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1、高中英语语法讲解定语从句一、先行词、关系代词和关系副词1.先行词(antecedent)就是被定语从句所修饰的名词。在英语中，定语从句跟在被修饰词之后，所以 被修饰词就是“先行”的词。eg. The lovely girl often helps the old lady.She lives next door to our school.-The lovely girl who lives next door to ouschool often helps the old lady.- The lovely girl often helps the old lady who lives ne
2、xt door to our school.The lovely girl often helps the old lady.You met her at school yesterday.- The lovely girl (whom)you met at school yesterday often helps the old lady.- The lovely girl often helps the old lady (whom) you met at school yesterday.2.连接定语从句，要用关系代词(relative pronoun)和关系副词(relative ad
3、verb)。关系代词和关系副词与 连接词不完全相同，因为它们除了连接主句和定语从句，还在定语从句中代替一定的成分。eg. The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. The book is very interesting. I bought the book yesterday.I have visited the house where Andersee wrote The EmperoTs New Clothes.I have visited the house. Andersen wrote The Emperor s
4、New Clothes in the house.二、关系代词1. who的先行词是“人工 在从句中代替主语。eg. The student who studies very hard come from Tibet.Do you know the man who is talking with our headmaster?Those who want to see the film star are waiting patiently at the gate.注意：代替从句中的主语，who不能省略。who的单复数由先行词决定。但是要注意“one of +先行 词”与“ the only o
5、ne of+先行词”的情况。eg. Tom是我们班喜欢打篮球的男生之一。Tom is one of the boys in our class who like to play basketball.Jane是我们班唯一喜欢打篮球的女生。Jane is the only one of the girl in our class who likes to play basketball.2. whom的先行词是“人二 在从句中代替宾语。eg. The friend whom we met in the library can help you with the problem.The profe
6、ssor whom you will see later comes from the United Kingdom.Do you remember the man whom we worked with together last year?whom在从句中经常可以省略，但如果在介词后面，则不能省。eg. Do you remember the man with whom we worked together last year?3. which的先行词是“物二 在从句中可以代替主语或宾语。eg. He owns a store which opens 24 hours.I am looki
7、ng for some books which deal with the customs in South Africa.Jacky acts the hero in the film which we saw yesterday.Can I have a look at the book which you borrowed this morning?Have you seen the pen in the museum with which the president signed the peace treaty?which代替主语时，不能省略，代替宾语时则经常省略，但如果在介词后面，
8、那么也不能省略。which代替主语时，它的单复数由先行词决定。which的先行词有时还可以是前面的整个句子，这时它总是看成单数，也不能省略。eg. The bamboo stems are hollow, which makes them very light.Jenny was late again, which makes her teacher very angry.4. that的先行词可以是“人”，也可以是“物”，在从句中可以代替主语或者宾语。eg. The cut the trees that blocked the view.Who is the man that just le
9、ft from the meeting room?The dress that Jessie bought for me suits me perfectly.that代替主语时，不能省略，代替宾语时则经常省略。that不能用在介词之后。在一些特定的先行词，如：1）先行词是不定代词如anything, something, all等词，或由all, every, little, any, much, the very等词所修饰；2）先行词前有最高级形容词或序数词所修饰；3）先行词是由and连接 的两个词，分别指“人”和“物”的情况下，一般多用that。eg. Is there anything
10、 that I can do here?This is the very present that I am looking forward to.This is the hottest summer that we have had in thirty years.The second book that he wrote was not as popular as the first one.He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited in Britain.5. whose的先行词可以是“人”，也可以是“物，在从
11、句中代替定语。eg. The student whose pronunciation is the best in our class has entered for the competition.The student has entered for the competition. His pronunciation is the best in our class.She mentioned a book whose title has slipped my memory.-She mentioned a book. Its title has slipped my memory.wh
12、ose不能省略。如果先行词是“物二 我们也可以用sth. of which代替whose。eg. She mentioned a book the title of which slipped my memory.She mentioned a book. The title of the book slipped my memory.6. as的先行词是“such+名词二 或者the same +名词”，在从句中代替主语或者宾语。eg. Let children read such books as will make them better and wiser.-Let children
13、read such books. The books will make them better and wiser.I have met with the same problem as you have.yYou have (met with) the problem. I have met with the same problem.as不能省略。as的先行词有时还可以是一个句子，这个句子可以放在as之前，也可以放在as之后。eg. He succeeded in passing the exam, as I had expected./ As I had expected, he su
14、cceeded in passing the exam.He succeeded in passing the exam. I had expected that he would succeeded in passing the exam. 三、关系副词1. when的先行词是表示时间的名词，如time, day, year, century等，when在从句中代替时间状语。eg. I will never forget the day when I first came to school.I will never forget the day. I first came to schoo
15、l on that day.when 一般不能省略。定语从句中，when可以用“介词+which”代替。eg. I will never forget the day on which I first came to school.The week when we worked in the countryside is unforgettable.=The week in which/ during which we worked in the countryside is unforgettable.注意：表示时间的名词后面并不都是用when引导的定语从句，也可以是由which或that引
16、导的定 语从句。试分析：I still remember the day when he arrived in Shanghai.-I still remember the day. He arrived in Shanghai on that day.I still remember the day (which/that) we spent together in the lab.I still remember the day. We spent the day together in the lab.2. where的先行词是表示地点的名词，如place, room, house, s
17、chool, factory等，where在从句中代替地 点状语。eg. This is the village where Lincoln was born.-This is the village. Lincoln was born in the village.where 一般不能省略。定语从句中，where可以用“介词+which”代替。eg. Is there a shop near here where I can buy postcards?=Is there a shop near here in which I can buy postcards?注意：表示地点的名词后面并不
18、一定都是用where引导的定语从句，也可以是由which或that引导 的定语从句。试分析：We will visit the factory where his father works. We will visit the factory. His father works in the factory.We will visit the factory which/that was built 100 years ago. We will visit the factory. It was built 100 years ago.3. why的先行词是reason。eg. Please
19、tell me the reason why he is absent today.The principal wanted to know the reason why the teacher became so angry.why 一般不省略。reason为先行词的时候，也可能是由which或that引导的从句。试分析：I just cant believe the reason why the boy failed again.I just cant believe the reason (which/ that) he gave me.四、限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句跟主句的
20、关系比较密切，如果缺少，对方将不明白你要表达的确切的意思，它跟 主句之间不用逗号隔开，中文翻译的时候，常把从句放在名词之前。非限制性定语从句只出现在书面， 一般情况下，没有这个定语从句，对方也不会误解，或者说，这类定语从句只是一种补充说明，它与主句之间要用逗号隔开，翻译成中文时，常为两个句子。非限制性定语从句经常是用在先行词是专有名词 的时候，或先行词表示的“人”或物是独一无二的非限制性定语从句不能用that连接。eg. The man who wrote this essay is a journalist.Frank, who wrote this essay, is a journali
21、st.The earth, which moves round the sun, is a planet.A heavenly body which moves round the sun is a planet.He lived all his life in a small village where he was born.He lived more than a decade in Europe, where he could be in close contact with other famous painters.My brother who works in Beijing U
22、niversity will come to visit us.My brother, who works in Beijing University, will come to visit us.I met Mary, who was my desk-mate in the primary school.1 met Mary who was my desk-mate in the primary school.考研真题试析：Hes got himself into a dangerous situation he is likely to lose control over the plan
23、e.A. where B. which C. whileD. why选A。这是一个带有定语从句的复合句。关系副词where在定语从句中代替状语，相当于in the situation, 整个句子解释为：“他使自己陷入一个危险的状况，在这种状况中，他很可能失去对飞机的控制。”Alec asked the policeman he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom选C。句子中的with whom he worked是定语从句,修饰policeman
24、o在从句中，关系代词whom代替 先行词policeman作介词with的宾语。本句的意思是“艾立克请跟他一起工作的那个警察无论何时有事 故都要和他联系，I can think of many cases students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldntwrite a good essay.A. why B. which C. as D. where选D。我们选用where,因为在定语从句中，关系副词where代替的是地点状语in the cases （意思为 在这些例子中）本题可以用in wh
25、ich代替where,句子也正确。American women usually identify their best friend as someone they can talk frequently.A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom选D。因为从句所修饰的先行词是“人”，同时从句中的动词talk是不及物动词，要表达“和某人谈 话”，必须用talk with这一词组，所以选用D。A fast food restaurant is the place Just as the name suggests, eating is performed q
26、uickly.A. which B. where C. there D. what选B。因为在本句中，先行词是place,同时我们还可以看到后面的从句eating is performed quickly 缺主语，或宾语，所以用关系副词whereo整个句子的意思是：快餐店，正如它的名字所示，就是一个 很快的餐的地方。If a shop has chairs women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.A. that B. which C. when D. where选D。因为先行词chairs,在从句中是女人
27、让男人呆的地方，所以选用关系副词whereoThe United States is made up of fifty states, one of is separated from the others by the Pacific Ocean.A. themB. those C. which D. whose选C。从整个句子来分析，这是一个有两个主谓结构的复合句。因为在英语中，逗号不能连接两个分 句，所以A,B两个选项都不行。另夕卜，在从句中缺少主语，所以只能用关系代词which,不可以用whoseoIn an hour, we can travel to places would ha
28、ve taken our ancestors days to reach.A. where B. when C. which D. what选C。这个定语从句的先行词虽然是places,但是它在定语从句中是作为would have taken的主语，所 以要用关系代词which。全句的意思是“只用了一个小时，我们就能到达我们的祖先要花几天的时间才 能到的地方JHis movie won several awards at the film festival,was beyond his wildest dream.A. which B. that C. where D. it选A。后半句的从句的先行词是前面的整个句子，所以只有关系代词which可以用在这里。