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1、新东方在线网络课堂电子讲义2020 年考研英语一试题-1-2 2020020 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Even if families dont sit down to eat together as frequently as
2、 before,millions of Britons willnonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of the nations great traditions:the Sunday roast.1a cold winters day,few culinary pleasures can2it.Yet as we report now,the food policeare determined that this3should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure4to damage ou
3、rhealth.The Food Standards Authority(FSA)has5a public warning about the risks of a compoundcalled acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked6high temperatures.This means that peopleshould7crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin-crust pizzas and only8toast their bread.But where is the evidence to s
4、upport such alarmist advice?9studies have shown that acrylamidecan cause neurological damage in mice,there is no10evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is11to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof.12the precautionary principle,it could be argued that it is13to
5、 follow the FSA advice.14,itwas rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a15.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be16up on Sunday alongside some steamedvegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life be worth living?17,theFSA sa
6、ys it is not telling people to cut out roast foods18,but to reduce their lifetime intake.However,its19risks coming across as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scaresjust20with no one listening.1.A.InB.OnC.TillD.Towards2.A.matchB.expressC.satisfyD.influence3.A.patienceB.concernC.surprise
7、D.enjoyment4.A.intensifiedB.guaranteedC.compelledD.privileged新东方在线网络课堂电子讲义2020 年考研英语一试题-2-5.A.ignoredB.receivedC.issuedD.cancelled6.A.underB.byC.forD.at7.A.forgetB.avoidC.finishD.regret8.A.easilyB.regularlyC.partiallyD.initially9.A.IfB.SinceC.WhileD.Unless10.A.conclusiveB.externalC.secondaryD.negati
8、ve11.A.likelyB.boundC.insufficientD.slow12.A.In addition toB.At the cost ofC.On the basis ofD.In contrast to13.A.interestingB.fortunateC.urgentD.advisable14.A.As usualB.After allC.By definitionD.In particular15.A.connectionB.combinationC.resemblanceD.pattern16.A.madeB.usedC.savedD.served17.A.To be b
9、riefB.For instanceC.To be fairD.In general18.A.entirelyB.graduallyC.reluctantlyD.carefully19.A.promiseB.competitionC.experienceD.campaign20.A.follow upB.end upC.open upD.pick upSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choo
10、sing A,B,C or D.Markyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1A group of Labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call toinstitute a UK“town of culture”award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city ofculture title,which was held by Hull i
11、n 2017,and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021.Cooper and新东方在线网络课堂电子讲义2020 年考研英语一试题-3-her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in 220m of investmentand an avalanche of arts,ought not to be confined to cities.Britains towns,it is true,are notprevented from applyi
12、ng,but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to beat theirbigger competitors.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attractingfunding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to applyfor th
13、e much more prestigious title of European capital of culture,a sought-after award bagged byGlasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge ofdisappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for thepost-Brexit world
14、:after town of culture,who knows what will follow village of culture?Suburb ofculture?Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all.A badly run“year of culture”washes inand out of a place like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits
15、to thecommunity.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fillhotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform theaspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and
16、moreoptimistic light.It is hard to get right,and requires a remarkable degree of vision,as well ascooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgows year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of acompl
17、ex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art,music and theatre that itremains today.A“town of culture”could be not just about the arts but about honouring a towns peculiarities helping sustain its high street,supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its peop
18、le.JeremyWright,the culture secretary,should welcome this positive,hope-filled proposal,and turn it intoaction.21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a“town of culture”award couldA.consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.B.promote cooperation among Britains towns.C.increase the economic strength
19、of Britains towns.D.focus Britains limited resources on cultural events.22.According to Paragraph 2,the proposal might be regarded by some asA.a sensible compromise.新东方在线网络课堂电子讲义2020 年考研英语一试题-4-B.a self-deceiving attempt.C.an eye-catching bonus.D.an inaccessible target.23.The author suggests that a
20、title holder is successful only if itA.endeavours to maintain its image.B.meets the aspirations of its people.C.brings its local arts to prominence.D.commits to its long-term growth.24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to presentA.a contrasting case.B.a supporting example.C.a background story.D.a
21、related topic.25.What is the authors attitude towards the proposal?A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Favourable.D.Critical.Text 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists need journals in which topublish their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Ot
22、her scientistsperform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in theacquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only to find a market for itsjournal.Until this century,unive
23、rsity libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishersroutinely report profit margins approaching 40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the新东方在线网络课堂电子讲义2020 年考研英语一试题-5-publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25%of the
24、scientific papers produced in theworld,made profits of more than 900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seemto rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The mo
25、st drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind ofglobal photocopier for scientific papers,set up in 2012,which now claims to offer access to everypaywalled article published since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researchers passingon copies they have
26、themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy amongits users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In someways it has been very successful.More than half of all Br
27、itish scientific research is now publishedunder open access terms:either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for ayear or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universiti
28、es.Publishers haveresponded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees tocover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around 500 to$5,000.A report last yearpointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation cos
29、ts had beensteadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles theeconomy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while hugeprofits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a reb
30、alancing ofpower.26.Scientific publishing is seen as a licence to print money partly becauseA.its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.B.its marketing strategy has been successful.C.its payment for peer review is reduced.D.its content acquisition costs nothing.27.According to Paragraphs 2 and 3,sci
31、entific publishers like Elsevier haveA.thrived mainly on university libraries.B.gone through an existential crisis.C.revived the publishing industry.新东方在线网络课堂电子讲义2020 年考研英语一试题-6-D.financed researchers generously.28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?A.Relieved.B.Puzzled.C.Concerne
32、d.D.Encouraged.29.It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access termsA.allow publishers some room to make money.B.render publishing much easier for scientists.C.reduce the cost of publication substantially.D.free universities from financial burdens.30.Which of the following characterise
33、s the scientific publishing model?A.Trial subscription is offered.B.Labour triumphs over status.C.Costs are well controlled.D.The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playingfield.But all too often such policies are an
34、insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only themost privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker ProTempore Patricia Haddad,to ensure gender parity on boards and commissions,provide a case inpoint.H
35、addad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than40 percent female.In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities,they haveproposed imposing government quotas.If the bills become law,state boards and commissions will be新东方在线网络课堂电子讲义2020 年考研
36、英语一试题-7-required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California,which last year became the firststate to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure,California GovernorJerry Brown admitted that the law
37、,which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probablyunconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to addressan important policy interest.Because the California law applies to all boards,even where there is nohistory of prior discrimi
38、nation,courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutionalguarantee of equal protection.But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boardsmay not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population,but so what?The number of women on
39、 corporate boards has been steadily increasing without governmentinterference.According to a study by Catalyst,between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on theboards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership willin
40、evitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norwayadopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic,Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities forboard membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to s
41、erve on such boards has led to agolden skirt phenomenon,where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety ofboards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember thatsuch policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel goo
42、d but do little to helpaverage women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad willA.help little to reduce gender bias.B.pose a threat to the state government.C.raise womens position in politics.D.greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the Calif
43、ornia measure?A.It has irritated private business owners.B.It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.新东方在线网络课堂电子讲义2020 年考研英语一试题-8-C.It may go against the Constitution.D.It will settle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrateA.the harm from arbitrary board decision
44、s.B.the importance of constitutional guarantees.C.the pressure on women in global corporations.D.the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norways adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led toA.the underestimation of elite womens roleB.the objection to female participation on boar
45、ds.C.the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.D.the growing tension between labor and management.35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?A.Womens needs in employment should be considered.B.Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.C.Everyone should try hard to p
46、romote social justice.D.Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday,the French Senate passed a digital services tax,which would impose an entirelynew tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.Digitalservices include every
47、thing from providing a platform for selling goods and services online totargeting advertising based on user data,and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a GAFA tax,meaning that it isdesigned to apply primarily to comp
48、anies such as Google,Apple,Facebook and Amazon in otherwords,multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron,who hasexpressed support for the measure,and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it ha
49、s新东方在线网络课堂电子讲义2020 年考研英语一试题-9-already sparked significant controversy,with the United States trade representative opening aninvestigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could leadto trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral mo
50、ve by one country in need of revenue.Instead,thedigital services tax is part of a much larger trend,with countries over the past few years proposing orputting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.These have included BritainsDPT(diverted profits tax),Australias MAAL(multinati