名词性从句以及倒装句中学教育高考英语_中学教育-中学课件.pdf

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1、学习好资料 欢迎下载 名词性从句 一、名词性从句的概念和分类 其用法相当于名词的从句叫名词性从句。根据它们在主句中的作用不同可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句 4 种。如:Whether well go on a picnic is not decided.我们是否去野餐还没决定。I dont know whether we ll go on a picnic.我不知道我们是否去野餐。The question is whether we ll go on a picnic.问题是我们是否会去野餐。He asked me a question whether we would go

2、on a picnic.他问了我一个问题:我们是否要去野餐。二、名词性从句的 3 个基本要素 1、引导词:也就是引导名词性从句的连接词。这些引导词可分为:(1)that;(2)if/whether;(3)疑问词。既然是引导词,这些词就必须位于名词性从句的最前面。2、语序:名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同:主语+谓语。事实上,任何一种从句,其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同。如:(1)These photographs will show you _.A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C.how does

3、our village look like D.how our village looks like 【分析】答案是 B。根据从句要用陈述句语序,排除 A 和 C;how 是副词不能作介词 like的宾语,排除 D。(2)Someone is ringing the doorbell.Go and see _.A.who is he B.who he is C.who is it D.who it is 3、时态一致:若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态;若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如:The

4、 police found that the house _ and a lot of things _.A.has broken into;has been stolen B.had broken into;had been stolen C.has been broken into;stolen D.had been broken into;stolen 【分析】答案是 D。因为主句谓语动词 found 是一般过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词必须是某种过去时态,排除 A 和 C;break into 与 the house 是动宾关系,要用被动语态,排除 B。stolen前省略了 had bee

5、n。三、各类名词性从句的用法说明 一、主语从句 1、主语从句的语序 主语从句要求使用陈述句语序,而非一般疑问句语序。如:What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。How he was successful is still a puzzle.他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。2、连接词的选用 (1)that 和 what 的选用 that 和 what 都可引导主语从句。what 除起连接作用外,还在名词性从句中充当某些成分,可作从句的主语、宾

6、语或表语。而 that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,无词义,只起连接词作用。如:What he wants is a book.他想要的是一本书。That light travels in straight lines is known to all.众所周知,光线沿直线运行。(2)if 和 whether的选用 引导主语从句,不能用 if,只能用 whether。如:Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.我们明天是否在学习好资料 欢迎下载 户外开晚会要看天气而定。(3)其它连

7、接代词和副词的选用 根据主语从句的具体意义,正确的选择 who,which,when,where,why,how等连接词,这些连接词既有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。如:When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided.我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear.还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference.你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。(4)whatever/wh

8、oever 的功用 whatever,whoever 在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句,并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever=anything that;whoever=anyone who。要注意和 whatever,whoever 引导的让步状语从句的区别。如:Whoever breaks the law should be punished.(主语从句)(Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.)Whoever breaks the law,he should be punished.(让步状语从句)(No matte

9、r who breaks the law,he should be punished.)3、it 构成的主语从句 (1)由连词 that 引导的主语从句,在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面,而用代词 it 作形式主语。谓语是 seem,appear,be certain,be a pity,be a wonder,be ones hope,be likely等词或短语时。It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。需要注意的是,it 作形式主语代替主语从句时,要注意和 as 引导的定语从句的区别。试比较:It

10、was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack.(主语从句,有 that,无逗号)As was reported,the US was under the terrorist attack.(定语从句,无 that,有逗号)上两句意为“据报道,美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击”。用于 It is suggested/required/ordered/demanded that.句型中,动词为表示命令、建议、要求等意义的词。主语从句应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用should+动词原形,should 可以省略。例如:It is suggested

11、that you(should)spend more time in studying English.你应该花更多的时间学习英语。(2)常见用 it 作形式主语的复合句结构 1.It is a fact(a good idea/a pity/a shame/no wonder/good news)that如:Its a pity that you missed the film.你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。2.It is necessary(clear/true/strange/important/wonderful/possible/likely)that 需要注意的是,这类主语从句中,

12、谓语动词很多为“(should)动词原形”,即要用虚拟语气。如:It is necessary that you(should)master the computer.你很有必要掌握电脑。It is important that a student learn English well.学生学好英语很重要。Its clear that they badly need help.很明显,他们急需援助。3.It is reported(well-known/hoped/thought/expected/said/believed/decided/suggested/ordered)that如:It

13、 is said that he was killed in the earthquake.据说他在地震中丧生了。4.It seems(happened/appears/doesnt matter/makes no difference/)that 如:It seems that they will win the game.看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛。It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.他是否会参加会议都无关紧要。句中的作用不同可分为主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句种如我们是否去野餐还没决定我

14、不知道我们是否去野餐问题是我们是否会去野餐他问了我一个问题我们是否要去野餐二名词性从句的个基本要素引导词也就是引导名词必须与陈述句语序相同主语谓语事实上任何一种从句其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同如分析答案是根据从句要用陈述句语序排除和是副词不能作介词的宾语排除时态一致若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时宾语从句的谓语动词可根据去时态如分析答案是因为主句谓语动词是一般过去时宾语从句的谓语动词必须是某种过去时态排除和与是动宾关系要用被动语态排除前省略了三各类名词性从句的用法说明一主语从句主语从句的语序主语从句要求使用陈述句语序而学习好资料 欢迎下载 例:The Foreign Minister said,

15、_ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.A.This is B.There is C.That is D.It is 句式 用形式主语 it 引导的主语从句相当多,有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有:It is said that.据说 It is reported that.据报导 It is well known that.众所周知 It is announced that.据宣布 It is believed that.人们相信 It is thought that.人们认为 It is understood that

16、.自不待言 It must be pointed out that.必须指出 It must be admitted that.必须承认 否定转移 1)将 think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。注意:若谓语动词为 hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you werent ill.我想你没有生病吧。2)将

17、seem,appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3)有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。I dont remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一个人。(not 否定动名词短语 having)Its not a place where anyone would expect to

18、 see strange characters on the street.在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4)有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.(否定 because 状语)他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。She had not been

19、married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.(否定状语 many weeks)她结婚还不到几个月,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。练习:1._ you dont like him is none of my business.A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether 2.After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth,_ our astronauts desire to do is wa

20、lk in space.A.where B.what C.that D.how 3._ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A.Anyone B.The person C.Whoever D.Who 二、表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be,look,remain,seem 等。引导表语从句的 that常可省略。另外,常用的还有 the reason is that 和 It is because 等结构。例如:1)The questi

21、on is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we cant get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.表语从句与宾语从句的关系 宾语从句和表语从句都属于名词性从句。其作用跟名词在句中的作用相同。故充当宾语的句子叫宾语

22、从句,充当表语的句子叫表语从句。三、同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能 句中的作用不同可分为主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句种如我们是否去野餐还没决定我不知道我们是否去野餐问题是我们是否会去野餐他问了我一个问题我们是否要去野餐二名词性从句的个基本要素引导词也就是引导名词必须与陈述句语序相同主语谓语事实上任何一种从句其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同如分析答案是根据从句要用陈述句语序排除和是副词不能作介词的宾语排除时态一致若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时宾语从句的谓语动词可根据去时态如分析答案是因为主句谓语动词是一般过去时宾语从句的谓语动词必须是某种

23、过去时态排除和与是动宾关系要用被动语态排除前省略了三各类名词性从句的用法说明一主语从句主语从句的语序主语从句要求使用陈述句语序而学习好资料 欢迎下载 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由 that 引导,例如:1)The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它

24、所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1)定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的 that 是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。(2)定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go

25、 abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句,that 在从句中作宾语)2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that 在句中不作任何成分)that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同:同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容;而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较:1.The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2.The news

26、that you told us is really encouraging.分析 句 1 中 that 引导同位语从句,说明“news”的内容:我们队取得了决赛胜利。句 2 中 that 引导定语从句,对“news”加以限定:是你告诉我们的,而非来自其他渠道。that 的功能不同:that 引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句时,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较:1.Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test.2.

27、Dad made a promise that excited all his children 句中的作用不同可分为主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句种如我们是否去野餐还没决定我不知道我们是否去野餐问题是我们是否会去野餐他问了我一个问题我们是否要去野餐二名词性从句的个基本要素引导词也就是引导名词必须与陈述句语序相同主语谓语事实上任何一种从句其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同如分析答案是根据从句要用陈述句语序排除和是副词不能作介词的宾语排除时态一致若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时宾语从句的谓语动词可根据去时态如分析答案是因为主句谓语动词是一般过去时宾语从句的谓语动词必须是某种过去时态排除和与是动宾关系要用被动语态排除前省略了三各类名词性从句的用法说明一主语从句主语从句的语序主语从句要求使用陈述句语序而

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