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1、课程主题:名词专题 2023年安徽省中考英语总复习一轮复习学习目标1、掌握名词的概念及用法;2、学会对名词进行综合运用。教学内容【进门测试】1.You look very tired this morning.What did you do yesterday afternoon?I did Christmas shopping.A.a lot of B.a few of C.a number of D.a piece of2.The letter from my uncle was short.There wasnt news.A.many B.a few C.much D.few3.-Wh
2、y didnt you take a taxi back last night?-Because I didnt have any with me.A.food B.bicycle C.friend D.money4.All the teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th,because it was their own holiday.A.man B.men C.woman D.women5.We need to come up with a/an and make a decision at once.A.Information B.advice
3、C.idea D.news6.-Id like grapes and pears.-Oh,I only need orange juice.A.some;a few B.a few;someC.a little;few D.a little;a few7.We should not eat meat.A.too many B.much too C.too much D.many too8.I dont understand the story though there are new words in it.A.few B.little C.a few D.a little9.How many
4、 can you see in the picture?-O nly one.A.dog B.sheep C.child D.man10.Its said that you have moved into a new house.Yeah,and we need to buy some in the mall nearby.A.food B.furniture C.hamburger D.water【答案】1-13 ACDDC BCABB【多元导学】教学建议:通过名词谚语的互动,引导学生找到名词存在的特殊意义,理解中考主要考查的题型和出题方式,以及每一个题型对应的解题技巧,并进行互动和交流,从
5、而引出本节课的主题一名词专题。1.a piece of cake2.hot potato3.put all eggs in one basket4.bread and butter5.apple of one*s eyes【答案】1.小 菜 一 碟 2.烫 手 的 山 芋 3.把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里,比 喻 风 险 很 大 4.面包和黄油,比喻谋生的手段 5.比喻某人最喜欢的人或物【互动精讲】知识点一名词的基本概念【知识梳理1 1 名词的概念及分类概念:名词是表示人或物的名称的词,如:bird,human等。分类:分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词指的是某些地方及机构特有的,为人所知的名
6、称,一般首字母会大写。类别意义例子专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词Lucy,the Greens,China,the Great Wall,the United Union普通名词可数名词个 体名词表示个体的人或事物的词teacher,dictionary,chair,book,dog集 体名词表示一群人或一群事物的词family,police,class,group,team不可数名词物 质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词rice,glass,water,paper,air,wood,wool抽 象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象感念的词danger,health,l
7、ife,knowledge,interest,love,homework【知识梳理2】可数名词及其单复数1.名词在数量上分为可数名词和不可数名词,而可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。可数名词由单数变为复数时的规则分为规则变化和不规则变化两利具体如下表:规则变化:情况构成方法读音例子一般情况加-S在清辅音后读/S/在浊辅音和元音后读/Z/在 t 后读/ts/在 d 后读/dz/cake-cakesday-dayspen-pensstudent-students以-s,-x,-sh,ch 结加-es读/iz/bus-buses尾的词box-boxeswish-wisheswatch-watches以辅
8、音字母加-y结尾的词变 y 为 i,再加-es读/力factory-factories以元音字母加-y结尾的词加-S读/力key-keys以-f(-fe)结尾的词变为v,再加-es该团leaf-leavesknife-knives以。结尾的词一般情况,有生命的结尾加es读/力potato-potatoeshero-heroes无生命的结尾加Sradio-radiospiano-pianos批 注 1:第三竖行读音在初三的口语考试中是重点,老师讲解时注意让学生自己朗诵,并纠正,帮助学生养成平时就注重发音的好习惯。批注2:以。结尾的名词变复数时,初中范围内主要出现的。在词尾+es 的有:potat
9、oes,tomatoes,heroes,negroes,mangoes在词尾+s 的有:zoos,radios,photos,pianos,kangroos,bamboos.一般情况下加es我们有口诀记忆:黑人(negroes)英雄(heroes)喜欢吃土豆(potatoes)、和西红柿(tomatoes)。不规则变化:构成方法读音是否改变例子改变单数名词中的元音字母改变man-men woman-womentooth-teeth foot-feet单复数形式相同不变sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fishChinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese
10、其他形式改变mouse-mice child-children-man 的名词合成词a 变 e改变Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen非合成词加Shuman-humans German-Germans复合名词man/woman的复合名词前后均复改变man teacher-men teacherswoman doctor-women doctors其他方式的复合名词后一个单词变复数boy student-boy studentsapple tree-apple trees批 注 1:在单复数同形中,fish的意思较多,作为“鱼肉”是不可数名词,若是单
11、复数同形,则表示的是“鱼的只数”若是表示“鱼的种类”,则是可数名词,复数形式为fishes。e.g.:There are many fish in the river.这条河里有很多鱼。There are many fishes in the river.这条河里有很多种鱼。批 注 2:所谓合成是指两个单词通过将两个单词按顺序排列合成为一个新单词,如:police和 m an合成为policeman,合成词在意思上也是两个单词的合成意,形式上可以分开。其中带有-m an的合成词,由单数变为复数时,需要将a 变为e,而非合成词则形式上不可以分,自然也不能将a 变为e,初中范围内学习的主要有:hu
12、man-humans;Walkman-Walkmans;German-Germanso【知识梳理3】不可数名词及其量的表示方式1.中考中12大常考的不可数名词:work,weather,food,fun,advice,traffic,music,information,news,knowledge,progress,furniture批注:此处略去表示“水,饮料类及肉类”等常见的不可数名词,老师可以视学生情况进行适当的补充。这 12个不可数名词除了常规的考察方式之外,常见的是出现在感叹句中。e.g.:-Listen!Someone is playing the piano.(2016 扬州)W
13、 o w!b e a u tif u l music!I like it very much.A.What B.How a C.What a D.How因为music为不可数名词,所以B.C不可能,中心词为名词,则用What。批注:但是也有陷阱的题目,比如:wonderful news report he wrote!All of us were proud of him.(2010 常州)A.What a B.What C.How D.How a很多学生看到news,则认为是不可数名词选择B,而实际上中心词为news report,为可数名词,所以答案选择 A。2.不可数名词的数量表达方式用
14、 some,(too/so)much,a little,little,a lot o f,lots o f,plenty of,enough 等来表示数量。much water 许多水 some money一些钱 a little milk 一点牛奶 lots of beef 许多牛肉批注:此处也可以和学生一起总结可数名词的修饰词:(so/too)many,a(great/large)number of,(a)few等也是可数名词的数量表达方式。借助量词表示一定数量:单数:a+(量词单数)+o f+不可数名词复数:som e/数词+(量词复数)。f+不可数名词e.g.:a piece of a
15、dvice 条建议 a pair of trousers 条裤子 a cup of orange 杯橘汁two bags of rice 两袋大米 four bottles of ink 四瓶墨水批注:此方法也可以用于表示可数名词的数量,只是注意名词用复数形式,如:a bag of apples;some boxesof bookso有些抽象名词可转化为可数名词beauty美丽-a beauty美人,美的东西success成 功-a success 一件成功的事或者一个成功的人【例题精讲】例 1.These days are very hot.The(温度)is about above 35.
16、【答案】temperature【解析】从句子的结构和中文提示,此处需要填写一个名词,且温度为抽象名词,无复数形式,直接填写即可。例 2.Wow,so many beautiful cars!I dont know which one to buy.Anyway,you have to make a(decide).【答案】decision【解析】从文章的意思来看,“你需要做一个决定”,从 a 的提示,可以知道此处也需要填写一个名词,即将decide变为名词形式。例 3.The soldiers coming to help people in Yushu county are also(英雄)
17、in my mind.(2016 高淳一模)【答案】heroes【解析】本题考查的是可数名词的复数形式。从 be动词的形式可以知道此处需要填写“英雄”单词的复数形式,从上表格可知,以。结尾的名词,若有生命,则加es。例 4.turn green in spring.A Leaf B Leafs C.Leafes D Leaves【答案】D【解析】观察动词turn的形式,并结合选项,可以知道此处考的是可数名词的复数形式,leaf是可数名词并以 f 结尾,根据名词变复数的规则,去 f 加 v e s,变为leaves。例 5.How many(woman doctor)are there in t
18、he hospital?【答案 1 women doctors【解析】这题考查的是复合名词的复数形式。根据主谓一致原则和语境判断此处需要用名词的复数形式。而由上表格知复合名词前面的名词是man或 woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式。例 6.-Im thirsty.May I have something to drink?OK,here,s s ome.A.rice B.bread C.water D.oranges【答案】C【解析】从 be动词和some的矛盾性可知,此处不可能是可数名词,所以排除掉D。根据drink可以继续排除 AB。例 7.unusual m
19、usic he is playing!(2016 高淳二模)-Yes,all of the students are losing themselves in it.A.What B.What an C.How a D.How【答案】A【解析】此题在感叹句中考察名词,问句中的中心名词为music,为不可数名词,前不需要冠词,可以排除A.D,而感叹句中若中心词为名词时,要用what来修饰。例 8.My teacher has given me lots of.Theyre very useful.(2016 上海长宁区)A.information B.advice C.suggestions D
20、.news【答案】C【解析】从第二个句子的主语they可知,前一句需要填写一个复数名词,而选项中A.B.D均为不可数名词,所以可知答案。批注:英语中有些名词虽然以s 结尾,但它们并不是可数名词的复数形式,常见的有:physics(物理学),maths(数学),politics(政治),news(新闻)。例 9.The babys first f r ont(牙齿)are just coming through.(2016 苏州)答案 teeth【解析】判断名词用单数还是复数形式,需要给学生灌输“主谓一致”的理念,看到后面a r e,可知此处需要用名词的复数形式,而 tooth复数为不规则的名词
21、复数形式,需要将oo变为ee。例 10.1 could see many(老鼠)holes when I walked down the path.【答案】mouse【解析】此题很多学生容易写成m ice,所以通过此题给学生强调“读完题”的习惯,空后有“holes”可知本题考查的是复合名词的复数形式,从同步的知识知道,复合名词若无man和 w om an,则复数只需要变后一个名词,所以此题只需要填写单数形式。【课堂练习】单项选择1.They dont have to doA.much homework2.The blouse is made ofA.a wool3.There are thre
22、e_ today.B.many homeworks C.many homeworkD.much homeworksC.woolsD.wooland sevenB.these woodA.cows,sheeps B.cows,sheep C.cow,sheepD.cow,sheeps4.Sheep white and milk also white.A.is,are B.are,is C.is,isD.are,are5.Many_are singing over there.A.woman B.women C.girlD.child6.1 want to buy_.A.two bottles o
23、f ink B.two bottle of ink C.two bottle of inks D.two bottles of inks7.Td like to have a glass of milk and_.A.two breads B.two pieces of breads C.two pieces of bread D.two piece of bread8.When we saw Liu Xiangs face,we knew_was bad.A.some news B.a news C.the news D.news9.the teachers in their school
24、is about 200 and one fourth of them are teachers.A.A number of,womenC.The number of,women10.There are forty-five in this school.B.A number o f,womanD.The number o f,womanA.man teachers B.men teacher C.men teachers D.man teacher11.Come on,children.Help yourselves to some_ if you like.A.fish and chick
25、en B.fishes and chicken C.fish and chickens D.fishes and chickens12.Paper making is_ of ancient China.A.one of greatest inventor B.one of the greatest inventorsC.one of greatest inventions D.one of the greatest inventions13.Bill said they would have_ holiday.(2005 天津)A.a two-month B.two months C.two
26、-months D.two months14.Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you well.Well,Td like to try those blue_.A.pairs B.ones C.pant D.pair15.Im thirsty.I think Ill buy some_.(2005 南京)B.breadC.cakesD.eggs6-10ACCCC 11-15 ADAAAA.water【答案】1-5ADBBB知识点二名词所有格【知识梳理1】名词所有格概述1.概念:名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系,“
27、所有”是“所属”之意,格是英语的一种特征,和时态一样,还包括主格和宾格;中文翻译为“的2.分类:名词所有格按照相关的名词是否有生命,有两种表示形式,一种是,s 所有格,另一种是。f 所有格。当然还有所谓的“混搭风”一双重所有格。批注:名词所有格的分类有很多种,此处只列举按有无生命的情况来进行区分。【知识梳理2】有生命的名词所有格 一般在词尾加飞“:e.g.:my mothers birthday Jims pen(2)以 s 结尾的名词所有格,一般只在名词右上加e.g.:the teachers office the workers club boys,100-meter race(3)如果两
28、个人共同拥有一样东西,则只在最后一个名词后加上飞”;如果是各自拥有,两个名词后面都要加上“父:e.g.:Lily and Lucys room(共同拥有)Lilys and Lucys rooms(各自拥有)(4)特例:若名词所有格后所修饰的词表示“家,店铺,办公室”等地点名词,地点名词通常可以省略:e.g.:at Mr.W h ite,s在怀特先生家at the doctors 在诊所在at the tailors 在裁缝店(5)有生命的名词所有格句意上等同于belong to,但要注意belong to 后接人称代词的宾格形式,不能用物主代词,否则意义重复。e.g.:The famous
29、paintings belong to him.=The famous painting are his.Does the bike on the left belong to Chandler?=Is the bike on the left Chandlers?批 注 1:第四种情况,一般在阅读中或者其他题型的题干中出现,可以根据学生的基础进行适当的选讲。批 注 2:对于名词所有格,需要和学生强调做名词所有格的做题顺序,首先判断好名词的单复数,然后看单词的结尾,如果单词以s 结尾,则直接加“,”;如果单词不以s 结尾,则直接加“,s”。【知识梳理3】无生命的名词所有格(1)对于无生命的名词
30、,通常采用“。计名词 结构来表示所有关系,放在被修饰名词的后面。e.g.:the door of the house the cover of the bookthe gate of the school the name of the film(2)有几种情况用t o 来表达所有格e.g.:the key to the door 门 口 的钥匙 the answer to the question 问题的答案 the ticket to the concert 音乐会的门票【知识梳理4】无生命的用“*/s”,构成名词所有格(1)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也
31、可以加上“s”来构成所有格。复数名词如果以S结尾,在 S 的 在 上 角 加 即 可。e.g.:todays newspaper ten hours work twenty minutes walk/drive/ridelast years cards Beijings past and present(2)表示时间、距离、国家和城市等用来表示的名词所有格也可以和名词构成词组相互转化。e.g.:My father will come back in two days.=My father will come back in two days5 time.【知识梳理5】双重所有格双重所有格是将。
32、f 所有格和“s”所有格结合在一起表示所有关系。若 o f后面接代词,代词需要用名词性物主代词.e.g.:A friend of my sisters is coming tonight.Two sons of my brother 9s are students.A student of mine got an A in the exam.批注:此处对于基础好的学生,可以适当补充关于以下两种方式的不同点:a photo of Kates凯特的一张相片(照片有很多张,这只是其中一张,照片上拍的人不一定是凯特)a photo of Kate 一张凯特的照片(照片上拍的人是凯特)【例题精讲】例 l
33、.The guide has collected all the(visit)ID cards.【答案】visitors9【解析】首先根据句子的意思:这个导游已经收集了所有身份证,而给出的词为visit:参观,可以从句意猜测到是参观者的身份证,表明是一种所属关系,且是有生命的,所以需要先将Visit变为名词visitor,然后再变为所有格,这儿是所有参观者,需要用复数。例 2.There are some tools left under the window.Maybe they are t hos e(thief).答案thieves,【解析】句子翻译为“有一些工具被落在窗户下了“,可能是
34、这些(小偷),可以从句子意思猜测到“可能是那些小偷的”,表明是一种所属关系,且是有生命的,所以要用名词所有格。先判断单复数,从 those可以知道是复数,改为thieves,以 s 结尾,直接加一撇即可。例 3.Today is September 10th.Its Day.Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A.Teacher B.Teachers5 C.the Teachers9D.Teachers【答案】B【解析】这题考查的是节日的用法。Teacher是可数名词复数,用 teachers,以 s 结尾的单词所有格加 外国节日前不需要
35、加the。例 4.(2016 天津)Lucy has been to many times this year.A.his uncle B.her uncles C.uncle?s D.her uncles【答案】D【解析】原文题干中出现“has been to”后面需要加上地点,而 A.B.C.D中只有D 项可以表示,是省略地点的表示方式。例 5:Hows Joys skirt?-Her skirt is more beautiful t h a n.A.her sisters and Kate B.her sister and Kate C.her sister and Kates D.h
36、er sistefs and Kate*s【答案】C【解析】首先比较级需要注意前后比较的对象需要一致,than为 her skirt,所以后面比较的对象应该是物体,而不是人,排除掉A,B.在 C 和 D 中,一个是共同拥有,一个是分开拥有,注意原文的结构,用的是比较级,说明是两者之间进行比较,三者比较用最高级,所以排除D。例 6.Look at that old man.He is.A.a friend of him B.a friend of Jane*s fathers C.Jane fathers friend D.Jane*s fathers friend【答案】B【解析】解析:看到选
37、项中的结构,可以看出考查的是名词所有格的内容,题干想要表达的意思:他是Jane的爸爸的朋友,一般这样的结构,我们用双重所有格来表示,结构为.of,s。【课堂练习】一、根据所给单词的适当形式填空。1 .After s e ve r a l(week)study,the American students found Chinese interesting to learn.健 邺 一模)2.1t is about ten(分钟)walk from the centre of the city to my school.(江宁一模)3.They are some friends of t he(v
38、i s i t).Lets welcome them.4.Tim is very naughty and he likes drawing pictures on h is(n e ig h b o u r)door.(2016 鼓楼一模)So he is.His mother often says sorry to him.【答案】1.weeks Z.minutes9 3,visitors/visitors d.neighbours二、单项选择。1.This is a book of.A.Tom B.Toms C.her D.him2.Whos that woman?A.mans B.men
39、s C.the mans D.the men5.Toms car is more beautiful t han.A.his brothers and sister B.his brothers and sister Thafs_ aunt.A.Jim and Kate B.Jims and Kate3.Bill said they would have_holiday.A.a two-month B.two months4.The shop sold_clothes.C.Jim and Kates D.Jims and KatesC.two-months D.two monthsC.his
40、brother and sisters6.一 How soon shall we start the bicycle trip?D.his brother and sistersA.In three days B.After three days C.In three days,time D.After three days time7.There will be a meeting in the school next week.A.Child B.childs8.1 found the bottle in_room.A.Sara and Kate B.Saras and Kates9.Is
41、 that_ pencil box?No,ifs_.A.your;Janes sisters B.your;Janes sisterC.childrens D.childrensC.Saras and Kate D.Sara and KatesC.yours;Janes sisters D.yours;Janes sister10.We want to visit house.Theyre our friends.A.the twins B.the twins【答案】1-5B CABD 610CDDACC.the twins D.the twinss知识点三名词与主谓一致【知识梳理1】主谓一致
42、是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致常考题型:1.单数名词(代词),不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式,复数名词(代词)作主语,谓语用复数形式。e.g.:The desk is Toms.Some water is in the bottle.The students are playing football on the playground.2.more than one+单数名词作主语,谓语用单数。e.g.:More than one student has ever been to Beijing.3.表示时间,价格,重量,数目,长度,数学运算等的词或短语作主语时,这些通常
43、作一个整体概念,谓语用单数形式。e.g.:Two months is a long holiday.Twenty pounds isn*t very heavy.4.one and a half+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.:Half an hour is enough to us.5.当主语部分含有 with,together with,along with,as well as,besides,except,but,like 等介词或介词短语时,谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.:Mike,together with his father has gone to Scotland
44、.John,like his brother,likes playing football.6.由 and连接的两个单数名词作主语时,一般用复数形式,但 and所连接的并列主语是同一个人,事物,或概念时,谓语动词用单数。这两种情况区分如下:a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词,指的是同一个人或物;a/the+单数名词+and+a/the+单数名词,指两个人或物。e.g.:The writer and teacher is coming.(作家和教师指同一个人)The writer and the teacher are com ing.(作家和老师是两个人)7.people,police等集
45、体名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式,family,class,group,team等集体名词作主语,若指一个整体时,谓语动词用单数形式,若指一个具体成员时,谓语动词复数形式。e.g.:My family is a big one.Our family all like watching TV.8.以一s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义,谓语通常用单数形式,如 news,maths,physics等e.g.:No news is good news.9.由 bothand连接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;由 or,either.or.,neither.nor.,notonlybut al
46、so.,notbut,连接两个名词或代词作主语时,根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。e.g.:Both his father and his mother are both teachers.10.a number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数;the number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。11.当 kind of,pair of,glass o f 等表示确定数量的名词短语修饰主语时,谓语与kind,pair,glass等一致。e.g.:This pair of shoes is Toms.【知识梳理2】常见名词辨析1.family,house 与 homefamily指“
47、家,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房;house作“家”讲时,指人们生活居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境;home有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住点。e.g.:My family are very kind.He left home for Beijing.They lived in a small house.2.job 与 workjob是可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工”;work是不可数名词,指“工作,劳动,努力,用功”。e.g.:Selling newspapers is his part-time job.He has been out of work.3
48、.problem 与 questionquestionproblem中文释义问 题(名词)问题,难 题(名词)问(动词)问 题 的(形容词)动词搭配ask a questionsolve the problemanswer a questionwork out the problemsettle the problemraise the problemhave problems withlisten to peoples problems词组句子question mark(问 号)No problem.主要区别:1、含义不一样:question表示需要“回答”的问题,而 problem表示需要
49、 解决的难题,短时间内难以解决。两个词的中文都可以翻译成“问题”,所以不能从中文上判断区别。2、动词的搭配不一样,详见上表。这是最重要的区别。3、question可以用作动词,表示“审问,问”;problem可以当形容词用,放在名词前表示“问题的“,e.g.:a problem child 问题孩子e.g.:Then I can listen to peoples problems and help them solve their problems.(8A P16)I have some problems with my new school.(8A P18)4.voice,noise 与
50、soundsound泛指一切声响,指一切可以听到的声音。sound还可以用作动词,表示“听起来”,后面跟形容词作表语。sound like表示“听起来像”,后面跟名词。voice表示“嗓音”,指人的说话声或唱歌声。noise噪音,吵闹声,常具有贬义,表示令人心烦的不和谐的“嘈杂声,噪音,响 声 可 以 用 a,some,any,much等词修饰,但不用many修饰。e.g.:I recognized her voice at once.Dont make so much noise.5.travel,journey,trip这四个词都可以用作名词,表示“旅行”,但 travel是一个不可数名词