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1、2023年高考北京卷英语阅读理解C篇解析讲义In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the worlds most serious problems: climate change, biodiver
2、sity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focu
3、sing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make smal
4、l sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarters profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major rol
5、e. Peoples hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “Its cold this winter, so I neednt worry about global wa
6、rming.” Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken hu
7、manity, they wouldnt send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, fo
8、r example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to _.A. draw a comparisonB. introduce a topicC. evaluate a statementD. highlight a
9、 problem29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. Climate change has been forgotten.B. Lessons of history are highly valued.C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.30. What does the author intend to tell us?A. Far-sighted thinking
10、matters to humans.B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.C Current policies facilitate future decision-making.D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.文章分析除了看不到的上海卷，剩下的2023年的几套高考英语试题中，只有新高考一卷D篇阅读理解能够和北京卷阅读理解的难度勉强接近，其它的文章难度要明显低一至两个档次。以这个C篇为例，其实主题就是“人们过于关注眼前的短视行为是个严重的问题”，但是用长度均等
11、的四个大段落呈现出来，再加上若干复杂句和事例的包装，学生很容易就产生了“看不懂”的感觉。但是你不能屈服于“看不懂”这三个字。你到底看不懂什么？你到底需要看什么？什么是解题需要的重要内容？这是一篇什么体裁的文章？作者写文章到底要说明什么？即便我不能准确理解文章里的某些词句，这些问题一定是我们可以回答的。我们就来死磕一下这篇文章第一段，看看到底有多难。第一段里共有三句话。最重要的是第一句，是所有研究者的共识；最不重要的是最后一句，是某专家的引用，第二句则是对第一句话的具体细节展开。1. In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have ag
12、reed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.近些年来，各个不同领域的研究者一致认为，短期主义目前是工业化社会的一个重大问题。从关系词that的位置断出主从句，前面的“研究者一致认为”就是在提示你，这是研究者的共识，是文章结论性质的话语，需要重点关注。有的同学可能会想到，这不是即将被反驳的大众观点吗？如果真的是“大众”观点，当然会被反驳，但是这里是所有“研究者”的共同观点，作者再有本事，也不可能凭一己之力颠覆专业人士的共识，所以接下来的必然是重要结论。重要信息：short-ter
13、mism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies短期主义目前是工业化社会的一个重大问题你可以不认识short-termism，但是你必须知道，这件事有很大问题，作者对它持负态度，这就够了。2. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the worlds most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more.不能
14、关注长期的因果关系导致了一些全世界最严重的问题，如气候变化、生物多样性崩溃等等。第二句的阅读直接考验的是你对句子主干的提取能力，这是我们在长难句分析中反复演练的技能，也是每个同学必须具备的基本素养。你要看懂的有三点：首先，句子里的谓语只有一个leads，主语是开头的the inability，to engage是非谓语，补充说明inability；其次，and后面是名词consequences，当然要并列的是前面的名词causes；最后，冒号后面的若干名词短语并列就是例子，解释说明前面的problems。以上这些，你能看出来吗？句子主干：The inability leads to some
15、of the worlds most serious problems 没有能力导致严重问题非谓语补充：to engage with longer-term causes and consequences 没有能力干什么？没有能力关注长期因果冒号解释说明：climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. 严重问题就是气候变化等等等看完第二句以后，你会发现大概意思就是“不能长期导致严重问题”，其实就是把第一句的“短期的某事是个大问题”重新说了一遍，第二句和第一句是一回事，是否能看懂根本没有影响。3. The historian Francis Co
16、le argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.历史学家弗朗西斯科尔认为，西方世界已经进入了一个时期，在这个时期里“只有现在存在，而这个现在同时展示着瞬间的残酷性和无穷无尽的无聊”。第三句是难度最高的，即便翻译成中文，我也不知道它在说什么。但是第三句作为引用，必然与前面的内容保持一致，同样是
17、说“短期的某事是个大问题”，所以直接忽略就可以了。读完第一段，抓住主题以后，三道题目都可以解决了。解题思路28题 主旨题28题直接问到第一段引用的作用，比较容易排除的是A选项“做比较”和C选项“评价陈述”，因为它服务的前两句话既没有比较也没有陈述。有的同学会误选B选项“引出主题”，但是这段话是先有了主题，才有了引用，那么“引出主题”的顺序就错误了。如果把第三句引用放到第一句的位置，B选项才有正确的机会。正确选项必然是D选项“强调问题”。problem是整个第一段最重要的信息，与作者的负态度也保持一致。这就是阅读理解的核心解题思路：正确选项与文章主题主旨关系密切。29题 主旨题作为全文的最后一段
18、，推断出的内容必然是这段话的重要信息，也必然与文章主题保持一致。所以与长期短期问题毫无关系的A选项“气候变化被忘记了”、B选项“历史教训被高度重视”、D选项“人类不愿意承认缺点”都可以直接排除了。气候变化和历史教训在文章里充其量是个具体事例，一定不是文章重要信息。正确选项为C选项“人类的思维在注意缓慢变化方面很差”。缓慢变化的背后就是长期影响，关注缓慢变化就是关注长期的变化，人类不善于做这件事，所以只去关注短期，于是就出现了问题。C选项是唯一与文章主题关系密切的选项。30题 主旨题全文第一段的重点信息就是“短期的某事是个大问题”，那么如果要解决这个问题，必然得把短期变成长期，“长期的某事就不是
19、大问题了”。你要做的事就是在选项中找到与这个主题相关的内容。首先排除的是C选项“现在的政策促进未来的决策”，如果把现在视作短期，未来视作长期，那么这个选项就是“短期对长期有好处”，与文章主题“短期有问题”是矛盾的。同样可以排除的是D选项“对现在的偏向帮助减少短期需求”，偏向现在就是短期，这个选项也是“短期有好处”，与文章主题矛盾。B选项“人类倾向于做长期牺牲”，那就没有短期问题了，这篇文章也不需要存在了。文章的主题是“短期有问题，只有从短期变长期才能解决问题”，所以B选项也与文章主题不符。答案只能是A选项“有远见的思考对人类很重要”，因为人们只关注短期，忽略长期，所以造成了问题。A选项“关注长
20、期”恰好是解决这个问题的关键，“有远见的思考”就是从长远角度思考问题。三道题做完，你会发现对解题真正有意义的只有全文的第一句，你怎么可能看不懂呢？又怎么可能做错题呢？全文翻译In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to s
21、ome of the worlds most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.近些年来，各个不
22、同领域的研究者一致认为，短期主义目前是工业化社会的一个重大问题。不能关注长期的因果关系导致了一些全世界最严重的问题，如气候变化、生物多样性崩溃等等。历史学家弗朗西斯科尔认为，西方世界已经进入了一个时期，在这个时期里“只有现在存在，而这个现在同时展示着瞬间的残酷性和无穷无尽的无聊”。It has been proved that people have a bias towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financi
23、al stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters i
24、s next quarters profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.事实证明，人们总是偏向当下，只顾眼前的热闹，而忽略了未来的自己或社会的健康、幸福和经济稳定。在商业领域，这种偏向表现为短视的决策。而在气候变化等需要更长时间显现的问题上，它往往表现为不愿意做出眼前些微的牺牲，即便这些牺牲能够对未来产生巨大的改变。相反，最重要的只有下个季度的利润，或者满足其它近期的欲望。These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say
25、, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. Peoples hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say:
26、“Its cold this winter, so I neednt worry about global warming.” Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.这些有偏向的观点不
27、能归咎为单一的原因。但是有一说一，我们的心理偏见在发挥主要作用。人们不愿意延迟满足是最明显的例子，但是还有其它表现。表现之一就是当前最容易获得的信息会如何影响面向未来的决策。例如，你可能听到有人说：“今年冬天很冷，所以我根本不用担心全球变暖。”另一个表现是，动静大和紧急的事情被赋予了过高的重要性，使得人们忽视了可能更重要的长期趋势。比如流行明星引发的关注要远远高于生物多样性逐渐下降的话题。As a psychologist once joked, if aliens wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldnt send ships; they would i
28、nvent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-co
29、vered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.正如一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说的那样，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们不用派遣飞船；只要发明气候变化就可以了。确实，谈到环境变化的话题时，我们总会发展出一种群体性的“记忆缺失”，每一代人都认为他们遇到的情况是司空见惯的。例如，现在的老年人还记得当年长途驾驶后挡风玻璃上满是昆虫。而孩子们则对昆虫数量显著下降的事实一无所知。学科网（北京）股份有限公司