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1、Uni案例：伯尔克造纸公司南方造纸公司北方子公司汤姆森子公司伯尔克造纸公司西方造纸公司埃里造纸有限公司4804304322801202800.6=1685230Unit 6: Market Structure and Perfect Competition Market Structure and Degree of Competition Perfect Competition Short-Run Analysis of a Perfectly Competitive Firm Long-Run Analysis of a Perfectly Competitive Firm General
2、 Equilibrium of Perfect CompetitionMarket Structure and Degree of Competition A Market consists of all the actual and potential buyers and sellers of a particular product. Market Structure refers to the competitive environment in which the buyers and sellers of the product operate.Four Types of Mark
3、et Structure Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Imperfect CompetitionDegree of CompetitionPerfect Competition is the form of market organization in which (1)there are many buyers and sellers of a product, each too small to affect the price of the product; (2)the product
4、is homogeneous; (3)there is perfect mobility of resources; and (4)economic agents have perfect knowledge of market condition. Monopoly is the form of market organization in which : a single firm sells a product for which there are no close substitutes. Entry into the industry is very difficult or im
5、possible.Monopolistic Competition refers to the case where There are many sellers of a differentiated product and Entry into or exit from the industry is rather easy in the long run.Oligopoly is the case where There are few sellers of a homogeneous or differentiated product; While entry into the ind
6、ustry is possibly, it is not easy (as evidenced by the small number of firm in the industry).Under perfect competition,the firm is a price taker MarketOne Firmq(unit)Q(104unit)p=constantFirms behaviors under perfect competition Max = TR TC, the first order condition: d dQ=d(TR)dQd(TC)dQ= 0 ; orMR=MC
7、 ; since TR = p Q so, MR = p and p = MCconstantShort-Run supply curve of a firm under perfect competition P = MCi Si = Si(p) = MC-1(p); Si(p) = P ATC; 0, Si(p) 0P ATC; AVC, Si(p) 0P -TFC停产: pQTFCTVC MC 当P AC时经济利润存在 会吸引其它厂商进入些行业ACMCDMRPMQM 短期状况短期状况垄断竞争的长期均衡垄断竞争的长期均衡 新厂商的进入争夺消费者 需求曲线向内移动需求曲线向内移动 结果 MR
8、 = MC (与垄断相同) P = AC (与完全竞争相同) 长期利润为零长期利润为零 (与完全竞争相同) 达不到平均成本曲线的最低达不到平均成本曲线的最低点点 (与垄断相同)ACDDPQMCMR垄断竞争厂商的 短期与长期均衡垄断竞争的性质 社会净损失社会净损失继续存在 低效率的生产过剩的生产能力过剩的生产能力不能位于AC曲线的最低点上通过相同工厂的联合生产可以消除过剩的生产能力 地点地点 - 难以联合生产 利润下降是否会抑制革革新新? 产品差异是否过份过份?Effects of Advertising in Monopolistic CompetitionARMRMRARMCACACp1p0Q0Q110A Rule of Expenditure of Advertising = pQ(p,A) C(Q) A; the optimum expenditure should satisfied: / A=p( !Q / A) MC ( Q / A) 1 = 0; ( p MC )( Q/ A) = 1 ; ( p MC )( Q/ A)pQ/A= ApQEA/Ep