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1、2023初中英语语法大全汇总（一）一 .词类（Parts of Speech）名词 英文名称The Noun（缩写为n.）表示人或事物的名称 例词boy, clock, book等冠词英文名称The Article（缩写为art.）用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事 物。例词 a （an）, the代词 英文名称The Pronoun（缩写为pron）用来代替名词、形容词或是数词 例词 we, that, his, what形容词 英文名称The Adjective （缩写为adj.）用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征 例词 old, red, fine, good.数词英文名称The Num
2、eral （缩写为num.）表示数量或是依次。例词one, thirteen first动词 英文名称The Verb （缩写为v.）表示动作或状态。例词sit, go, be （am, is, are）副词英文名称The Adverb（缩写为adv.）修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词not too, here, very介词 英文单词The Preposition（缩写为prep.）表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的 关 系。 例词 in, on, of, to, under.连词 英文单词The Conjunction （缩写为conj.）用来连接词及词、短语及短语或句 及 句。例词and,
3、or, but.感叹词 英文单词The Interjection（缩写为interj.）表示说话时的喜悦、惊异等 情 感。例词 oh, hello, hi, er.二 .名词（Nouns）1.总的说来,名词分专出名词和一般名词两类。专出名词：表示详细的人，事物，地点或机构的专出名称。Do you play football? Yes, they do. /No, they dont.特别疑问句是以特别疑问词开头的疑问句.（二）.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级（The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs）大多数形
4、容词和副词有三个等级：1）原级，即原形。2）比较级，表示“较”或“更一些”的意思。3）最高级，表示“最”的意思。1 .形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则改变单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-estcold colder coldest strong stronger strongestfast faster fastest slow slow slowest以字母e结尾的形容词，加-r或-stnice nicer nicestlarge larger largest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-estbig bigger biggestthin t
5、hinner thinnest hot hotter hottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先改以“为以,再加-er或-esteasy esaier easiesthappy happier happiestearly earlier earliest少数以-er, -ow结尾的双音节词clever(聪慧的)未尾加-er, -estclever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前力口 more或mostdelicious more delicious most delicious interesting
6、 more interesting most intertingeasily more easily most easilycarefully more carefully most carefully(2)不规则改变 good/well bad/badly much/manybetterworsemorelittlelessfarfarther/furtherbestworstmostleastfarthest/furthest2 .形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法比较级：表示两者（人或事物）的比较Mr King is taller than Mr ReadThis mooncakes i
7、s nicer than that one。The tractor is going faster than the bike。 最高级：表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过 其他几个时，用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of (in) 短语来说明比较的范围。Whose drawing is he best of all?She is the youngest in the class.The taxi is going ghe fastest.Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.注：在形容词和副词的比较级前，有
8、时可以用much, a little等来修饰,如：much better a little taller二。数词(Numerals) (2)序数词(Ordinal Numbers)序数词表示事物的依次，往往及定冠词the连用。fist 1st twentieth 20thsecond 2nd twenty-first 21ththird 3nd thirieth 30thfourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39thfifth 5nd fortieth 40thsixth 6th fiftieth 50thseventh 7th sixtieth 60theighth 8th sev
9、entieth 70thnineth 9th ninetieth 80thtenth 10th hundredth 100theleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st twelfth 12th 三、冠词 (Articles)冠词是一种虚词，让在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义，冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)和定冠词(The Define Article)两种，a (an)是不定冠词。a用在辅音之前，如：a roada boy； an用在元音之前，如：an hour ； an old man等；the是定冠词。1 .不定冠词
10、的用法用于可数名词的单数形式前，指人或事物的某一种类。Susan is a scientist.Pass me an orange, please.指某人或某事，但不详细说明何人或何物。A boy is looking for you。We work five days a weeko表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有。ne剧烈。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrowoI have a mouth, a nose, two eyes and two earso用于某些固定的词组中。a few , a little , a lot of ,
11、 a moment ago2 .定冠词的用法。特指某些人或某些事物Show me the photo of the boyoThe book on the desk is mine。指双方都知道的人或事物。Where are the new books, Jim?They are on the small tableo指上文提过的人或事物。Ji Mei lives on a farmo The farm is not bigo用在世界上独一无二的事物前。The sun is bigger than the moon。用在序数词和形容词最高级前。The first month of the ye
12、ar is JanuaryoWalk along this road, and take the fourth turning on the left。用在由一般名词构成的专出名词前。the Great Wallthe Womens Hospital用在一些习惯用语中。in the morning (afternoon, evening),on the left (right), at the back (front) ofthe day befoer yesterday, all the same3 .不用冠词的状况在专出名词和不行数名词前，China, Grade Two, Bill Sm
13、ilk, milk名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。The letter is in her bag ,Come this way, please .I have some question.复数名词表示一类人或事物时，My father and mother are teachers.I like cakes.在星期，月份，季节，节日前，It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc。) todayoJune 1st is Childrens Day in China。It is cold in winter。在称
14、呼语或表示头衔的名词前。Mr Mott is going on a tripoWhat colour are Mrs Greens shoes?在三餐饭和球类运动的名词前。He went to shool before breakfast this morningoCan you play basketball?四、动词(Verbs) (2)1 .动词的种类(Kinds of Verbs)行为动词Action Verbs：含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。 She has some bananasoThey often come back earlyoI listen to
15、the radio every day。连系动词Link Verbs：本身有确定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必需及表语一起构成 谓语。His father is a teacher。Twins usually look the same。Trees turn greeno助动词Auxiliary Verbs本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成 谓语动词，表示否定，疑问，时态或其他语法形式。He doesnt speak EnglistoWe are playing basketballoDo you have a brother?情态动词Modal Verbs本身有确定的意义，但
16、不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态，情态动词没有人称和数的改变。She can speak a little EnglishoMay I speak to Ann, please?We must go nowo2 .一般过去时态(The Simple Past Tense)一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等，也表示过去常常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用。例如：I got up at 6
17、： 30 yesterdayoMy father was at work yesterday afternoon。He always went to work by bus last yearo一般过去时的构成be确定句：I wasHe (she, it) wasWe (You, They) were否定句 I was not (wasnt) He (She, It) was not (wasnt) We (You, They) were not (werent) work确定句 I (You, He, She, It, We, You, They) workedo否定句 I (You, He
18、, She, It, We, You, They) did not (didn，t) workedothere be确定句There wasThere were否定句There was not (wasnt)There were not (werent) 疑问句和简略答语be第一人称Was I? Yes, you were。No, you were not。Were we? Yes, we (you) were。No, we (you) were noto其次人称Were you? Yes, I waso No, I was notoWere you? Yes, we were。No, we
19、were note第三人称Was he (she, it) ? Yes, he (she, it) was。No, he (she, it) was notoWere they ? Yes, they wereo No, they were not。work第一人称Did I work? Yes, you did。 No, you did noteDid we work? Yes, we (you) did。No, we (you) did noto 其次人称Did you work? Yes, I did。No, I did notoDid you work? Yes, we did。No,
20、 we did note第三人称Did he (she, it) work? Yes, he (she, it) did。No, he (she, it) did not。Did they work? Yes, they did。No, they did noto there beWas there a/any? Yes, there waso No, there was notoWas there any? Yes, there were。No, there were noto规则动词过去式地构成一般在动词原形末尾加-ed例如：look looked, play played, 结尾是 e
21、的动词加-d 例如:live lived, hope hoped, use used末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed例如：stop stopped, plan planned, trip tripped结尾是“辅音字母+y的动词，先变y为i再加-ed.例如：study studied carry carried, worry worried.常见的不规则动词有：am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got come-came say-said see-saw put-put eatate taketook
22、3 . 一般将来时态(The Simple Future Tense)一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来将来常常或反复发生的动作，常及表示将来的时间状语连用.如：tomorrow, next, week, next year 等例如：I will go to my hometown next week.We will come to see you every Sunday.i）一般将来时的构成一般将来时由助动词win+动词原形构成.在口语中,win 在名词或代词后常简缩为11, will not常简缩为won，t.在疑问句中，主语为第一人称 （I和well）时,常
23、用助动词shall.第一人称确定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑问式Shall/we go ?其次人称确定式You not go.否定式You will not go.疑问句Will you go?第三人称确定式 He/She/It/They will go.否定式 He/She/It/They will not go.疑问式 Will he/she/it/they go?注：在书面语中，主语式第一人称（I和we）时,常用助动词shall+动词原形.例如：I shall write you a letter next month.We shall be very
24、 please to see you.（2）在表示带意愿色调的将来时,常用will.例如：I will tell you all about it.在问对方是否情愿,或表示客气的邀请或吩咐时,常用Will.例如：Will you go to the zoo with me?Will you please open the window?在表示建议或者征求对方看法时,可用shall.例如：Shall we go at the ten?Shall we get some food?2）用be going to+动词原形表示将要发生的的事或准备，安排，确定要作的事情.例如：Lucy China 中国
25、 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京。专出名词的第一个字母要大写。一般名词：表示某些人，某类事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革一般名词又可进一步分为四类1)个体名称：表示单个的人和事物。house马 car汽车 room房间 apple苹果 fun风扇 picture照片2)集体名称：表示一群人或一些事物的名称。people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government 政府 group 集团3)物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形态和大小的个体的物质。fire火 steel钢 air空气 water水 milk牛奶4)抽
26、象名词:表示动作，状态，品质或其他抽象概念。labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship 友情 patience 耐力2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不行数名词。可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式，如：an apple two apples a car some cars不行数名词(Uncountable Nouns) 一般没有复数形式.抽象名词，物质名词和专出名词一般是不行数名词。sand 沙 sugar 糖有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不行数名词,但含义不同。glass玻璃 glass玻璃杯 paper纸 paper报纸，文件
27、名词的功能名词在句中作主语，宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。The bag is in the desk, bag 作主语。What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你准备干什么？Theyre going to meet outside the school gate.他们准备在校门口见面.Were not going to have any classes next week.下一周我们不上课.五.句子的成分(Members of the sentence)组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，即:主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语和 状
28、语.主语和谓语是句子的主体部分.表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分主语(The Subject)表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物，一般由名词代词或相当于 名词的短语等充当.例句：Lucy is an American girl.We study in No. 1 Middle School.谓语(The Predicate)说明主语做什么，是什么或者是怎么样.谓语(谓语部分里 主要是词)用动词.谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必需一样.例如:We love China. Mike hope to be a doctor. His parents are farmers. She is sin
29、ging.表语(The Predicative)说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词 或形容词的词或短语等充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。例句:Her aunt is a driver. 宾语(The Object)表示动作或行为的对象，由名词，代词或相当于名词的词,短语等 充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么.例句:He often helps me.We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?定语(The Attribute)用来休息名词或代词.做定语的除形容词外,还有代词,数词，名词 介词短语或相当于形容词的词或
30、短语等.例句:The black bike is mine.We have four lessons in the morning. What，s your name, please?状语(The Adverbial)用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.一般表示行为发生的时间，地点 目的,方式,程度等意义,通常由副词,介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示 例句：People are all working hard. It is very nice.We had a meeting this afternoon.六.句子的种类(Kings of Sentence)1 .四种疑问句(Four Kind
31、 of Question)选择疑问句(The Alternative Question)提出两种或两种以上的状况,要求对方选择一种,这种疑问句叫选择疑问句.它的机构 是一般疑问句加or加一般疑问句，但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.说是or前面部分用声调，后面用降调.如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher?Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday? 反意疑问句(The Tag Question)反意疑问句表示提问者有确定的主见,
32、但没有把握,希望对方来证明.反意疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简洁的提问.假如前 一部分用确定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式；前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用确 定的形式两部分的人称和时态要一样.反意疑问句陈述的部分用降调.后办部分可升可降.提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,后 半部分用降调；把握不大时，用降调.The weather here is very cold, isn，t it?You，re from Australia, aren5 t you? Yes, I am .对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是确定的,就要用Yes,事实是否定 的，就要
33、用no.这和汉语不一样,应当留意.如：He isn，t going to the meeting, is he?它不去参与会是吗？Yes, he is.不，他要去的.No , he isnt .对他不起.2 .感叹句(The Exclamatory Sentence)感叹句多用how和what引起.how和what及所修饰的词放在句首,其他部分用陈诉语气.在口语中谓语常省略(Dhow作状语，修饰形容词,副词和动词.如：How cold it is today!How delicious they are!How beautiful the flowers are!How I miss you!
34、what作定语，修饰名词(名词前可由其他定语)，单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a(an).如：What a good idear!What a beautiful day!What a happy woman!感叹句用来表示剧烈的感情.句末要用感叹号!，读时要用降调.在口语中常用省略句.后面的主语和谓语往往省略，由时候只用一个词或者是词组.如:How cold! Wonderful!(三)一、动词(Verbs)1 .现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)现在完成时的构成现在完成时由“助动词have (has) +过去分词”构成。现以动词work为例，将现在完成时的确定式、
35、否定式和疑问式以及简略答语列表如下:确定式I/You have workedoHe/She/It has workedoWe/You/They have workedo否定式I/You have not workedoHe/She/It has not workedoWe/You/They have not workedo疑问式和简略回答Have I/you worked? Yes, you/I have。 No, you/I have notoHas he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it has。 No, he/she/it has notoHave we/you
36、/they worked? Yes, you/we/they have。 No, you/we/they have not。注：规则动词的过去分词的构成及动词过去式相同现在完成时的用法表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。Have you had your lunch yet? Yes, I have。 Ive just had itoI have already posted the photoso表示过去已经起先，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻持续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是持续性动词。I havent seen her th
37、ese days.r ve known LiLei for three years.r ve been at this school for over two years.They have lived here since 1996.How long have you worked in this library?She has taught us since I came to this school.现在完成时可以和already, never, just, before, yet等状语连用。Have you ever eaten fish and chips?r ve just los
38、t my science book.r ve never been to that farm before.I havent learned the word yet.have (has) been 和 have (has) gone 的区分：have (has) been表示“曾经到过某地“，have (has) gone表示“已经去过某地了”Where has he been?他刚才跑到哪去了？Where has he gone?他到哪去了？She has been to Shanghaio她到过上海。She has gone to Shanghai o她到上海去了。注：非持续性动词在否定
39、结构中可用现在完成时，如：I havent bought anything for two monthso现在完成时和一般过去时的区分现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况, 所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in 1990 等, 而一般过去时只表示过去动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：I have seen the film。我看过这部电影。I saw the film last weeko我上星期看了这个电影。He has lived h
40、ere since 1992。1992年以来他始终住在这里。He lived here in 1992O 1992 年他住在这里。2 .过去将来时(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)过去将来时由“助动词would+动词圆形”构成。would常缩略为d。过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用 在宾语从句中。如：I didnt know if she would come。I wasn，t sure whether he would do itoWang Lei said that she would visit her
41、uncle next Saturdayo过去将来时也可以用“was (were) going to +动词原形”来表示。如：I didnt know if she was going to come。Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterdayo3 .过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)(1) .过去完成时的构成过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成(2) .过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示动作发 生的时间是“过
42、去的过去”表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从 句或者通过上下文表示。例句By the end of the match , they had scored two goals and we had scored four.We had reached the station before ten o clock.When I got there ,you had already started playing .We did as he had told us.He said he had never seen such an exc
43、iting match before .By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.4 .动词不定式(The Ivnfinitive)(1)动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to,动词不定式(或不定 式短语)没有人称和数的改变。在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保持动词的特点。即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。 如：to read the newspaper, to speak at the meeting 等(2)动词不定式具出名词，形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语，表语，宾语
44、, 宾语补足语、定语，状语作宾语She wanted to borrow my CD player.They began to read and write。作状语She went to see her grandma last SundayoHe came to give us a talk yesterdayo作宾语补足语Lucy asked him to turn down the radiooShe asked me to speak louder。She found him to be a very good pupilo作定语Have you got anything to say
45、?I had something to eat this morningo作主语To learn a foreign language is not easyoTo play in the street is danerous.(3)动词不定式的否定形式由“not+动词不定式”构成。如：Tell him not to be late。The policeman told the boys not to play in the streeto动词不定式和疑问句连用动词不定式亏和疑问句what, which, how, where, when等连用，构成不定式短语。如：The question i
46、s when to startoI dont know where to go。He showed me how to use a computeroNobody told us what to do。(5)不带to的状况有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类；一类是感觉动 词，如see,hear, watch, feel, notice 等，如：I saw him come。我望见他来了。I heard him singo我听见他唱歌了。另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let, have等，如：Let him go。让他走吧They made the children work 12 hours a dayo他们强迫孩子们一天干12小时。动词help后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。5 .被动语态。(The Passive Voice)(1)主动语态和被动语态英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)Many people speak English.(主动语态)English is spoken by many people。(被动语态)(2)被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词