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1、 初三英语上册语法知识点3篇(人教版初三英语语法知识点) 名词的误用，特殊是代名词的数和所指引的主语的数不符，使得后头谓语动词的数也跟着出过失，真是差之毫厘，失之千里，不行不察。 这里要指出一些方向，以避开因代名词的错误而使句子的意思模糊不清。 怎样避开代名词的错误呢? 不要用同个代名词指引两共性别一样的名词，如： Mr Li told Mr Lin that he was wrong. 这里的 he 既可指林先生，也可指李先生，模糊不清。应当改为 或： Mr Li said to Mr Lin, I am wrong. Mr Li said to Mr Lin, You are wrong.
2、 避开把代名词和它所指引的名词隔开太远，如： The man leaned over the bench for hours working on the plan. It was too low to be comfortable. 这里的代词 it 离开名词 the bench 太远，结果关系不清晰，由于在位置上，它更适合指引 the plan.在这种状况下，只好避开 it，而用名词，即 the bench. 避开滥用指示代词“this, that”或关系代词“who, which, that”泛指上文的内容。例如： Toms brother is an accountant, and t
3、his is the profession everyone envies. 这里的 this 指“accountant”。“会计师”是一种专业人士，和后头的“专业”(profession)并不相称，因此要把 this 改为 accountancy(会计工作)，才合句子的意思。 The profit from the business was large, which I realised sometime later. 这里的“which I realised sometime later”是句形容词分句，应当消失在先行词后面，不应当脱离出来而独立。假如要用它来修饰全句话，更不合规律，应当改
4、为或： I realised sometime later that the profit from the business was large.(主句 + 名词分句) The profit from the business was large. I realised this (matter) sometime later.(单句 + 单句) 避开用代名词“they, you, it”影射脑子里的事物，如： In Singapore, it relies heavily on tourism as a source of national revenue. 这里的 it 指向什么呢?假如
5、是心目中的“政府”或“旅游促进局”，那就要明言，不要用不清不楚的 it： In Singapore, the government In Singapore, the Tourist Promotion Board In less industrialised countries, they do not know the problems of urban development. 这里的代名词 they 是不是指 the people(人民)?假如是就用吧。In less industrialised countries, the people过后，要再提这主语时，才用 they：the
6、peopleThey are only interested in their daily life. 其实，在这种主语不详的状况下，被动语态是最好的选择： In less industrialised countries, the problems of urban development are not known. 初三英语下册学问点：被动语态的动词 主动语态比被动语态直接而有力，多用主动语态，可以使文章布满朝气，呈现活力。在以下两组句子中， (b)比(a)有力： (1) a.My first visit to New Zealand will always be remembered
7、by me. b. I will always remember my first visit to New Zealand. (2) a.The crowing of cocks could be heard at dawn. b. The cocks crow came with dawn. 虽然如此，在某些状况下，非用被动语态不行。前此已提过这事，这里不再重述。这里只有指出其中一点，就是有些动词，如 base, schedule, expect, suppose 等，通常以被动语态形式消失。 例如： (1)This survey was based on facts. (2)The la
8、st train is scheduled to leave at 9pm. (3)You are expected to come on time. (4)All are supposed to work hard. 除了上述这些动词之外，还有十种，几乎都以被动式消失。 (一)有关“疾病”的动词，如： (1)Helens left lung is infected. (2)He is confined to the house by illness. (3)The old man was seized with sudden chest pains. (二)有关“疲乏”的动词，如： (4)
9、I am completely exhausted after the game. (5)Tom was done up after the race. (三)有关“喜乐”的动词，如： (6)The children were fascinated by the toys. (7)We were delighted to hear the good news. (8) I am very pleased to see you here. (四)有关“延迟”或“障碍”的动词，如： (9)The workers were held up by the heavy rain. (10)The roa
10、d was blocked by ice. (11)The train was delayed by 30 minutes. (五)有关“惯性动作”的动词，如： (12)Tom is addicted to smoking. (13)Foreign workers are quite used to hard work. (六)有关“苦恼”或“着急”的动词，如： (14)Who was upset by John? (15)Mother was annoyed to know this. (七)有关“惊异”或“震动”的动词，如： (16) I was surprised to see him
11、here. (17)All were shocked to hear the bad news. (八)有关“包围”的动词，如： (18)The troops were surrounded. (19)Troy was besieged. (九)有关“沾污”或“污化”的动词，如： (20)Judys reputation is tarnished. (21)The water was contaminated with oil. (十)有关“可怕”或“混乱”的动词，如： (22)All were frightened out of their wits. (23)He was puzzled
12、about what to do next. 要留意的一点是，上面这十类动词有些已慢慢失去了动词力气，转化为惯用语。 初三英语上册语法学问点2 下面这则广告中的形容词“irresistable”里的后缀( suffix)不对，应当把“-able”改为“-ible”： “We offer: competitive monthly salary, weekly incentives, attractive transport allowance, incentive trips and irresistable performance bonus.” 究竟是“-able”，还是“-ible”?这两
13、者有何不同? 现在先从形容词的其他后缀谈起。 形容词后缀分两大类。一类是加到名词上的;另一类是加到动词上的。 加到名词上的主要有： -y，如：bloody, dirty, healthy, juicy, muddy; -ly，如：costly, friendly, lovely, orderly, timely; -ful，如：careful, faithful, helpful, peaceful, useful; -less，如：careless, harmless, noiseless, senseless, useless; -ous/-ious，如：dangerous; courag
14、eous, envious, mysterious; -al/-tal/-ial/-tial，如：accidental, horizontal, colonial, influential; -ic/-etic/-atic，如：artistic, sympathetic, systematic; -ish，如：childish, foolish, selfish; -like，如： life-like, business-like, war-like; -ed/-en，如：skilled, horned, golden, wooden. 加到动词上的有： -ent/-ant，如：depende
15、nt, different, observant, pleasant; -able/-ible，如： agreeable, comfortable, defensible, sensible; -ive/-tive/-ative/-itive，如：active, attentive, imaginative, sensitive; -ed/-en，如：advanced, noted, stolen, swollen; -ing，如：annoying, disgusting, entertaining. -able/ible 消失在其次类后缀中，“-able”后缀的形容词属英语体系的字：“-ib
16、le”后缀的形容词则来自拉丁体系。前者数量大，后者数量少，主要的是下面这些，可以特殊留意： accessible, apprehensible, audible, compatible, contemptible, convertible, corrigible, destructible, digestible, divisible, defensible, edible, eligible, exhaustible, fallible, feasible, flexible, forcible, horrible, illegible, intelligible, negligible,
17、perceptible, possible, responsible, resistible, sensible, suspectible, tangible, terrible, visible. 现在顺便把名词、动词和副词主要后缀提出，作为参考： 名词后缀 -ment, -t, -ture, -ion/-ition, -al, -ance, -ent, -er, -ant 等。这些名词后缀都要加到适当的动词上，如：arrangement, restraint, fixture, celebration, extension, competition, renewal, assistance
18、, resident, exporter, attendant. -ness, -y/-ty/-ity, -th, -ce/-cy 等，可以加到适当的形容词上如：darkness, kindness, honesty, loyalty, simplicity, truth, warmth, importance, absence, ungency, efficiency. 动词后缀： 加到名词上的有 -en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate，如：frighten, apologise, beautify, motivate. 加到形容词上的有 -ise/-ize, -en，如：mod
19、ernise, realise, brighten, weaken. 副词后缀： -ly，可以加到形容词和某些名词上，如：beautifully, clearly, leisurely, weekly. 每个后缀都有肯定的意思，但不能脱离词根独立生存，这点要特殊留意，以免犯错。 初三英语上册语法学问点3 所谓垂悬构造(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分，如分词短语，不定式动词短语等，找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象不合规律。垂悬构造是种错误的句法，应当避开。 下面是三种常见的垂悬构造及其改正方法： 垂悬分词或分词短语，如： Climbing up the hi
20、ll, several boars were seen. 这句子里的现在分词短语(present participial phrase)修饰主语“several boars”是错的;改正方法有二： (a)确定是规律主语，使句子变成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.” (b)把现在分词短语扩大为副词分句(也称状语从句)：“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.” 垂悬副词短语，如： A
21、fter putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite. 这句的副词短语(adverb phrase)和主语“the fish”有什么规律关系呢?真正的”规律主语应当是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才对。改正方法和例同： (a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite. (b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the
22、 fish began to bite. 垂悬不定式动词短语，如： To write well, a lot of practice is needed. To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must. 这两个句子的不定式动词短语(infinitive phrases)并不能修饰“practice”和“a sense of belonging”，真正的主语必需是“ 人”，如： (a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
23、 (b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging. 上述三类垂悬构造中，第一类发生的频率最高，必需留意。但是在以下三种状况下，分词短语是对的，它们并非垂悬构造： 第一，独立构造(The Absolute Construction，见3月7日中英合谈)中的分词短语有自己的主语，所以不是垂悬构造。例如： Such being the case, we can go home now./it is not wrong to call it a day. 其次，当分词含有介词或连词性质时，它不需要规律主语，所以没
24、有垂悬问题存在。例如： Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued. Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better. 第三，当分词短语是用来表示说话者的态度或意见时，也不需要规律主语，因此也不存在着垂悬问题。例如： Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible. Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.