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1、2021年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲Section I Use of English,第一段 Fluid intelligence is th e type of intrlligrrice llial lias to do with short-trnn memo n,and ih e ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in o rder to so lve new problems.流体智力是一种与短期记忆和快速、有逻辑且抽象地思考以解决新问题的能力有关的智力类型句子主干一级修饰二级修饰Fluid intelligenc
2、e is地2切 些 更j 蚂 叫 鸵 吧?（主+系+表）ihal引导的定语从句J修饰th e type of intelligencethat h as to do with short-tenn memo ry三级修饰and连接的并列宾语|and the ability 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰th e abilityto think quickly,logically,and abstractly 动词不定式短语作目的状语in order to so lve new pro blems.要点注释 in o rder to so lve new problems为动词不定式短语的特殊形
3、式。词汇注释 fluid flund n.流体;液体a.流动的;易变的 in ldlig心nee*ntehd3?ns n.智力;智慧;情报do with 与.有关;处理;对待 abstractly aebstraektli ad.抽象地 Il peaks in yo ung a（h iltliMMl,levels out for a perio d of time.and th en generally starts to slo wly decline as wr age.E在啰逞螃到峰值在一段时间内保持稳定.然后随着我们年龄的增长普遍开始缓慢下降It peaks in young adul
4、thood,（主+谓）I并列谓语句子主干 levels out for a period of time.|and连接的并列谓语and th en generally starts to slowly decline_ as引导的时间状语从句二级修饰 as we age.、词汇注释peakpi：k vi.达到高峰;达到最高值level out/off保持平稳发展 But while aging is inevitable.scientists are finding o ut th at certain ch anges in brain function may no t lie.但是，尽管
5、衰老不可避免,科学家们却发现大脑功能的某些变化可能并非如此一级修饰句子主干词汇注释while aging is inevitable,while引导的让步状语从句.作句子主干的让步状语But.scientists are finding out（主+谓+宾 从）thal引导的宾语从句作are finding out的宾语that certain ch anges in brain function may no t be.aging ,eidj ir）.（亦作 ageing）衰老,变老;苍老 inevitable*iirevitobl a.不可避免的 189 第二段一 One study fo
6、 und ihal muscle lo ss and th e accumulation of Ixxly fat aro und th*abdomen are associated with a declinein fluid intelligence.一项研究发现，肌肉的减少和腹部脂肪的堆积与流体智力的下降有关One study found（主+谓+宾 从）句子主干 卜h at引导的宾语从句，作fo und的宾语that muscle lo ss and th e accumulation of body fat.are asso ciated with a decline介词短语作后置定
7、语，修饰bo dy fataround th e alxlo men一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语.修饰a declinein fluid intelligence.:词汇注释muscle*mAsl n.肌肉；体力；威信abdomen aebdamon几腹（部）accumulation a.kjuimjaieijn n.堆积（物）be associated with.与.有关 Tliis suggests th e possibility th at lifestyle facto rs miglit help prevent or delay this type of decline.这表明一
8、种可能性,即与生活方式有关的因素可能有助于预防或延缓这种智力类型的衰退句子主干 This suggests tiwpossibility（主+谓+宾）|th at引导的同位语从句，解释说明由e possibility一级修饰 that lifestyle facto rs might help prevent or delay this type of decline.：词汇注释 possibility*.posa bibti n.可能性；可能 delay*di lei v.延缓；延期；推迟第三 段,一 Th e research ers lo o ked al data th at incl
9、uded measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat fro m mo re th un 4,0 0 0nii（l（lle-to-o lder-agelio n but to use th e rail netwo rk to grt to wo rk or othensise.这已成为一种H i打不 1 92 动的年度惯例：每年一月.乘火车出行的费用都会上涨,这给那些别无选择只能利用铁路网去上下班的人带来了巨大的额外负担.句子主干一级修饰二级修饰三级修饰四级修饰It has become a grimly reliable annual rit
10、ual:(主+系+表)解释说明a grimly reliable annuul rilualevery January th e co st of travelling by train rises,现在分词短语作结果状语imposing a signiGcant extra burden o n thosewh o引导的定语从句,修饰th o sewho h ave no option but to use th e rail netwo rk动词不定式短语作目的状语to get to wo rk or o th erwise.:词汇注释：grimly gnmli ad.坚定地;严肃地 re
11、liable*n laiabl ,确凿的；真实可信的ritual*nt Jual n.惯例；习惯；老规矩 impose.on.把.(强)加于.This years rise,an average of 2.7 per cent,may be a fraction lo wer th an last years,bul it is still well abo ve th eo fHcial Co nsumer Price Inlrx(CPI)measure H in fla tion.今年铁路客运票价的平均涨幅为2.7%,可能略低于去年,但仍远高于官方的消费芥物价指数（CPI）所反映的通货膨胀
12、水平lower th an last years,一级修饰句子主干一级修饰形容词短语作后置定语,an average of 2.7 per cent,捕人语，卜补充说明Th is years rise修饰a fractio n(l)This years rise,.may be a fraction(主+系+表)bul连接的并列句.表转折(2)but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure(主+系+表)介词短语作后置定语,修饰th e official Co nsumer Price Index(
13、CPI)measureof inflation.词汇注释 fraction .fraekj n .一点儿；少址；小部分inflation*!n fleij n .通货膨胀；通胀率第二段O Successive go veniments h ave pennitted such increases on the grounds that tin*co st of investing in and running th e railnetwo rk sh o uld IH-borne by th o se wh o use il,rallirr th an th e general taxpaye
14、r.历届政府都允许这种增长，理由是曼更鲍宜铁路网的费用应由使用铁路网的人承担，而不是由全体纳税人承担“句子主干 Successive governments have perm itted such increases(主+谓+宾)t o n th e gro unds th at引导的原因状语从句.作句子主干的原因状语一级修饰 on the grounds that(h e co st of investing in and running th e rail netwo rk sh o uld be bo rne介词by引出动作的发出者by th o se wh o use it,二级修饰
15、 间h er th an连接的并列成分，|肯定前者，否定后者rather than th e general taxpayer.词汇注释successive*ssk sesiv a.相继的;连续的;接连的hear*bea（r）vt.承担（费用）；承受;忍受o n the grounds tha t由于，因为，根据taxpayer taekspein”)n.纳税人 Why.th e argument go es,sh o uld a car-driving pensioner fro m Lincolnshire h ave l subsidise th e daily commute of a
16、stockbroker fnm Surrey?这种观点认为，为什么一个林肯郡领养老金的开车出行的人要补贴一个萨里郡的股票经纪人的日常通勤费后？193 一级修饰 th e argument go es,_ 1插入语句子主干 Why,.should a car-driving pensioner.have to subsidise the daily commute介词短语作后置定语.修饰a car-driving pensio nerfrom Lincolnshire一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰th e daily co mmuteof a stockbroker fro m Surrey
17、?要点注释词汇注释本句是一个特殊疑问句,句子主干由“特殊疑问词+情态动词+主 语+半助动词+谓语动词+宾语”构成。pensioner penj og（r）n.领养老金者 subsidise ,SAbsidaiz就.（亦作 subsidize）补贴；资助commute*ks mj uit n.通勤;上下班路程 stockbroker -sto kbraukaCr）n,股票（或证券）经纪人 Equally,th ere is a sense th at th eable to expect a basic level(f service for th e substantial sums th e
18、y are no w paying to travel.铁路运营商宣扬其对铁路网的改进无可非议,但乘客们理应能够得到基本的服务.毕竟他们现在为旅行支付了大笔费用 194 一级修饰 they are making to the network,行略关系词（whirh/lhat）的定语从句,修饰the improvementstrain operators trumpeting the improvementsIt为形式主语，动名词的复合结构作真正的主语句子主干（l）It i s a l l v e r y w e l l （主+系+表）I but连接的并列句，表转折（2）but p a s s
19、e n g e r s s h ou l d b e a b l e t o e x p e c t a b a s i c l e v e l of s e r v i c e （主+谓+宾）介 词 短 皤 作（2）旬的原囚状洒一级修饰 for the substantial sums 省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句.修饰the subslantial sums二级修饰 they are now paying to travel.要点注释词汇注释动名词的复合结构 train operators trumpeting the improvements 中，train operat
20、ors 为动名词短语trumpeting the itnprovemenls 的逻辑七语，trumpet ,trAmpit 宣扬；吹嘘;鼓吹 substantial*sab staenjl。.大量的；价值巨大的 The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on ihe unions.最近这一波罢 的责任在于工会句子主干 The responsibility.r e s t s on t h e u n i on s.（主+谓+宾）t介词短语作后置定语,修饰The responsibility一级修饰 for the lates
21、t wave of strikes However,there is a strong cast*that those who have liern worst afftnied by industrial action should receive compensationfor the disruption they have suffered.但是.那些受罢工影响最严通的人仍有充分的理由就他们所遭受的不便得句子主干 H ow e v e r,t h e r e i s a Strong case（T h e r e b e句型：t h e r e +i s +主）that引导的同位语从句
22、.解释说明a strong case一级修饰 that those.should receive compensationwho引导的定语从句.修饰thosewho have been worst affected by industrial action二级修饰 介词短语作原因状语for the disruption they have suffered.要点注释 介词短语for the.suffered中jhey have suffered为省略关系词(which/lhat)的定语从句.修饰thedisruption o词汇注释 compensation .knmpen seijn .赔偿
23、；赔偿金；补偿 disruption disTApfn 儿扰乱;混乱；中断第四段 The Government has pledged to change the law Io inlnnlucr a niininium service requiremfiil so that,even when strikesoccur,services can continue to operate.政府已承诺修改法律，采用最低服务要求，这样即使发生罢工，铁路服务也能继续运营。句子主干 T h e G o v e m m e n t h a s p l e d g e d曳 卜出 鸵_ 也?1$(主+谓+
24、宾)动词不定式短语作目的状语to introduce a minimum service requirement一级修饰 so山 al引导的目的状语从句 作句子主干的目的状语so that.services can continue to operate.when引导的时间状语从句，作目的状语从句的时间状语二级修饰 even when strikes occur,195 This sh o uld fo nn part of a wider package of measures to address th e long-nmriing pniblrms o n Britairfs railw
25、ays.除此之外.为解决英国铁路长期存在的问题，还应采取一系列更广泛的措施句子主干一级修饰This should form part of a wider package of measures动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰a wider package ofto address the long-running problems二级修饰（主+谓+宾）measures介词短语作后置定语，修饰th e lo ng-running pro blemson Britains railways.词汇注释package 件卜心儿一套东西，一 套 建 议address*a dres vl.设法解决;处理；
26、演讲 Y es,mo re investmrnl is needed,but passengers will no t lw willing to pay mo re indefinitely if th ey must also endurecramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular ch ao s wh en timrtablrs are ch anged,o r planned maintenance ismanaged incom petently.是的,这需要更多的投资，但如果乘客们仍必须忍受拥挤且不可靠的铁路服务,并且这与陋壁
27、因时刻表调整或管理不善的计划性维护导致混乱而经常中断.他们就不会愿意一直支付更多的钱（l）Yes,more investment is needed,（主+谓）句子主干|but连接的并列句，表转折（2）but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely（主+谓+宾）if引导的条件状语从句，作（2）句的条件状语-I一级修饰 if th ey must also endure cramped,unreliable services,过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰cramped,unreliable services二级修饰 punc
28、tuated by regular ch ao swhen引导的时间状语从句when timetables are ch anged,三级修饰,r连接的并列句or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.词汇注释inderinitely m defmotli ad.无限期地 cramped kraempt a.拥挤的;狭窄的；狭小的punctuate pAgktfueit vl.不时打断 chaos*kems n.混乱;杂乱；紊乱maintenance memtansns n.维护；维持 inccmpetenlly m kompitontli
29、ad.无能力地;不称职地 Th rrsl residents UIKUT(-crtain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.2(X)7 年，E|】度尼西亚开始分阶段实施一个项目，即为满足特定条件的特困居民提供资金，比如要求他们让孩子上学或接受定期医疗服务一级修饰In 2007.介词短语作句子主干的时间状语句子主干Indonesia started g h a sin g jn a program(主+谓+宾)由al引导的定语从句J修饰a program一级
30、修饰that gives money to its poorest residents1介词短语作条件状语二级修饰under certain conditions.such as 举例说明certain conditionssuch as requiring people to keep kids in school三级修饰卜r连接并列的动词不定式短语or（to）get regular medical care.：词汇注释 phase in逐步采用;分阶段引入 resident*rezidant n.居民;住户Called conditional rush transfers or CCTs,
31、these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality andbreak the cycle of poverty.这些被称为有条件现金转移或CCTs的社会援助项目旨在减少不平等现象和打破贫困循环 197 一级修饰 Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,I过去分词短语作句子主干的状语句子主干 these social assistance programs are designed（主+谓）I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语to reduce inequality一级修
32、饰|and连接并列的动词不定式短语and（to）break th e cycle of po verty.词汇注释conditional kon dij onl a.有条件的be designed to.旨在.Theyrr already used in do zens of countrirs wo rldwide.transfer*traens f3：（r）n.转移；调动inequality .mi kwnbti n.不平等；不平衡它们已经在全世界几十个国家使用。句子主干 Theyre already used（主+谓）I介闻短语作句子主干的状语一级修饰 in do zens of co
33、untries worldwide.In Indonrsia,llie pro gram lias pro vi(l(*(l*no ugli frcausf eco no mic gro wth can lw correlated with rnvin）nm*nlul degradation,wliik*pro tecting ihe enviro nment isso metimes co rrelated with greater poverty.这是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化相关，而环境保护有时与更严重的贫困相关。_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
34、 _ _ _ _ _ _ _一级修饰with environmental degradatio n,1介词短语作状语Thats 口 类 gggjnqjpjf 史”也 31坨 （主+系+表 从）句子主干|while连接的并列句，表对比while protecting I h e environment is so metimes co rrelated介词短语作状语j一级修饰with greater po verty.correlate*knraleit以使.相互关联 degradation egrodeij n n.恶化（过程）；毁坏e co rrelatio ns do nt prove c
35、ause and e ffe c t.然而，这些相关性并不能证明因果关系Ho wever,插入语句子主干 those correlations donl prove cause and effect.（主+谓+宾）词汇注释 However,ll一级修饰；词汇注释:prove*pm：v vt.证明；证实 cause and effevt因果关系 Th e o nly previous stu（h analyzing causality.basrl o n an area in Mrxi-|xrte（l th etraditional vie w.此前唯一一项分析因果关系的研究支持了传统观点，该研
36、究基于墨西哥一个已经实行了 CCTs的地区。一级修饰 analyzing causality,现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰Th e o nly previo us study句子主干 T h e only previous studysupported the traditional yjew.（主+谓+宾）4:插入语.补充说明Th e o nly previo us study一级修饰based o n an area in Mexico1 thal引导的定语从句.修饰an area in Mexico二级修饰that h ad instituted CCTs,:词汇注释previous*p
37、ri：vbs a.先前的；以往的 analyze aenalaiz vt.分析；分解；化验causality korzsb ti n.因果关系；因果律 institute*mstitj uzt vt.实行;开始；建立 There,as peo ple go t mo re mo ney,xunt,of llicin may h ave mo re cleared land for cattle to raise fo r nwat.Ferraro says.费拉罗说到在那里.当人们得到的钱更多时,他们中的一些人可能会开展更多的空地来饲养牛以获取牛肉一级修饰 as peo ple go t mo
38、 re mo ney,as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语句子主干 There,.some of them may have m o r e cleared land(主+谓+宾 介词短语作后置定语,修饰mo re cleared landfor cattle to raise for meat,一级修饰 插入语Ferraro says.词汇注释 clear*kha(r)vl.清除；清理;证明无罪 raise*reiz vt.饲养;提升;增加n.加薪第五段 Such pro grams do no t h ave h negatively affect th e environment
39、,I hough.不过，这些项目不一定会对环境产生负面影响.199 句子主干 S u c h programs do not hav e t o negat iv ely affect t he nyir（）n m e n t,t hough.（主+谓+宾）词汇注释 negat iv ely negat iv li ad.消极地；否定地affect*a fekt vt.影响；侵袭;使感染 Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.费拉罗想弄清印度尼西亚的
40、扶贫项目是否会影响森林砍伐句子主干F erraro w ant ed t o see（主+谓+宾）心引导的宾语从句,作see的宾语if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.要点注释 i f引导的宾语从句中，主 语 是Indonesias poverty-alleviation program，渭 语 是was affecting,宾语deforestation 0 Indonesia has the I hi rd-largest area of t ropical forest in the w
41、orld and one of the highest deibrestation rales.印度尼西亚热带森林面积位居世界第三,也是森林砍伐率最高的国家之一 一级修饰 of tropical forest in the world介词短语作后置定语,修饰小e thirdlargesl areaI ndones ia has the third-largest area（主+谓+宾）句子主干|and连接的并列宾语and one of the highest deforestation rates.:词汇注释 area*e3ri3 n.面积;地区;部位 t ropical*trnpikl a.
42、热带的;来自热带的第六段,一O Ferram analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesias phasr-in ofthe anti poverty program in 7,4 68 forested villages across 15 prov inces.费拉罗分析了卫星数据.这些7据显示了2008年至2012年（包括印度尼西亚分阶段实施扶贫项目期间），分布在15个省的74 68个有森林被盖的村止每年的森林减少情况。句子主干 F erraro
43、 analyzed satellite data（主+谓+宾）现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰satellite data一级修饰 s how ing annual fores t los s介词短语作后置定语.修饰annual forest lossfrom 2008 t o 2012二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰annual forest lossin 7,4 68 fores t ed v illages介词短语作后置定语修饰foresled villagesacros s 15 provinces.三级修饰补充说明 including during Indonesians phase-
44、in of the antipoverty program一:词汇注释（annual*aenjuol a.每年的；年度的 prov ince*prnvins n.省份；范围“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduct ion in deforestation.Ferraro s a y s.费拉罗说道，“我们发现森林砍伐减少了 30%与实施扶贫项目有关M二级修饰 in deforestation,“介词短语作后置定语.修饰reduction一级修饰 w it h a 30 percent reduct ion介词
45、短语作状语I“We see that the program is associated句子主干 l直接引语作say号的宾语F erraro says.（宾+主+谓）200 词汇注释 reduction*n dAkJn n.减少；降低第七段,一 Thats likely because the,rural poor ure using the money us makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather.Ferran,says.费拉罗表示,这很可能是因为农村贫困人口将这笔钱用作应对恶劣天气的临时保险Thats likely be
46、cause the rural poor are using the money（主+系+表从）句子主干,介词短语作the money的补足语:as makeshift insurance policies介词短语作后置定语,修饰makeshift insurance policiesagainst inclement weather,一级修饰 插入语Ferraro says.要点注释 because引导的表语从句中，主语是the rural poor,渭语是are using,宾语是the money o词汇注释 rural*ruaral a.农村的；乡村的 makeshift.meikfi
47、ft a.临时替代的;权宜的insurance*m fuarans.保险;保险费 inclement in klemant。.恶劣的;严寒的 Typically.if rains arr delayed.people may dear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.通常.如果雨季推迟.人们可能会伐树垦地以种植更多的水稻来补充收成一级修饰句子主干一级修饰二级修饰if rains are delayed,引导的条件状语从句,作句子主干的条件状语Typically,.people may clear land（主+谓+宾）I
48、 动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语to plant more rice 动词不定式短语作目的状语to supplement their harvests.：词汇注释 typically tipikli ad.通常;一般 delay*di lei vt.延期;耽搁；延 误 n.延期supplement*SAphmant vt.补充;增补 n.添 力 口 物 harvest*ha：vist.收成；收获 v.收割 With tht*CCTs.individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.有了 CCTs.个人就可
49、以用这笔钱来补充收成一级修饰 With the CCTs,介词短语作句子主干的条件状语句子主干 individuals instead can use the monejr（主+谓+宾）动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语一级修饰 to supplement their harvests.第八段一Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody、guess.这项研究是否会在其他地方得到推广还不得而知Whether this research translates elsewhere句子主干 Whether引导的主语从句.is anybod
50、ys guess.（主从+系+表）词汇注释 research*n-S3：tJ n./v.研究；调查translate*traens leit vi.被翻译（文中引申为“被推广”）201 Ferran)suggests th e results may transfer to o th er parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as th e inifM)rtan(*r of gro wingrice and market access.费拉罗认为，由于亚洲其他地区与印度尼西亚在水稻种植的直要性和市场准入等方面存在共性,该研究结果可能适用于亚洲其他地区