达的意思之间有一定的关系。并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来。并列连词之前 可用逗号,也可不用逗号(但 however therefore、otherwise 等并列连词前后都常有逗号)。常见的并列句结构是:简单句+ 并列连词+简单句。这种简单句常被叫做分句。并列连词(或连接 副词)根据不同含义,分为如下几类:1、表示连接,常用的有 and、not only.

14、 . . but also、neither. . . nor 等。Right now its the summer vacation and Im helping my dad on the farm.眼下正是暑假期间,我帮助爸爸在农场里干活。Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend. 他不仅是我们的老师,而且是我们的朋友。Neither did the naughty boy go home nor did his parents come to search for him.这调皮的男孩既不回家,他的父母也 不寻找他。2、表

15、示转折,常用的有 but、yet、sill however while 等。We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.在美国的南方,我们种植 稻谷,而在较冷的北方,人们种植小麦。The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, yet he couldnt find any work.这个工人在纽约找工作己有几个月之 久,但是仍然没有找到。Certainly he apologized, howeve

16、r, I won t forgive him. 他 的确道歉了,然而我不会原谅他。Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens while hens could.他反问他父亲,为什么他不能孵 出小鸡,而母鸡却能。3、表示选择,常用的有 or、or else otherwise otherwise、 either. or 等。They must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt.他们必须从炉火边拿走,不然就有可能烤

17、糊的。Take this bus or else you won t get there in time.搭这 辆公共汽车吧,否则你将无法及时到达那里。Work hard, otherwise youll be sorry.努力用功,否则你 会后悔。Either you are mad or I am.不是你疯了,就是我疯了。4、表示原因,只有for 一个词。They had often heard of elephants, but they had never seen one , for being blind, how could they?他们常常听说过大 象,但从来没看到过,因为他

18、们是瞎子,怎么能看到呢?5、表示结果,常用的有so、thereforeoIts time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.这是一年中收割稻谷的时期,因此,我 每天都从早到晚的劳动。He worked day and night, therefore, he was able to buy the sports car.他日夜工作,所以有能力买那辆跑车。6、并列复合句除以上简单的并列句之外,还有一种较复杂的并列句,叫做并列 复合句(compound complex sentence),即

19、其中的一个分句可包含 一个以上从句。Four and five is nine.四加五等于九。(数词)Walking is good exercise.走路是很好的运动。(动名词)To see is to believe.眼见为实。(动词不定式)What you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的练习。(从 句)(二)谓语(Predicate Verb)谓语是用来说明主语做什么、是什么或怎么样的。谓语中不可缺 少的部分是动词,通常叫谓语动词。谓语动词主要由动词或动词短 语担任,有时也可由系动词加一个形容词或名词(或起同样作用的 其他词类、短语或从句)担任。在后一种情况

20、中,用来与系动词合 成谓语的成分,叫做表语(Predicative)也有人叫做主语补足语 (Subject Complement) o例如:We read English every morning.我们每天早晨读英语。(实义动 词)His brother is a doctor. 他哥哥是医生。(系动词)Mr Smith became angry.史密斯先生生气了。(系动词)(三)宾语(Object)I sucked a finger, but the finger I put into my mouth was not the one I had dipped into the cup.

21、我吮吸了手指,但 是我放进嘴里的指头不是我在杯子里蘸了一下的那个指头。这句话中的第二个分句即含有定语从句I put into my mouth及 I had dipped into the cup。在语言的实际运用中,可能会有更 加复杂的并列句,如并列句可有更多的分句,分句里可能有一个 以上的从句,从句里可能又有从句。但读者只要掌握了各种句子 的结构,不管句子多么复杂,自会迎刃而解。(三)复合句复合句(complex sentence)由一个主句(main clause)和一个或一 个以上的从句(subordinate clause)构成。主句是全句的主体, 通常可以独立存在;从句则只用作句子

22、的一个成份,不能独立。从句不能独立成为一个句子,虽然它也有主语部分和谓语部分。 从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句的结构通常是:关联词+主语+谓语。引导从句的关联词共有 下列5类:1、从属连词:that (无词义),before (在前),whether (是 否),after (在之后),if (假如、是否),since (既然、自从),because (因为),as/so long as (只要),when (当 时候),so that (结果)(2)疑问代词:who, which, whom, what, whose 等。(3)疑问副词:when, why, w

23、here, how(4) 关系代词:who, which, whom, that, whose(5)关系副词:when, why, where2、关联词在从句中的功用举例We can t travel through the forest by road because there aren, t any roads!我们不能从陆路穿过森林,因为这儿根本没 有路可走!(关联词是从属连词because,引导状语从句)I think that its wrong to eat monkeys, so I don t.我认 为吃猴子是不对的,所以我不吃。(关联词是从属连词that,引 导宾语从句,在

24、从句中不作成份)Anybody who breaks the rule is punished. 谁要是破坏了这 条规则,谁就要受到惩罚。(关联词是关系代词Who,引导定语 从句,在从句中作主语)Although it was expensive, we decided to buy the computer. 虽然价钱昂贵,我们还是决定把计算机买下来。(关联词是从属 连词although,引导状语从句)Would you please let me know when you have a match?你们 有比赛的时候,请告诉我好吗?(关联词是疑问副词when,引导 宾语从句,在从句中作状

25、语)What we need is more time.我们需要的是更多的时间。(关联 词是疑问代词what,引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)3、从句的功用和种类从句在复合句中,可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语 等,因此,可分为六类:即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同 位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.这座水坝是世界上最大的一座,长3830米。(含有 which引导的定语从句)Over 500 people were working in the buildin

26、g when the firebroke out on the 11th floor.当11层楼起火的时候,大楼内有500人在工作。(含有when引导的时间状语从句)The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page.由主编决定哪篇报导最重要,应安 排在头版。(含有which引导的宾语从句)Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是 否会来仍是一个问题。(含有whether引导的主语从句)That is where he

27、was born.这就是他出生的地方。(含有where 引导的表语从句)We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听至Ll 了我们 球队己经获胜的消息。(含有that引导的同位语从句)三、主谓一致句子的主语有单复数及人称的变化,其谓语动词需要根据主语的 人称和数的不同而有所变化。即:谓语动词与其主语在人称和数 上必须保持一致。主语的人称,特别是主语的数是决定谓语形式 的关键。除第一人称I和第二人称you之外,单数主语之后的谓 语动词用单数形式;复数主语之后的谓语动词用复数形式。主语 和谓语动词的一致要遵循下面三个原则:(一)语法上的一致所谓语法一致原

28、则,即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得 一致。谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定:主语为 复数,谓语动词用复数;主语为单数或者是不可数名词,谓语动 词用单数。1、当主语是and, bothand连接的并列结构,指的是两个或两 个以上的人或物,则谓语动词用复数。My mother and I have seen the film.我妈妈和我已看过这 部电影。Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在 中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。注意:由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each, every, no修饰 时,其谓语动

29、词用单数形式。Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country.在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师 生没有被邀请参加晚会。2、如果主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如 with, along with, together with, as well as, like, rather than, and not, but, except, besides, including, in addition to, 谓语动词不受

30、 修饰成分的影响,仍保持同主语一致的关系。The parents, and not the son, were missing.失踪者不是儿子,而是他的双亲。The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 刃R 位老师和两个学生参加了会议。E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着 很重要的作用。All but one were here just now.刚才除了 一个人外都来 了。3、如果

31、非谓语动词(动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语 时,谓语一般用单数形式。Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常 重要的。To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易 事。When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们 何时开会尚未决定。注意:当what引导主语从句或由and连接两个动词不定式或动 名词作主语时,谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。What we need here is money.我们这里需要的是资金。W

32、hat we need here are workers.我们这里需要的是工人。Lying and stealing are immoral.说谎与偷窃是不道德的。4、 each 和 some/any/no/every 十 body/one/thing 构成的复合 不定代词 anyone、anybody anything、everyone、everybody everything、 someone、 somebody、 something、 no one nobody nothing、each the other作主语,谓语动词用单数。Each is worse than the one be

33、fore. 个比 个差。Nobody knows the answer, do they ?没有人知道这答案。Someone wants to see you. 有人想见你。注意:表示不定代词在附加的问句中再次出现时用复数形式。 Anybody can enter for the race, can t they?Everyone in our class goes in for sports, don t they? 在口语中,特别是对话中,为避免明确指出所指对象的性别。Everybody was wearing their shorts. I told everyone to run as

34、 fast as they can.something, everything谓语动词用单数 (包括在反意问句的 陈述和疑问部分中):Everything has gone wrong today, hasn t it ?5、“many a (很多)/more than one (不只一个)+单数名词”作 主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Many a student has been to Beijing.很多学生去过北京。There is more than one answer to your question. 你的问 题不只有一个答案。6、“one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the

35、only, the very, the等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。Tom is the only one of those boys who is willing to help the old man.汤姆是唯一的一个愿意帮助那个老人的男孩。He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.他是这三年来唯一的一个获 得奖学金的学生。注意:如没有这些限定词和修饰语,定语从句的谓语动词采用复数 形式。Tom is one of the boys wh

36、o are always ready to help others. 汤姆是个随时愿意帮助别人的男孩。7、英语中有些由两个部分组成的物体名称如glasses(眼镜), scissors (剪刀),shorts (短裤),shoes (鞋子),trousers (裤 子)goods (货物)belongs (财产)cloths (衣服)savings (储蓄 金)等作主语,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。His glasses were broken, so he can,t see well. 他的眼镜 碎了,因而看不清楚。His trousers are made of cotton. 他的裤子是

37、棉布的。注意:若这类名词前带有pair等表示单位的名词时,则以这些名 词的单、复数形式决定动词的形式。Two pairs of trousers are missing. 两条裤子不见了。This pair of shoes is not on sale. 这双鞋不出售。8、主语部分含有pair of ;suit of等短语时,谓语动词的数 与pair, suit等保持一致。如: On bed is a pair of socks.On bed are two pairsof socks.9. large/big quanti ties/amounts of加可数还是不可数名词做 主语都用复数

38、例如 With more forests being destroyed , huge quantities of good eartheach year.A. is washing away B. is being washed away C. are washing away D.are being washed away选择D(二)意义上的一致宾语一般用在及物动词后面,表示行为对象或结果。介词后面的名 词或代词,叫做介词的宾语。通常由名词和代词担任。止匕外,数词、 动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)、宾语从句也可以用作宾语。 例如:Have you finished the exerci

39、se?你做完练习了吗?(名词作宾语)Lei Feng always thought of others.雷锋总是想着别人。(代词 作介词宾语)She tore the cloth in three.她把布撕成三块(名词作动词 的宾语;数词作介词的宾语)She doesn, t allow smoking in her house.她不允许在她的房 子里抽烟。(动名词作宾语)You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活至 老学到老。(不定式作宾语)I don, t know when he will come.我不知道他什么时候来。(宾

40、 语从句作宾语) 有些动词可以有两个宾语:直接宾语(Direct Object)与间接宾语 (Indirect Object) o直接宾语通常出现在间接宾语之后。间接宾 语一般是代表人的,直接宾语一般是代表事物的。例如:意义上的一致是指谓语动词与主语的一致取决于主语所表达的意 义。若主语形式上为复数,而意义上是单数,动词要用单数;若 主语形式上为单数,而意义上为复数,则动词用复数。1、由and连接两个并列主语其后的谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果两个单数名词指同一个 人、同一事物、单一概念时,谓语动词要用单数,如:a knife and fork ;a cart and horse;the br

41、ead and butter;the needle and thread;a cup and saucer;my house and home;cause and effect;supply and demand;pen and ink early to bed and early to rise ; when and where等。有时两个名词共用一个冠词 表示同一概念。The worker and writer has written a new novel. 这位工人 兼作家写了一部新小说。(两个名词共用一个冠词)There is a journalist and writer livi

42、ng in America whose name is Alex Haley.在美国有一个名叫亚利克斯哈利的记者 兼作家。Truth and honesty is always the best policy. 真诚总是上 策。2、形复意单的名词作主语(1)复数形式的专有名词(表示国家、城市、机构、组织以及书 籍、报纸、杂志等)做主语,通常作为整体看待,谓语动词用单 数。The United States is in North America.美国在北美洲。The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.天方夜 谭是流传世界各地的名著。The Ne

43、w York Times has a wide circulation.纽约时报销 路很广。注意:表示山脉、群岛、瀑布等的专有名词和以复数形式出现的 表示同姓的一家人或同名、同姓的若干人,谓语也用复数。The Alps rise over 4 countries.阿尔卑斯山脉跨越了四国。Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亚力拉 瀑布没有维多利亚瀑布高。The Smiths were also invited.史密斯一家人也受到了邀请。There are 3 Marys and 2 Roberts in my class.我班有三个

44、 叫玛丽、两个叫罗伯特的学生。(2)以-ics结尾表示学科的名词做主语,通常表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式。这类名词有:physics, politics, mathematics, economics, athletics, electronics 等。Politics is now taught in all schools.现在各学校都开设政 治课。Economics is a science of the way in which industry and trade produce and use wealth.经济学是研究工业、贸易生财和 用财之道。注意:当这些动词表示有关方面的

45、活动、情况、见解、原理等意 思时,谓语动词需用复数形式。What are his politics?他的政见如何?The economics of national growth are of the greatest importance to all modern governments.国家发展经济的原理对 现代各国政府都重要。(3) news, maths, plastics, physics, works, means(方法), the United States等虽然以-s结尾,但意义上作为单数看待。Mathematics/Physics is a required subject

46、 for us.数学/ 物理是我们必修的科目。Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. 所有可能的直至 污染的方法都用了,但天空还是不晴朗的。(4)成对的名词做主语时用单数形式。Bread and butter is a daily food in the West .面包抹黄油 是西方人每天的食品。His gratitude and devotion to the Party is endless.他无 限感觉,无限忠于党。(5) “one

47、and a half +复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数。One and a half pears is left on the table .一只半梨剩在 桌子上。One and a half days is al 1 I can spare. 一天半是我所能挤 出的全部时间。注意:“one or two+复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数。One or two days are enough to see the city.参观该市一两 天就足够了。There are one or two things I want to talk over with you . 我有一两件事想跟你商量。3

48、、有生命的集体名词 (如 people, police, cattle, militia, public)作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。Cattle are also kept.还养了一些牛。The police are looking for the thief.公安人员在搜寻那个 小偷。All the people of the world want peace.全世界人民都渴望 和平。注意:family, team, class, government, audience, crew, committee等集体名词,如果作整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式; 如果作个别成员看待,谓语动词用复数形式。people作“民族” 解时,作单数用。Zhang s family is

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