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1、大学英语语言学教程知识点英语语言学知识点.语言学 LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.1 .普通语言学 General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.2 .语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交
2、际的任意性的有声符号体系。3 .识别特征 Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性 特征。Arbitrariness 任意性Productivity 多产性Duality双重性Displacement 移位性Cultural transmission文化传递（l）arbitrarinessThere is no logic
3、al connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for languageto have an unlimited source of expressions（2）ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.（3）DualityLanguage is a system, whi
4、ch consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.（5）Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we haveto be taught and learned the detailsof any language sys
5、tem, this showed that language is culturally transmitted, not by instinct, animals are bornwith the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.4 .语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language.5 .语言运用 performancePerformance is the actual reali
6、zation of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。6 .历时语言学 Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time, a diachronic study of language is a historical study,which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.7 .共时语言学 Synchronical li
7、nguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.8 .语言langueThe abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.9 .言语 paroleThe realization of langue in actual use.10 .规定性 PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for correct“ behavior, to tell people what they should say and what shouldnot say.11 .描述性 DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually us