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1、The State of 5GEvaluating Progress and Charting the Path ForwardJuly 2023The state of 5G is strong.U.S.networks are leading the way in 5G,with record wireless investment delivering nationwide deployment faster than any previous generation.Expectations are high for 5G,and the wireless industry is on
2、pace to deliver our connected future ahead of schedule.Each successive generation of wireless technology brings new tools and opportunities to improve our connected world.5G has arrived,and it is off to a great start.The United States leads the world in deploying 5G,with more 5G availability than an
3、y other country.5Gs faster speeds and more responsive networks are driving strong consumer and enterprise adoption.The wireless industry is delivering 5G ahead of schedule,investing record,world-leading amounts of capital to deploy 5G faster than any previous generation of wireless.Analysts expect 5
4、G will ultimately add$1.5 trillion to Americas economy and contribute at least 4.5 million new jobs.5G wireless networks,built on a foundation of full-power,licensed spectrum,offer the most reliable and secure wireless connectivity available,making it the ideal platform for the industries of the fut
5、ure.5Gs first big impact is in home broadband,where 5G is Americas fastest growing home internet service,bringing real competition to cable.With new 5G applications,demand is rapidly increasingmobile traffic doubled last year compared to the year before,and Ericsson predicted that between 2020 and 2
6、027 consumers will nearly quintuple their mobile data use per year.Estimates indicate we will need 400 megahertz of additional mid-band spectrum to meet projected demand in 5 years,and nearly 1500 megahertz in 10 years.Today,however,there are no planned spectrum auctions in the pipeline.5G is off to
7、 a tremendous start,and our 5G platform will become more transformative each year as network capabilities grow and the 5G innovation ecosystem takes off.Still,more must be done to ensure 5G can reach its potential.Decisive action to re-establish the FCCs auction authority and identify a pipeline of
8、exclusively licensed,full-power mid-band spectrum is sorely needed to secure the future of Americas competitiveness and national security.Table of ContentsThe Promise of 5G 8Delivering Ahead of Schedule 12Historic Investment Fueled Unprecedented Deployment 16Driving Secure,Innovative Access for All
9、18Enabling Innovation Throughout the Economy 20Driving Innovation Across Industry Sectors 22Providing the Most Secure and Reliable Wireless Networks 26Maintaining Competitiveness and National Security 28More Must Be Done to Secure Our 5G Future 32The Best of 5G Is Yet to Come 36Conclusion 40Endnotes
10、 42892023 State of 5GThe Promise of 5GEach wireless generation delivered better service and new capabilities to consumers and businesses.The first wireless networks let us communicate on the go,but only by voice,and service was spotty.The advent of 2G brought digital technology to wireless,3G paved
11、the way for the initial mobile internet,and 4G enabled true mobile broadband,unleashing the app economy and inspiring other industries to harness the power of wireless.5G will be much faster than 4G,with speeds up to 100 x faster.5G is reducing latency,or the delay that occurs when data is transmitt
12、ed across distances.Low latency is especially important for machine-to-machine communications that require precise timing.5G is expected to be 5 times more responsive than 4G.5G technology will also be able to handle 100 times the number of connected devices,enabling dense deployments of connected d
13、evices and powering smart cities.As discussed below,we are already seeing a great jump in these capabilities.The real hallmark of 5G is its flexibility.While 4G was designed to do one thing wellbring internet access to mobile phones5G can dynamically adapt to provide optimized connectivity to a wide
14、 variety of different use cases.For example,if embedded sensors for smart agriculture need to extend battery life as much as possible,the 5G network can simplify communications,reducing the need for processing on the sensor itself.North American Mobile Network Life Cycles1980199020002010202020302040
15、5G4G3G2G1G10112023 State of 5G5GS ENORMOUS EXPECTED IMPACTThe flexible and powerful capabilities of 5G networks promise to enable wireless connectivity that is more deeply integrated into economic and social systems,making 5G a real engine for innovation.5G has transformative potential in several ke
16、y sectors of our economy,including healthcare,transportation,education,manufacturing,energy,agriculture,public safety,and more.5G will spur massive economic growth across the United States,with BCG estimating an addition of approximately 4.5 million jobs and an increase of about$1.5 trillion in U.S.
17、GDP over the 5G decade.1 By powering innovative healthcare applications and making organizations more efficient,Deloitte projects 5G technology will save$305 billion in healthcare costs every year.2 5G technology will also support important safety features of connected cars,enable massive IoT deploy
18、ments,and enhance detailed supply chain analytics to improve logistics and optimize fleet management.Analysts estimate that wireless-powered smart city solutions will add$1.8 trillion to the U.S.economy and deliver$160 billion in benefits and savings through efficiencies like lower energy use and re
19、duced congestion.3 Advanced manufacturing is critical to our nations competitiveness,economic growth,and quality of life.Drone commerce is expected to add more than$80 billion to the economy and create 100,000 new jobs as 5G helps unlock this technologys full commercial potential.4 We are seeing sig
20、nificant investment in new uses cases and applications that take advantage of 5Gs advanced capabilities,thanks to its rapid deployment.Use Cases Will Drive the 5G EconomyExtreme mobile broadband(streaming,conferencing,virtual offices,broadband in crowded places)Fixed wireless accessLogistics&trackin
21、gSensor networks(smart cities,precision agriculture)Consumer(wearables,smart home,AR gaming)Public safety(gunshot detection,AR-assisted firefighting)Industry 4.0(self-optimizing production,inventory management,AR-assisted jobs)E-health(connected ambulances,AR-enabled telemedicine)Connected vehicles5
22、G12132023 State of 5GDelivering Ahead of Schedule The United States has made remarkable achievements with 5G deployment.Compared to the launch of 4G,providers are delivering broader coverage at a faster pace,and consumers are adopting 5G devices more quickly.Across several network performance metric
23、s,5G is delivering ahead of schedule.While we are still in the early stages of what will be a decade-long 5G investment cycle,U.S.wireless providers have already built a strong 5G platform for innovation,job creation,and economic growth that will continue to grow in the years to come.DEPLOYMENT5G de
24、ployment is moving at a faster pace than 4G.The first 5G network achieved nationwide coverage twice as fast compared to 4G,5 and the three major providers were able to provide nationwide networks 1.5 times faster than with 4G.6 5G networks across the United States already cover over 325 million peop
25、le,giving us the worlds most available 5G networks.Ookla puts the United States as the world leader in availability,with over 54 percent of connections from 5G-capable handsets connecting to a 5G network most of the time.7 This puts us ahead of South Korea by almost 20 points,a truly remarkable feat
26、.8 Were at nearly double the 5G availability of China,which is at 27.3 percent.9This quick initial deployment underscores the wireless industrys commitment to global leadership,which only continues as networks expand and densify.As discussed further below,5G works best with a mix of different types
27、of spectrum,and operators do not yet have access to an optimal blend of frequencies.While the base-line initial platform of 5G has been quickly deployed at a wide scale,5G networks will need to keep getting better to meet Americas wireless needs.5G Availability in Select MarketsUnited States54%Cypru
28、s48%South Korea35%Netherlands34%Australia33%Thailand29%Norway28%Bulgaria25%France19%Germany18%United Kingdom17%Sweden9%Faster Nationwide Deployment5G22 months after first launch4G24 months after first launchOoklas availability metric measures the percent of connections from a 5G capable handset conn
29、ecting to 5G networks most of the time.It is thus a measure of both adoption and deployment.China figures are from personal communication.China27%14152023 State of 5GCONSUMER ADOPTIONConsumers are also adopting 5G quickly.Comparing 5Gs adoption to 4G,we find that two years after the nations first la
30、rge-scale 5G deployment,the U.S.had 50 million people subscribed to 5G versus 38.6 million subscriptions two years after the first large-scale 4G launch.10 Looking at market penetration at the same two-year mark,almost 15 percent of Americans have subscribed to 5G,compared to about 12 percent two ye
31、ars after 4Gs first large-scale launch.11Today,over one in three American adults have an active 5G devicea quickly growing contingent:The number of 5G devices in the United States grew over 500 percent between 2020 and 2021 to 85 million.12 NETWORK PERFORMANCE5G is already showing marked improvement
32、 over earlier generations of wireless across several performance criteria.Wireless network speed(or data throughput)is one of the most important factors affecting user experience,especially for data-hungry applications like streaming video.Again compared to the 4G era,5G is bringing bigger improveme
33、nts faster than we saw before.Eighteen months after the launch of 4G,average download speeds were only about 3 times faster than the previous generation.Over a similar timeframe,5G speeds were more than 16 times faster than 4G speeds.That means 5Gs rate of speed increase is over 5 times faster than
34、4Gs.13 Speeds on 5G networks are now routinely over 100 Mbps,and continually getting faster.Latency is another important performance metric,measuring the time delay as information transfers across the network.Low latency is critical to having a responsive network,and for some applications,such as 5G
35、-enabled driverless cars,precision robotics,or high-quality augmented reality,it really matters.Here again,5G is already bringing measurable improvements in overall responsiveness.According to real-world Ookla measurements,only about 15 percent of 4G connections have a latency of under 20 millisecon
36、ds,whereas more than 80 percent of high-band 5G connections are faster than 20 ms.14 That makes for a roughly 5 times improvement over 4G latency,helping empower more real-time applications.Spectrum plays a critical role in determining 5G network performance.Electromagnetic spectrumthe invisible rad
37、io waves by which mobile data travels through the airhas different properties depending on its frequency and wavelength.5G works best when it has a mix of different types of spectrum to be able to optimize connectivity for different use cases.For policy discussions,spectrum can be broken down into l
38、ow,mid and high bands.Low-band spectrum(spectrum below 3 GHz)can cover wide areas with a single cell tower and can propagate well through foliage and around buildings.Low-band provides crucial foundational coverage.High-band spectrum(spectrum above 24 GHz)provides extremely high-speed connections by
39、 using what the industry calls mmWave technologyrelying on the tiny wavelengths of this high-frequency spectrum,measured in millimeters.While high-band spectrum provides great performance,it does not propagate very far and is easily blocked by obstructions.Mid-band spectrum(focused on spectrum betwe
40、en 3 and 8.5 GHz)provides a happy medium:it can leverage advances in technology to provide high capacity,and still provides relatively good coverage.Other nations have done a better job of making mid-band spectrum available for 5G services.Frequencies above 8.5 GHz,while still useful,are more simila
41、r to high-band.Wireless Speeds Keep Getting BetterMedian download speed19 Mbps201627 Mbps201844 Mbps2020128 Mbps202216172023 State of 5GHistoric Investment Fueled Unprecedented DeploymentThe initial success of 5G deployments is thanks to tremendous investment by the wireless industryproviders are in
42、vesting an estimated$275 billion into network infrastructure to build out 5G and enhance network coverage,security,and capabilities.15 Fierce competition has driven nationwide providers to pour billions into designing and deploying networks they anticipate will best win over customers and enable new
43、 use cases.A record$35 billion was invested by providers in 2021,and since 2018,the year 5G launched,providers have already invested over$121 billion.16 To further contextualize this extraordinary investment,the United States is just 4 percent of the worlds population,but we invest 19 percent of the
44、 worlds total wireless capital.17 Looking at 5G investment on a per capita basis,in 2020,the U.S.wireless industry invested 4.5 times more than Chinese counterparts.18 5G investment has driven efforts to expand and densify networks to support innovative services.By the end of 2021,there were 418,887
45、 operational cell sites across the nation,and that doesnt account for all the new 5G base stations added to existing cell sites.19 Federal and state siting reforms encouraged the rapid deployment of 5G,with 62 percent of cell sites built from 2016 to 2021 coming after reforms were made.Operators als
46、o invest heavily in spectrumthe lifeblood of wireless networks.The Federal Communications Commission(FCC)auctions licenses that provide rights to use particular airwaves without interference from others.The wireless industry competes vigorously in these auctions to gain the resources needed to build
47、 ever-better performing networks.Over the years,these auctions have raised over$233 billion for the U.S.Treasury and policymakers priorities.20 In turn,this spectrum has supported deployments by national operators,regional carriers,and new entrants.Demand for licensed spectrum is growing rapidly:Abo
48、ut half of all spectrum revenue is from auctions of 5G spectrum in the last four years alone.U.S.Invests More Than Its Peers4%U.S.population as a share of the worldWORLDS TOTAL POPULATION19%U.S.investment in mobile as a share of worlds total mobile capexWORLDS TOTAL MOBILE CAPEXOperational U.S.Cell
49、Sites69,543New Sites2019-202147,718New Sites2016-201818192023 State of 5GDriving Secure,Innovative Access for All5G is connecting more Americans in more ways than ever before.As a result of strong competition driving record investment,the United States has networks covering more than 325 million peo
50、ple and counting.Consumers have embraced the technology,leading the number of 5G-connected smartphones and other 5G devices to grow exponentially year-after-year.With the growth in wireless innovations,applications,and connections,mobile data use has consistently increased year-over-yearand it leapt