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1、U1 An Introduction to Educational Psychology KEY WORDS Treatme nt 治疗 Negative correlatio n 负相关 Variables 变量 Un correlated 不相关 Laboratory 实验室 Descriptive 描述研究 Researches In ternal 内部效度 Action research 行为研究 validity External 外部效度 Correlatio nal 相关性研究 validity study Con trol group 对照组 Qualitative 定性研究
2、researches Quan titative 定量研究 Positive 正相关 researches correlatio n Questio ns 1.Why is educati onal psychology valuable for teachers 为什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值 Because according the educational psychology,teacher can makedecisions better.It provided teachers a Ianguage to discuss our experiences and thinking.
3、2.Gen erally speak ing,what is educati onal psychology concerned about 般来说,教育心理学关注的是什么 The study of 2.Learning principles of learning 3.Teaching methods of teaching U2 How Piaget View Development schemes 格式 conservation 守恒 adaptation 适应 centration 自我中心化 assimilation 同化 reversibility 可逆性 accommodatio
4、n 顺应 reflexes 反射 Cognitive 认知结构论 Equilibration 平衡 structure 1.To Piaget,how did one develop cognitively 1.Knowledge comes from action.知识来自行动。2.Development depends on child s manipulation and active interaction with the environment.发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用。3.A child s cognitive abilities progress through
5、four distinct stages.Each stage is characterized by the emergence of new abilities and ways of processing information.孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展,每一个阶段的特点是新的能力和方法的出现。2.According to Piaget s theory,what is the best way to treat a child 1.To know the process children use to get to the answer is as important as t
6、he result.知道孩子学习的过程和结果一样重要。2.Children s self-initiated,active involvement in learning activities is crucial to their recognition.什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学
7、阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩孩子自己发现,积极参与学习活动对他们的认知发展极为重要。3.Premature education is not necessary for children.过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的 4.Children develop at the same sequence but different rates,so individu
8、als and small group activities should be properly arranged in class.孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度,所以课堂活动安排要合理。3.How can learning happen according to Piaget According to piaget,learning depends on this process of assimilation and accommodation.Assimilation understanding new experiences in terms of existing sche
9、mes.Accommodation modifying existing schemes to fit new situations.U3 How Vygotsky View Cognitive Development sign system 符号系统 ZPD 最近发展期 self-regulation 自我调节 scaffolding 支架教学 1.To Vygotsky,how did one develop cognitively 1.Development depends on the sign systems that individuals grow up with.2.Cogni
10、tive development is strongly linked to input from others.It is a process of learning from others and internalizing.2.According to Vygotsky s theory,what is the best way to treat a child 1.Reading is very important in children s intellectual development;阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要 2.Imitation and cooperation is ef
11、ficient ways in children s study;模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式 3.Teaching is finding the proper ZPD of children;找到孩子的最近发展期 什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩
12、子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩huma n 4.En courage private speeches duri ng solvi ng tasks;解决问题时鼓励自言自语 5.Teach the way of doing thi ngs in order that stude nts can know how to do,not only what to do.教会学生如何去做而不是做什么 4.How
13、 can lear ning happe n accord ing to Vygotsky Lear ning depe nds on the process of self-regulati on Action and sound have a meaning Practice Using sig ns to think and solve problem TOPIC 4 Theory into Practice 1.Make a brief comparison between Piaget s and Vygotsky s theories.Where do they agree wit
14、h each other 1.Childre n are active.2.Trial-a nd-error is always a way to lear n.3.Facing challenges will improve one s development.4.Developing is to improve one s ways of thinking&solving problems.Where are they differe nt 1.Developme nt depe nds on in teracti on with the environment or more compe
15、te nt bei ngs.2.Lear ning improves or DEPENDS ON developme nt.3.Cogn itive structure or sig n systems.4.Developme nt beg ins from born ability or society.5.Assimilati on&accommodati on or intern alizati on.What is in it for US 什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以
16、及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩1.Developme nt is in depe ndent.Nobody can take the place of ano ther.
17、2.Active interaction with others is the main cause.3.Adults can help children in 2 ways:giving them chances to try&handle errors;and helping them when they really need(ZPD).2.What can we do in class teach ing accord ing to their theory 1.It is not a good idea to get your kids to sit and liste n exce
18、pt read ing.2.Making chances to get your kids to do something by themselves is always helpful.3.Give your kids tasks individually or in small groups if you can.It is a proper way to find their ZPD where lear ning happe ns.4.Try to give opport un ities for your kids to talk in which you will find out
19、 whe n and how to help(scaffoldi ng).3.When pla nning to teach,what should we con sider accord ing to their ideas 1.What can the kids do with their hands 2.What have they known about my content 3.Can I make the content into tasks for small groups 4.What abilities of the kids can I use in the class 5
20、.Is it possible to in troduce other areas into this class 6.How long do I pla n for the kids to sit and liste n to me 7.What else may draw the childre n atte nti on TOPIC5 Behavioral Theories of Learning(1)Theoretical Basis lear ning 学习 ext inction 消失 stimulus 刺激 classical con diti oning 经典条件反射 Labo
21、ratory 实验室 opera nt 操作性条件反射 con diti oning 什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级
22、强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩con diti oned stimulus 有条件刺激 n egative/positive rein forcer 负强化/正强化 uncon diti oned 无条件刺激 primary/sec ond 一级强化物 stimulus rein forcer 二级强化物 n eutral stimulus 无关刺激 puni shme nt 惩罚 shap ing 塑造 一级强化物:满足人类的基本需求 二级强化物:与一级强化物相联系 1.How can we use rein forceme nt
23、 in the classroom 1.Decide what behaviors you want;2.Tell the stude nts what behaviors you want;3.Reinforce the wan ted behaviors and tell the stude nts why;4.Reinforce proper behaviors as soon as possible;5.Get the stude nts to judge their own and their classmates behaviors and try to tell why.6.Ma
24、ke sure to tur n them into new habits.2.What are the adva ntages and disadva ntages of the usage of rein forceme nt 优点 1.低端学生形成新行为时非常有效。2.通过培养新行为来减少不良行为 缺点:1.让孩子形成依赖 2.被动习惯 什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子
25、成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩and try TOPIC 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning(2)Reinforcement 1.Can you tell the process of a reinforcement Operation-plea
26、sant consequence-strengthening behavior 2.What is the general way to use reinforcement in your class 1.Decide what behaviors you want 2.Tell the students what behaviors you want 3.Reinforce the wanted behaviors and tell the students why 4.Reinforce proper behaviors as soon as possible 5.Get the stud
27、ents to judge their own and their classmates behaviors to tell why 6.Make sure to turn them into new habits 3.What can we do if we want to stop the kids learned behaviors(If you want to stop a lear ned behavior.)1.Neglecting and patience are usually needed 2.Telling kids what you will do and why 3.S
28、hift your attention to his other behavior 4.Praising him once he has improvement,even very little.Shaping a new behavior is usually a way to stop an unwanted one.4.What should you do if you want to stop or form a behavior according to theory of reinforcement 2+3 5.What should you avoid doing when us
29、ing reinforcement 什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非
30、常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩1.不要过度运用强化 2.不要强化错误行为 TOPIC 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning(3)Skills of Reinforcement Maintenance 强化 variable-ratio schedule 变化比率强化计划 Intrin sic rein forcer 内部强化 fixed-i nterval schedule 固定时间强化计划 extri nsic rein forcer 外部强化 ext inction 消减 shap in g/ext inction 塑造/消减 Rei nforce
31、me nt 强化 fixed-ratio schedule 固定比率强化计划 modeli ng 模仿 puni shme nt 惩罚 observatio nal lear ning 观察学习 variable-i nterval 不固定时间 vicarious 替代学习 schedule 强化计划 lear ning 1.What does social lear ning theory emphasize Social Learning Theory is a learning theory that emphasizes not only rein forceme nt but als
32、o the effects of thought on acti on&acti on on thought.2.List the four phases of observati on al lear ning.Atte nti on:pay ing atte nti on to a model(attractive,successful,i nterest ing,&popular).Retention:imitating the behavior one have paid attention to.Reproduction:match one s behavior to the mod
33、el s.什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少
34、不良行为缺点让孩Motivation:imitating a model for reinforcements.什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强
35、化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩Long-term memory Extrenal stimulus Sensory register Initial processing Rhoarsal retrieval andi coding Forgotten Working or shortterm memory I Atkinson-Schifrin Model Forgotten repetition TOPIC 6 COGNITIVE THEORIES OF LEARNING Information pro
36、cessing In formatio n 信息加工模型 rehearsal 训练 process ing model atte ntio n 注意力 Episodic memory 情景记忆 Worki ng memory 工作记忆 Procedural memory 程序记忆 Short-term memory 短时记忆 Sema ntic memory 语义记忆 Lon g-term memory 长时记忆 1.What is the seque nee of in formati on process ing The sequence of information processing
37、 2.Howis the capacity(容量)of working memory What does it mean to a teacher 7 2 items 1.Don t teach too much too rapidly in class.2.Always give stude nts time and cha nee to rehearse.什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说
38、是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩3.Help stude nts comb ine new kno wledge with the old.3.Accord ing to in formatio n process ing model,how does forge
39、tt ing occur Not tran sferred to Ion g-term memory Lost the ability to recall TOPIC 6 COGNITIVE THEORIES OF LEARNING(2)Memory retroactive in terfere nee 倒摄抑制 primacy effect 首因效应 proactive 前摄抑制 recency effect 近因效应 in terfere nee retroactive 倒摄促进 massed practice 集中练习 facilitati on proactive 前摄促进 distr
40、ibuted 分散练习 facilitati on practice 1.What factors con tribute to Ion g-term rete nti on Rehearsal&Codi ng Making in formati on meanin gful Connecting new&old in formatio n 2.What can we do to avoid in terfere nee 1.Don t teach too much at a time.2.Don t teach similar things closely.什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来
41、说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩3.Try to teach
42、 similar things in different ways.4.Learn new information well in the first place.5.Compare similar things from time to time.3.What can we do to help facilitati on happe n 第一题或者第四题答案 4.List three things that a teacher can do to improve the stude nts lear ning.1.Not teach similar and confusing con ce
43、pts too closely in time.2.Prese nt in formati on in a clear,orga ni zed way.3.Help the students relate information to information already in students mind.4.Make sure that stude nts have truly un derstood the con cepts being taught and can apply them to new situati ons.TOPIC 6 COGNITIVE THEORIES OF
44、LEARNING(3)automaticity 自动化 free-recall lear ning 自由联想 dual codi ng 双编码 loci method 位置法 paired-associate 配对学习 rote lear ning 机械学习 lear ning serial lear ning 系列学习 meanin gful 意义学习 lear ning 什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早
45、的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩1.What does automaticity mean to lear ning Skills in music,sports,math,readi ng,etc.Brain become more effici
46、e nt as one reaches the level.Automaticity gains through practice.Automaticity is“the handsand feet of genius”.2.What can we do to improve our rememberi ng:Automaticity:Dual cod ing:codi ng in visual and verbal forms:Make In formatio n Meanin gful:Using study strategies:Note-taking Un derl ining Sum
47、marizi ng Writi ng to lear n Outl ining and Mapp ing PQ4R(Preview,questi on,read,reflect,recite,review)5.及时复习或者分散复习 3.Gen erally speak ing,what can we do to help stude nts make what we are study ing meanin gful Prese nting in formati on in a clear,orga ni zed way Relating it to information already i
48、n students mind Making sure the stude nts have un derstood the con cepts Making sure the stude nts can apply them to new situati ons 4.What should we do according to cognitive learning theories when learning new things Or whe n lear ning thi ngs we have lear ned about before Or whe n teachi ng brand
49、 new thi ngs Or whe n teach ing things they might have lear ned about before 怎样让新教的知识有意义,联系之前的知识,保证之前的知识已掌握。就是怎样让 它有意义。什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值般来说教育心理学关注的是什么格式适应同化顺应认知结构论守恒自我中心化可逆性反射平衡知识来自行动发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展每一个阶认知发展极为重要过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度所以课堂活动安排要合理符号系统最近发展期自我调节支架教学阅读对孩子智力发展十
50、分重要模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式找到孩性条件反射有条件刺激负强化正强化无条件刺激一级强化物二级强化物无关刺激惩罚塑造一级强化物满足人类的基本需求二级强化物与一级强化物相联系优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点让孩TOPIC 7 Instructional Models direct in structio n 直接教学 wait time 等待时间 men tal set 心理定势 in depe ndent practice 独立练习 lear ning probe 学习测查 process-product studies 过程性学习 choral resp