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1、2021年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲Use of EnglishW/Z第一段Its not difficult to set targets for staff.给员工设定目标并不难。Ifs not difficult（主+系+表）句子主干It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语to set targets for staff.词汇注释staff*sta:f n.n.全体职工（或雇员）It is much harder,however,to understand their negative consequences.然而，要理解目标的负面后果就难得多了 however,一级修饰nega
2、tive*negatrv a.负面的;消极的词汇注释consequence*fknnsikwans n.n.后果；影响；结果 Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.大多数与工作相关的行为都有多个组成部分。句子主干Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.（主+谓+宾）词汇注释Emphasize onemultiple*mAltipl a.a.多个的；数量多的 component*ksmsunsnt n.n.组成部分；成分and the others become
3、distorted.强调其中一个，其他的就会变得扭曲。句子主干词汇注释emphasize*emfasaiz vt.vt.强调；重视 distorted disto:tid a.a.扭曲的，曲解的第二段Travel on a London bus and you41 quickly see how this works with drivers.乘坐伦敦的公交车，你很快就会看到这是 如何在司机的工作中起作用的。一级修饰句子主干on a London bus要点注释（2）句中，how引导的宾语从句作will.see的宾语。从句中，主语是this,谓语是works,介词 短语with drivers
4、作状语。Watch people get on and show their tickets.观察一下人们上车并出2K车票的场景。句子主干Watch people get on and show their tickets.（祈使句：谓+宾+宾补）169 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料Are they carefully inspected?他们真的被仔细检查过了吗？句子主干Are they carefully inspected?（一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词）词汇注释inspect iNspekt讥.检查；查看；视察Never.从来没有。:句子讲解:本句是一个省略句，
5、对句进行回答，补充完整为They are never carefully inspected o Do people get on without paying?人们不付钱就可以上车吗？句子主干 Of course!一级修饰当然可以！:句子讲解:本句是一个省略句，对句进行回答，补充完整为Of course people get on without paying。Are there inspectors to check that people have paid?公交车上有检票员检査人们是否已付款吗？一级修饰句子主干要点注释词汇注释动词不定式短语to check that.paid中，tha
6、t引导的宾语从句作check的宾语。从句中，主语是 people,谓语是 have paidoinspector in,spektg（r）n.n.（英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员；检查员Possibly,but very few.有可能有，但很少o:句子讲解 本句是一个省略句，对进行回答，补充完整为“Possibly there are inspectors to check:that people havepaid,but there are very few”oAnd people who run for the bus?那些跑着赶公交车的人呢？:句子讲解:本句是一个省略的一般疑问句。句首
7、连词And承接上文，句子主干为一个名词people,who引 导的定语从句修饰peopleo从句中，who代替先行词people作主语，谓语是run,介词短语for the bus作状语。They are ignored.他们会被忽略。句子主干They are ignored.（主+谓）词汇注释ignore*igno:（r）vt.vt.忽视；对.不予理会 How about jumping lights?那闯红灯呢？:句子讲解:本句使用How about句型，用于征询对方意见或看法，How about后常接名词（短语）、代词或 动名词（短语）o本句中，jumping lights为动名词短语。
8、Bu ses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.公交车闯红灯的频率几乎与骑自行车的人一样高。句子主干一级修饰词汇注释frequently fri:kwantli ad.ad.频繁地；经常 cyclist saiklist.骑自行车的人第三段Why?为什么？句子讲解:本句是一个省略的特殊疑问句，对二段关于伦敦公交车情况进行提问。Because the target is punctuality.因为目标是准时 本句是一个省略主句的原因状语从句，对句进行回答。Because引导原因状语从句；从句中,主语是the target,系动词是is,表语是punc
9、tualityo句子讲解 170 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料词汇注释punctuality jpAgktjulati n.n.准时性 People complained that buses were late and infrequent.人们抱怨公交车晚点，班次稀少。.:句子主干People complained（主+谓+宾从）that引导的宾语从句，作complained的宾语 that buses were late and infrequent.词汇注释infrequent infri:kw9nt.偶有的；罕见的 So,the number of buses a
10、nd bus lanes were increased,and drivers were rewarded or punished according to the time they句子主干一级修饰二级修饰took.因此，公交车和公交车专用道的数量增加了，而且根据所用时间，司机会得到奖励或受到惩罚。And drivers hit their targets.虽然司机们达到了他们的目标。句子主干 And drivers hit th旦r_t些rggs.（主+谓+宾）But they also hit cyclists.但是他们也会撞到骑自行车的人。句子主干 But they also hit刁
11、理密（主+谓+宾）If the target was changed to revenue,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.女口果把目标改为收入，那么检票员会更多，定价也会更谨慎。二级修饰to revenue,介词短语作状语:一级修饰If the target was changedIf引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语句子主干you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.（主+i胃+宾）i 词汇注释:revenue*revanju:n
12、.n.收入；收益 pricing praisig n.n.定价；作价；计价 If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more cautious drivers who obeyed traffic laws.如果把标准改为安全,就会有更多小心谨慎的、遵守交通法规的司机。If引导的条件状语从句作句子主干的条件状语二级修饰to safety,介词短语作状语一级修饰If the criterion changedwho引导的定语从句，修饰cautious drivers句子主干you would get more cautious drive
13、rs（主+谓+宾）词汇注释一级修饰who obeyed traffic laws.criterion*kraitiarian n.（pl.n.（pl.criteria）标准 cautious*k3：jas a.a.小心的；谨慎的But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.但这两个标准都将以牺牲时I可为代价。句子主干But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.（主+系+表）词汇注释at the expense of.以为代价；在牺牲（或损害）的情况下第四段 Th
14、ere is another problem:people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.还有另一个冋题：为 f f 达到目标,人们变得非常有“创意”。171 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料句子主干一级修饰二级修饰There is another problem：（There be 句型：There+is+主）|解释说明 another problem people became immensely inventive:介词短语作方面状语in hitting targets.词汇注释immensely fmensl
15、i ad.ad.非常；极大地inventive inentiv a有创意的；善于创新的你乘坐的飞机句子主干 Have you noticed that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?你有没有注意到，晚了一个小时起飞，但仍能准时到达？Tail winds?因为顺风吗？i句子讲解本句是一个省略的一般疑问句，对句中 you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time的原因提岀一种假设，补充完整为Is it because of
16、tailwinds?”oJ词汇注释tailwind teilwind儿顺风Of course not!当然不是!Airlines have simply changed the time a trip is meant to take.航空公司只是改变了旅程原本应该花费的时间。句子讲解本句是一个省略句，对句中提出的假设做出否定回答，补充完整为“Of course,it is not because of tailwinds”o句子主干Airlines have simply changed the time（主+谓+宾）省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句,:修饰the time一级修
17、饰a trip is meant to takeA one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.个小时的旅程现在按两个小时收费句子主干A one-hour flight is now billed（主+谓）介词短语作A one-hour flight的补足语一级修饰as a two-hour flight.:词汇注释1bill*bil vr.给（某人）开账单；把（某人或事物）宣传为n.n.账单；纸币第五段 The moral of the story is simple.故事的寓意很简单。句子主干 The moral.is siinpl
18、e.（主+系+表）j介词短语作后置定语，修饰The moral级修饰 of the story扁汇注释moral*Cmprol n.寓意；教益；道德a a道德的;品德端正的Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiple criteria.大多数工作都是多维的，有多个标准。句子主干Most jobs are multidimensional,（主+系+表）介词短语作状语一级修饰i词汇注释|with multiple criteria.multidimensional jmAltidafmenjnl a.a.多维的Choose one criterion
19、and you may well sacrifice others.选择一个标准，你很可能会牺牲其他标准。172 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料句子主干|词汇逹释 Everything 这是有代价的。sacrifice*saekrifais vt.vt.牺牲；献出牺牲；舍弃；祭祀can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a cost.所有的事情都可以完成得很快，成本很低，但句子主干Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.设定目标
20、可能而且确实会产生不可预见的负面后果。句子主干词汇注释Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.（主+谓+宾）unforeseen(Anfo:si:n a.a.未预见的；未想到的；始料不及的词汇注释 But it is an-级修饰幣第六段*This is not an argument against target-setting.这并不是反对设定目标的理由。句子主干argument*ajumont n.n.理由；论据；争论；争吵 argument for exploring consequences
21、 first.但却是一个最早探索后果的论据。句子主干But it is an argument（主+系+表）介词短语作后置定语，修饰an argument一级修饰 All good targets should have multiple criteria relating to critical factors such as time,money,quality and customer feedback.所有好的目标都应该有多个标准，这些标准与时间、金钱、质量和客户反馈等关键因素相关。for exploring consequences first.一级修饰二级修饰句子主干词汇注释rel
22、ate to与.相关；涉及 feedback *fi:dba2k n.n.反馈的意见（或信息）The trick is not only to specify just one or even two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help people better achieve the objective.诀窍就在于不仅要明确目标的一个甚至两个方面，而且要明白如何帮助人们 更好地实现目标。句子主干一级修饰要点注释动词不定式短语 to understand.the objective 中，how+动词不定
23、式短语（to help.objective）结构作understand的宾语。173 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料词汇注释trick*trik n.n.诀窍；技巧；诡计 dimension*daimenfh.方面；规模；维specify*spesifai vt.vt.明确说明；详述 objective*abd3ektiv.目标；目的Part ASectionText 1取第一段 O Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to h
24、ave a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.再培训”听起来像是一个时髦的词，但如果我们计划着 的将来是要让许多未来员工不被淘汰，那这实则是一项要求。一级修饰that sounds like a buzzwordsomethingthat引导的定语从句“Reskilling”is something（主+系+表）句子主干but连接并列的系表结构，表转折blit is actually a requirement级修饰:if引导的条件状语从句if we plan to have a futurea f
25、uture介词in+which引导的定语从句,in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.reskill i/skil v.再培训 buzzword*bAzw3：d n.n.时髦术语，流行行话requirement*naismant n.n.要求；需求 would-be*wudbi:a.a.未来的；想要成为.的 We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,as will the requirements o
26、f the jobs that remain.我们知道，我们正在步入一个时代，所需求的工作岗位将迅速发生变化，仍然存在的岗位 的要求也将迅速变化。词汇注释一级修饰二级修饰句子主干that remain.三级修饰as引导的比较状语从句为倒装句，并省略了与前面相同的change rapidly,可还原为as the requirements of the jobs that remain will change rapidlyo as引导的比较状语从旬的倒装意在使句子 平衡，避免头重脚轻。Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on aver
27、age 42 per cent of the core skills within job roles will change by 2022.世界经济论坛的研究发现，到2022年，工作岗位中平均有42%的“核心技能”将发生变化。要点注释句子主干一级修饰一级修饰 174 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料词汇注释forum*fo:ram n.n.论坛；讨论会That is a very short timeline.这是个相当短的时间ocore y ko:（r）a.a.主要的；基本的句子主干That is a very short timeline.（主+系+表）第二段The q
28、uestion of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.谁应该为再培训承担费用是一个棘手的问题。词汇注释pay for负担.的费用；为.而付钱 thorny 5:ni Q.棘手的；麻烦的 For individual companies,the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are.对于个体公司来说，首选总是辞掉那些技能不再被公司
29、需要的员工，转 而雇用拥有公司所需技能的员工。一级修饰句子主干一级修饰For individual companies,要点注释介词短语with.are中，whose引导的定语从句修饰those,从句中省略了重复的表语in demando词汇注释individual*,individ3U91 a.a.个体的 temptation tempteifn n.n.诱惑（文中引申为首选）let go of放开；放手；释放 replace*ripleis vt.vt.取代；代替；替换That does not always happen.情况并非总是如此。That does not always hap
30、pen.（主+谓）句子主干 AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy.AT&T（美国电话电报公司）的做法通常被视为公司的黄金标准，该公司曾决定实 行一项大规模的再培训计划，而非采用“解雇与雇用”策略。一级修饰句子主干词汇注释massive*fmassiv a.a.大规模的；巨大的 strategy*strastsdji n.n.策略；计策；策划 O
31、ther companies had also pledged to create their own plans.其他公司也承诺制定自己的计划o句子主干Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans.（主+谓+宾）|词汇注释pledge*pled3 vt.vt.正式承诺；保证给予（或做）When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though,the focus usually turns to government to handle.但是，当 技能不匹配出现在更
32、广泛的经济领域时，焦点问题通常会转由政府来处理。175 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语一级修饰When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best,and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times
33、and in regions where unemployment is high.加拿大和其他地区政 府所做的努力充其量只能说是迟缓的，这使我们处于一种经常听到雇主恳求雇员留下的情况中，即使在失业 率很高的时期和地区也是如此。句子主干though,the focus usually turns to government to handle.（主+谓+宾+宾补）i词汇注释:mismatch mismastf n.n.搭配不当；误配 focus*faokas n.n.焦点；中心点；调焦v.关注一级修饰句子主干一级修饰二级修饰三级修饰词汇注释in Canada and elsewhere介词短语
34、作后置定语，修饰EffortsEfforts.have been arguably languid at best,（主+系+表）|and连接的并列谓语and have given us a situationwhere引导的定语从句,|修饰a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers and连接并列的介词短语作状语even at times and in regions where引导的定语从句,:修饰times和 regions where unemployment is high.arguabl
35、y a:qjuabli ad.ad.可以说；按理 languid lserjgwid a.a.迟缓的；慵懒的at best充其量，至多 beg*beg v.恳求；乞求第三段 With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.受疫情影响，失业率的确很高。一级修饰句子主干With the pandemic,介词短语作句子主干的状语 unemployment is very high indeed.（主+系+表）词汇注释pandemic pzendemik n.n.（全国或全球性）流行病；大流行病 In February,at 3.5 per ce
36、nt and 5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.二月，加拿大和美国的失业率分另0为 3.5%和 5.5%,都 处于这代的低点，劳动力短缺问题无处不在。句子主干In February,一级修饰respectively rispektivli ad.ad.分别；各自；依次为词汇注释generational jenareijbnl a.a.一代的 As of
37、 May,those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,and although many worker shortages had disappeared,not all had done so.截至五月，这两国的失业率已喩升至13.3%和13.7%,尽管劳动力短缺问题在 许多领域已经消失，但并非在所有领域都如此。176 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料一级修饰词汇注释句子主干一级修饰as of到.时候为止；从.起 spike up飙升；用耙翻起 In the medical field,to tak
38、e an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors,nurse and other medical personnel.举个明显的例子，在医疗领域，疫情意味着医生、护士和其他医务人员仍存 在明显短缺的情况。词汇注释句子主干级修饰一级修饰medical*medikl a.a.医疗的；医学的personnel*(p3：S9nel n.pln.pl全体人员，职员第四段 Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed wa
39、iter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks.当然，这并不是说你可以雇用一个失业的服务员，然后在几周内把他培训成一名医生。一级修饰句子主干-级修饰一级修饰句子主干 But even if you cannot close that gap,maybe you can close others,and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.但是，即使你无法弥合这样的差距，你也可以缩小其他的差距，这样做对所有相关人员都有好处。177 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料 T
40、hat seems to be the case in Sweden:when forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff,Scandinavian Airline decided to start up a short retaining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.瑞典的情况似 乎就是如此：当斯堪的纳维亚航空公司被迫让90%的乘务人员休假时，他们决定启动一项短期留用计划，重新培训下岗员工以支援医务人员。一级修饰二级修饰三
41、级修饰句子主干i词汇注释|1要点注释在when引导的时间状语从句中，因其主语与主句的主语相同，故省略了主语Scandinavian Airline和助动词wasofurlough f3：lsu vt.vt.使被迫休假；使暂时下岗cabin*kaebin n.n.（飞机的）座舱；隔间；小棚屋 start up（使）启动，开始 laid-off被解雇了的 The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.这是集体努力的结果，其他公司和瑞典一所大学也参与其中。句子主
42、干as well as a Swedish university.|词汇注释collective*kalektiv a.a.集体的；共同的 involve*involv vt.vt.包含；涉及；使陷入Text 2第一段 With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050,and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace,food security is in
43、creasingly making headlines.据预测，截至 2050年，全球人口将达到近100亿，而且某些地区的农业产量需要增长近一倍才能保持供需平衡，因此粮食安全正逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。一级修饰句子主干二级修饰that引导的同位语从句中，主语为agricultural production,谓语为will need,宾语为to nearly double,介词短语 in some regions作后置定语，修饰agricultural production,动词不定式短语to keep pace作目的状语。178 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料:词汇注释i hi
44、t hitw达到（某水平）；击，打 forecast*fo:ka:stn./vt预测；预报double*fdAbl v.是的两倍；（使）加倍 headline hedlain“.（报纸的）大字标题 In the UK,it has become a big talking point recently too,for a rather particular reason:Brexit.在英国，因为一个相 当特殊的原因一一英国脱欧，粮食安全最近也成为一个热门话题。级修饰 In the UK,_ j介词短语作句子主干的地点状语 句子主干_it has become a big talking po
45、int recently too,（主+系+表）_ 介词短语作句子主干的原因状语级修饰 for a rather particular reason:Brexit.|词汇i point*point n.n.核心问题；要点v.指（向）particular pdtik间o（r）a.特殊的；专指的Brexit（British exit的缩写）英国退出欧盟 第二段O Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.有些人将英国脱欧 视为一个机会，可以扭转近期
46、英国粮食进口的趋势。二级修饰三级修饰级修饰句子主干towards the UK importing food.i词汇注释j reverse*nv3：s vt.vt.使（决定、政策、趋势）转向 import*impo:t v.进口；弓|进 The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats,down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s.英国的粮食产量仅为其粮食总消耗量的60%左右，与20世纪80年代末的近四分之三相比有所下降。级修饰句子主干it eats,省略关系词（
47、which/that）的定语从句J修饰the foodThe country produces only about 60 per cent of the food（主+谓+宾）级修饰补充说明about 60 percent of the fooddown from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s A move back to self-sufficiency,the argument goes,would boost the farming industry,political sovereignty and even the nations
48、health.这种观点认为，恢复粮食自给将促进农业发展、维护政治主权甚至促进整个国家的健康发展。级修饰back to self-sufficiency,:介词短语作后置定语，修饰A moveA move.would boost the farming industry,（主+谓+宾）句子主干and连接的并列宾语political sovereignty and even the nations health插入语级修饰the argument goes,；词汇注释self-sufficiency elfsofijnsi n.n.自给自足 sovereignty nvrsnti n.n.主权；统
49、治权Sounds greatbut how feasible is this vision?听起来不错，但这种设想真的可行吗？179 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料词汇注释句子主干一级修饰feasible*fi:zabl a.a.可行的；行得通的第三段vision*fvi3n儿构想；幻想；眼力 According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85 per cent of the country9s total land area is associated with mea
50、t and dairy production.根据英国利兹大学一份关于英国粮食生产的报告，英国土地 总面积的85%与肉类和乳制品生产有关。句子主干 85 per cent of the country s total land area is associated（主+系+表）from the University of Leeds,UK,二级修饰介词短语作后置定语,on UK food production 介词短语作后置定语，修饰a report：修饰 a report一级修饰According to a report插入语，补充说明句子主干介词短语作状语;级修饰 with meat an