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1、高考英语语法数词知识讲解一、基数词表示数量的词叫基数词。1-12的基数词是独立单词;13-19的基数词都是以-teen结尾的,要注意thirteen,fifteen,eighteen的拼法稍有不同;20-90的十位数,以后缀-ty结尾,要注音twenty,thirty,fifty,eighty的特殊点。如下表:1.基数词的读法 三位数的读法:第一个数字+hundred +and+后面的一位或两位数字。【例】107onehundred and seven;765seven hundred and sixty-five 1,000以上的数的读法:先从后向前数,每三位数加一个逗号,第一个逗号前的数字
2、用thousand(千),第二个逗号前的数字用million(百万),用“几十thousand“表示“几万,以“几百thousand表示几十万”,用“几十million表示“几千万,用“几百million表示几亿。【例】13,789,653thirteen million seven hundred and eighty-nine thousand six hundred and fifty-three2.数词的复数形式 表示几十岁时。如“二十多岁”说twenties,表示的是20岁到29岁。依次类推,thirties表示“三十几岁,forties 表示四十几岁”,但十几岁”不可说tens,而
3、要说teens,指13岁至19岁。【例】He died in his thirties.She is in her teens. 表示几十年代时。【例】“二十世纪八十年代”写成1980s或1980s,均读作 nineteeneighties,指的是1980至1989年这十年间,需注意的是,年代用文字表示时则不可用-s形式。【例】Great changes took place in the l970s.History has entered the eighties. 表示不确定数目时。这时要在million,thousand,hundred 等词后加上-s并与of连用,表示大约多至“数以计,
4、但millions of等前不能再加基数词,却可加some,several等表示不确定数目的修饰语。【例】Millions of other stars are even bigger and brighter than the sun.Some hundreds of new buildings have been put up here this year. 在分数中,当基数词(表示分子)大于one时,序数词(表示分母)要用复数,两者之间用不用连字符号均可。【例】Two thirds of the teachers in our school are women.She has spent
5、 four-fifths of her money. 当基数词用作可数名词或用于某些固定词组中时,也要用复数。【例】How many sevens are there in forty-nine?They arrived by twos and three她们三三两两的来了。3.数词和名词单数一起作定语,中间用连字符连接【例】a seven-year-old girl 一个七岁的女孩a two-thousand-word article一篇2千字的文章4.基数词和序数词的顺序问题当基数词和序数词同时修饰一个名词时,序数词一般放在基数词前;但如果序数词充当描绘性修饰时,则放在基数词后。【例】He
6、 is one of the first five students.他是前五名的学生之一。二、序数词表示数目顺序的词叫序数词。序数词的构成规则,如下表:1.序数词前不用定冠词的情况 表示顺序的语气很弱,具有“又一”“再一”的意思时,其前要用不定冠词,不用定冠词。【例】He cast the neta secondtime.A thirdbullet passed. 序数词前己有指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格或every时,不用定冠词。【例】He made his frist set in an old box. 在表示分数的序数词前不用定冠词。【例】From then on Bashi to
7、urer three-fourths of Beijng.Two-thirds of the area is covered by trees. 数词与名词构成复合名词时,不用定冠词。【例】There is a first-class hotel over there.He went toa second-hand bookshop.在一些由序数词构成的固定词组里不用定冠词。【例】at firstfirst of allfrom first to last2.数词的功能 表小数、分数和百分数 小数点读作 point,零读zero或nought。小数点后的数字按个位基数词依次读出。【例】3.4t
8、hree pointfour0.2zero(nought)point two0.03zero point zerothree3.458three point four five eight 百分数由基数词后直接加percent(per cent构成。【例】20%20 percent分数由基数词(分子)和序数词(分母)合成。分子大于1时,表分母的序数词要用复数形式。【例】1/3-one/a third2/3two thirds但1/2一般用a/one half;1/4用a/one quarter或one fourth。表示几分之几(或百分之几)的人或物时,须在分数(或百分数)和人或物间加of。若
9、充当主语,谓语动词的数须与of后的名词的数保持一致。【例】One third of the students are girls.1的学生是女生。Sixty percent of her income was spent on cloths收入的60%在了服装上。但当表示人口的几分之几(或百分之几)作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。【例】The population in China is very large,and eighty percent of it are far mers.中国的人口众多,其中80%农民。 表加减乘除 加法的表达法如表达“几加几是多少,可用“What/How muc
10、h is+基数词+and/pus+基数词?;如表达几加几等于几”,可用“基数词+and+基数词+is+基数词。【例】What/How much is seven and eight?7加8是多少?Seven and eight is fifiteen.7加8等于15。减法的表达法如表达“几减几是多少”,可用“What/How much is+基数词+minus+基数词?;如表达“几减几等于几”,可用“基数词+minus+基数词+is+基数词。乘法的表达法如表达“几乘几是多少,可用“What/How much is基数词+times+基数词?;如表达几乘几等于几”,可用“基数词+times+基数
11、词+is+基数词。除法的表达法如表达“几除以几是多少,可用“What/How much is基数词+divided by+基数词?;如表达几除以几等于几”,可用“基数词+divided by+基数词+is+基数词。表时间用数字表达法来表示几点几分时,分钟数在后,并且不可使用quarter,half。【例】8:15 eight fifteen不能说:eight a quarter10:30 ten thirty 不能说:ten half使用介词past表示“几点过几分”,用to表示“几点差几分”时,分钟数放在介词前。11:25 twenty-five past eleven(=eleven tw
12、enty-five)6:40 twenty to seven(=six forty)past,to 前的分钟应小于三十分钟(如果正好是三十分,应用half)。【例】5:55 five to six=five fifty-five不能说:fifty-five past five)5:30 half past five=five thirty不能说:thirty past five或five half)数词用于编号表示编号,可以用基数词,也可以用序数词,即:事物名词(不加冠词)+基数词;the+序数词十事物名词。【例】Lesson Twelve=the Twelfth Lesson第十二课Part
13、 Onethe First Part第一部分World War I=the First Word war第一次世界大战如英语编号中数字较长,一般用基数词表示。【例】Room 506第五0六号房间page 265第二百六十五页Telephone NO.8297976电话号码8297976表倍数两倍:twice两倍以上:基数词+times【例】This classroom is twice as big as that one.The house is three times bigger than that one3.数量名词的单复数形式 hundred,thousand,million的用法当
14、前面有数词以及 many,several 等词修饰时,这三个词用单数形式,后面直接跟复数名词。【例】two hundred students 200名学生several thousand enemies 几千敌人当这几个词前面没有数词而后面有of时,则一定要用复数形式,表示数百、数千等笼统的数目概念。【例】hundreds of dollars 数百美元millions of ants数百万蚂蚁 score(二十),dozen打;十二个)的用法 当dozen与基数词或many ,several等连用时,不加“-s”,所修饰的名词前常省去of。但是,在a dozen of these peopl
15、e,two dozen of them等短语中应加of。这是因为习惯上在these,those,us等词前该用dozenof的缘故。【例】two dozen books两打书two(many several)dozen pencils两(几)打铅笔some dozen people“若干打的人(许多人)score意为“二十。two score of people中应加of,但three score and ten people“70人中不加of。scores of people 意为“许多人”。上述这两个词的复数形式与of连用时,表示不确切的数量,意为“许多.”“大量的。【例】for dozens of years好几十年以来scores of years ago许多年前scores of times许多次5