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1、2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国新高考I卷）（使用地区：山东.广东，福通，湖南，湖光，河北，江珠、淅江）阅读理解D篇On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of
2、 a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors arent always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each
3、 other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors wont cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If fbr whatever reasons, peoples errors become correl
4、ated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist 折）on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averag
5、es from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of Ibur discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a fbllow-up study w
6、ith 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it
7、wasnt the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they shared arguments and reasoned together/ Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implication
8、s fbr group discussion and decision-making arc enormous.12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A. The methods of estimation.B. The underlying logic of ihe eftect.C. The causes of peoples errors.D. The design of Galtons experiment.13. Navajas5 study found that the average accuracy could inc
9、rease even ifA. the crowds were relatively smallB. there were occasional underestimatesC. individuals did not communicateD. estimates were not fully independent14. What did the follow-up study focus on?A. The size of the groups.B. The dominant membersC. The discussion process.D. The individual estim
10、ates.15. What is the authors attitude toward Navajas, studies?A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.参考答案：BDCD解析：12. Bo第2段解释广,群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由 于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。13. D。本题是道易错题，很容易选A。even if表示尽管，让步状语。我们看到 第三段but后面内容，这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群 体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独个体的平均值更准确, 看到这个于是
11、有的人就会选A 了，但是看第二段In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. 用 更 专业 的术语 来说，群体智慈要求人们的估计是独M的。就是说他提出这么一个观点要得出更 准确的估计，是要求人们独上，但是第三段讲人们在没有独立的情况下，只是分 成更小群体，然后更准确了，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况F，准确 率提高也是可以做到的。14. Co 答案在“the researchers tried to get a better sense of wh
12、at the group members actually did in their discussion：答案在这句话，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员 在讨论中实际做了什么。所以后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。15. Do答案在最后一段。虽然纳瓦哈人领导的研究仃局限性，还仃许多问题， 但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。后面的内容更里要，表示一定的赞许 和支持。语法填空Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot. 56(tast
13、e) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food. The dumplings arrive steaming and dangerously hot. To eat one, you have to decide whether 57(bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill。益出)，58 to put the wholedumpling in your mouth, lettin
14、g the hot soup explode on your tongue. Shanghai may be the 59(recognize)hoine of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long baos birthplace. There you will find them prepared differently-more dumpling and less soup, and the w
15、rappers arc pressed 60 hand rather than rolled. Nanxiang aside,the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them 61（lift） out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of 62（they） contents. The meat should be fresh with 63 touch of sweetness and the souphot, clear and
16、delicious.No matter where I buy them, one steamer is 64（rare） enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left 65（want） more next time.参考答案：56. tasty 57. to bite 58. or 59. recognized 60. by61. to be lifted 62. their 63. a 64. rarely 65. wanting56. tastyo考查形容词。形容词需修饰后面的名词soup（汤），故空格需用tasty美 味的。句意:小
17、笼包（汤包），那些精致的饺子皮，包裹着热腾腾的美味汤和甜甜的 鲜肉，是我最喜欢的中国街头小吃。57. tobiteo考查年谓语动词。与后面to put并列,空格需填动词不定式to幼0 句意:吃小笼包的时候，你必须要决定是先咬一个小口流出汤汁还是把整个小笼 包放进嘴里，让热汤在舌头上爆炸。58. or。考杳连词。whetheror是否还是，句意和上一题一样）。59. recognizedo考查小渭语动词。空格在名词home前面需用分词作定语，空格 。被修饰词是逻街上动宾关系，需填过去分词recognized（被公认的）作定语，意 思是上海是公认的汤包的故乡。60. by。考查介词。固定搭配by
18、hand用手。61. to be liftcdo考查非谓语动词。根据搭配allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事， 空格需用动词不定式作宾语补足语，补足语与宾语是逻密上的动宾关系，空格需 填动词不定式被动形式tobelifkd。句意:最好的小笼包外皮很薄，从蒸笼中被取 出来时不会撕裂或泗出任何东西o62. theiro考查代词。修饰后面的名词conlents（东西）需用形容词性物主代词their。 peers who arc of a similar proficiency level, and ones with similar interests, which would s
19、erve to enhance student motivation and confidence. This approach also ensures that students with varying abilities have opportunities to develop their language skills.1 hope that my suggestions will be considered. Thank you fbr your attention. Sincerely,Li Hua读后续写阅读部分When I was in middle school, my
20、social studies teacher encouraged me to enter a writing contest, sponsored by an organization in our hometown. I demurred.I loved history.1 did not love writing.I was a Cuban refugee, and English had been my nemesis from the moment I first shoved a chunky No. 2 pencil up and down the dashed lines of
21、 DNealian paper.My teacher knew my writing was cursory. And 1 knew that 1 lacked discipline. (What neither of us knew was that 1 was also dyslexic.)Writing was so excruciating that my teacher had allowed me to present my paper on the sinking of the Titanic as an oral report a one-act play, where I p
22、layed all the parts. No one wheeze-laughed harder than he.So, why the sudden hectoring to do something at which I was sure to fail? His reply: Because 1 love your stories. And if youre willing to apply yourself, i think you have a good shot at this.” Few things motivate a writer like a bit of shamel
23、ess flattery.1 chose Paul Reveres horse as my subject. The story would come straight from the horses mouth. Not a brilliant notion, but ftmny; and unlikely to be anyone elses choice.What did the horse think, as he ripped through the night, his coat sloughing sweat, his eyes wide with adrenaline? Did
24、 he get tired? Have doubts? Did he want to quit?I sympathized immediately. I got tired. 1 had doubts. I wanted to quit.But, like Reveres fabled horse, I kept going.1 worked hard. 1 checked my spelling. With a dictionary. I enlisted my older sister to correct my grammar. I checked out a half-dozen bo
25、oks on Paul Revere from the library. I even read a few of them.When I handed in the finished essay, my teacher read it, laughed out loud, and said, Great. Now. write it again. And no name. Entries are anonymous.I wrote it again. And again and again. If I didnt win, I didnt care. I had poured a wobbl
26、y writers blood and sweat into something that made my teacher proud.译文在我上中学的时候，我的社会学老师鼓励我参加一个由我们家乡的一个组织 主办的写作比赛。我表示反对。我喜欢历史。我不喜欢写作.我是一名占巴难民，从我第一次用粗粗的2号铅笔在DNealian纸上的虚线 上下划起，英语就成了我的克星。我的老师知道我写得很潦卓。我知道我缺乏自律。（我们都不知道的是，我 也是i再读困难症患者。）写作是如此折磨人，以至于我的老师允许我把关于泰坦尼克号沉没的论文作 为口头报告一出独幕剧，我在其中扮演所行的角色。没仃人比他笑得更厉害 了。那
27、么，为什么突然恐吓我去做一件我肯定会失败的事呢?他回答说广因为我 喜欢你的故事。如果你愿意努力，我认为你有很好的机会。” 很少有什么比一点无耻的奉承更能激励作家的了。我选择保罗里维尔的4作为我的主题。这个故事会直接从马嘴里说出来。这不是一个聪明的想法，但很有趣;而且不太可能是别人的选择。那匹马在黑夜中奔跑,外套上淌着汗水,眼睛因肾上腺索而睁得大大的，他 在想什么?他累了吗?有疑问吗?他想辞职吗?我立刻表示同情。我累了。我有过怀疑。我想辞职。但是，就像里维尔传说中的马一样,我继续前进。我I：作很努力。我检查了我的拼写。食着字典。我请姐姐纠正我的语法.我 从图廿馆借了六本关于保罗里维尔的心 我甚至
28、读了一些。当我交完作文的时候，我的老师读了它,大声笑着说:“太好了。现在再写一 遍。也没有名字。条目是匿名的。我又写了一遍。一次又一次。如果我没赢，我也不在乎。我把一个摇摇欲坠 的作家的心向和汗水倾注在了让老师感到骄傲的东西上。续写部分Weeks passed. 1 forgot the competition. Thoughts of winning a pipe dream to begin with 一 gave way to the enticements of a Georgia spring.Then came ihc news.There were two winners fro
29、m each grade. A lanky, sweet-natured redhead in my class won second place.I won first place.That may have been the first time in my chatty life I was stnick dumb, in any language.Our teacher hooted with delight, my classmates stared at me in open disbelief, and Second-Place Red gamely shook my hand.
30、The following week, the winners met with the head of the sponsoring organization. We stood in the office, clutching our plaques and tittering to oneanother, when a small, birdlike woman entered. She spoke to the adults, then made her way down the line of winners, congratulating each of us and shakin
31、g hands. Red and I were last. We introduced ourselves. She looked from one to the other.She didnt speak.She didnt extend her hand.After a few awkward seconds, she cleared her throat and explained that there had been an embarrassing mistake.Then she gently reached down and took our plaques hands cros
32、sing at the wrists, she re-assigned them and apologized fbr the error.I was now the sccond-placc winner.No one challenged her.It wasnt until later that 1 remembered. Our entries were anonymous. How could she have known which child had won what?*I cant tie a bow on the end of this strange tale and ma
33、ke it pretty. Its not that kind of story. But there is this: I got a taste for writing that spring. I learned to respect a writers labor and perseverance. And 一 despite the challenges of both dyslexia and a second language 1 never stopped writing.译文几周过去了。我忘了比赛。获胜的想法一开始只是白日梦让位于乔 治亚州春天的诱惑。然后传来了消息。每个年级
34、有两名优胜者.我们班一位身材瘦长、性情温和的红发学生获得了 第二名。我得了第一名。住我爱聊大的一生中，这可能是我第一次被弄得哑口无言，不管用什么语言。我们的老师高兴地叫了起来，我的同学们用难以置信的限光川着我，笫二名 雷德勇敢地和我握手。接下来的一周，获奖者会见了赞助组织的负责人我们站在办公室里，紧紧 抓着牌了一,互相窃笑着，这时一个身材娇小、像鸟一样的女人士了进来。她对大 人们说了几句话，然后沿苻获奖者队伍往前走.向我们每个人表示祝贺，并和我 们握手。我和瑞德是最后一个。我们做了自我介绍。她看看这个,又看看那个。她没有说话。她没有伸山手C尴尬的几秒钟后，她清了清嗓子，解释说出了一个令人尴尬的错误。然后她轻轻地伸手拿起我们的牌匾一双手交叉在手腕上，她重.新分配门裨 质并为错误道歉。我现在是第二名。没有人挑战她.宜到后来我才想起来。我们的条目是匿名的。她怎么知道哪个孩了赢了什么?* * *我不能在这个奇怪的故事的结尾系上蝴蝶结，使它变得漂亮,这不是那种故 事。但有一点:那年春天，我对写作产生r兴趣，我学会r尊重作家的劳动和毅 力.尽管有阅读障碍和第：语言的双重挑战，我从未停止过写作。