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1、June 2021 IRENA 2021Unless otherwise stated,material in this publication may be freely used,shared,copied,reproduced,printed and/orstored,provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder.Materialin this publication that is attributed to third parties may
2、 be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions,andappropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material.Citation:IRENA(2021),Renewable Readiness Assessment:The Republic of Tunisia,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.ISBN:978-92-926
3、0-296-3About IRENAThe International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA)is an intergovernmental organisation thatsupports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principalplatform for international co-operation,a centre of excellence and a repository of policy,techno
4、logy,resource and nancial knowledge on renewable energy.IRENA promotes the widespread adoptionand sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy including bioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solar and wind energy in the pursuit of sustainable development,energy access,energysecurity and low-carb
5、on economic growth and prosperity.AcknowledgementsThis report was prepared by IRENA in close collaboration with the Government of Tunisia,asrepresented by the Ministry of Industry,Energy and Mines and the National Agency for EnergyConservation(ANME).The report beneted from the input of various exper
6、ts,notably from Amira Klibi(MEMTE),JiheneTouil(UNDP),Rak Bezzaouia(STEG),Rim Boukhchina(RCREEE),Nafaa Baccari(ANME).IRENA colleagues who provided valuable review and support include:Abdulmalik Oricha Ali(ex-IRENA),Imen Gherboudj,Huiyi Chen,Rafael De Sa Ferreira,Dolf Gielen,Asami Miketa.Main Contribu
7、tors:Zoheir Hamedi,Reem Korban,Grbz Gnl,Abdelkarim Ghezal(consultant)DisclaimerThis publication and the material herein are provided“as is”.All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify the reliability of thematerial in this publication.However,neither IRENA nor any of its ocials,age
8、nts,data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty ofany kind,either expressed or implied,and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein.The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all
9、Members of IRENA.The mention of specic companies or certainprojects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are notmentioned.The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expressio
10、n of any opinion on the part of IRENAconcerning the legal status of any region,country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.THE REPUBLICOF TUNISIARenewable Readiness Assessment:Forewordfrom the Minister of Industry,Energy and MinesFor
11、 over three decades,Tunisia has been committed to a clean energy transition through a proactive anduninterrupted energy management policy,positioning itself as a pioneer in the region.Tunisia embarked on anaccelerated energy transition to achieve multiple objectives;to realise its energy security th
12、rough a diversiedenergy mix and to improve the countrys economic competitiveness within the framework of its strategic visiontowards a low-carbon economy.Tunisias energy transition strategy is based on four main pillars:energy security;increasing energy independence;reducing costs;and diversifying e
13、nergy resources.With abundant renewables sources,renewable energytechnologies constitute the main pillar of Tunisias energy transition strategy given the socio-economic benetsthat this strategy will provide to the Tunisian economy in terms of increased investments,a clean economicgrowth,job creation
14、 and preserving the environment.Similarly,improving energy eciency would contribute tothis energy transition by reducing the demand for energy.In this regard,a Tunisian solar plan was adopted in 2015,which aims to reduce primary energy demand by 30%and increase the share of renewables in the electri
15、city production mix to 30%by 2030.I would like to thank the International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA)for its support throughout the process todeliver the Renewables Readiness Assessment report that provides a detailed analysis on the status of renewableenergy in the country and identies short-to
16、medium-term actions needed to develop enabling frameworksconducive to increased renewable energy investments.This analysis was conducted through close collaboration between the National Agency for Energy Conservation(ANME),the Ministry of Industry,Energy and Mines and IRENA.It provides relevant and
17、focused information to allthe stakeholders in the eld of renewable energy,including governmental institutions,public and private-sectorcompanies,and regional and international development organisations.On behalf of the Ministry of Industry,Energy and Mines let me reiterate my thanks to,all the IRENA
18、 team membersand national stakeholders who contributed to the completion of this report.I hope that this co-operation will beaccelerated in the future,allowing the achievement of the Energy Transition goals in Tunisia.H.E.Mr Mohamed Boussad,Minister of Industry,Energy and Mines,Republic of Tunisia4T
19、he Republic of TunisiaForewordfrom theIRENA Director-GeneralTunisias need to ensure a continuous energy supply,enhance energy security and long-term industrial and socio-economic development provides a compelling case for renewables.As governments advance on recovery plansamid signicant public nanci
20、ng constraints,an energy transition with renewables is a central pillar of decarbonisingthe energy mix.With increasing cost-competitiveness and abundantly available resources,renewable energysolutions will be instrumental in achieving the objectives of improving energy security,reducing cost of ener
21、gysupply for consumers and advancing environmental preservation.Tunisias energy transition is notably based on the implementation of an energy management strategy that is builton the increase of energy eciency and the development of renewable energy,with a 30/30 target to reduceprimary energy demand
22、 by 30%in 2030 compared to the trend scenario;and renewable energy to 30%of theelectricity production by 2030,in comparison to the installed 373 MW renewable energy in 2019.Renewables Readiness Assessment:Tunisia,prepared in collaboration with the National Agency for EnergyConservation(ANME)and the
23、Ministry of Industry,Energy and Mines,identies key challenges as the countrypursues environmentally and economically sustainable power and heat.It oers recommendations under vethematic areas that address renewables applications in the power sector and long-term energy planning,andattract renewable e
24、nergy nancing.The recommended actions present the collective outcome of which is forrenewables to reach a much higher share in Tunisias energy mix while improving energy security and cost ofsupply.Tunisia has made important strides over the past decade to encourage the involvement of the private sec
25、torand accelerate the realisation of national objectives,the assessment nds the need to improve the mappingof renewable energy resources,establish an energy planning framework with higher shares of renewables thatbuilding capacity of local nancing institutions and developers will unlock further inve
26、stment in the sector,andreinforce Tunisias renewable energy targets.IRENA wishes to thank the team at ANME for their key input and engagement.We also appreciate the valuablecontributions of numerous other stakeholder and international partners.I sincerely hope the resulting study helpsto accelerate
27、Tunisias shift to a sustainable energy future.Francesco La CameraDirector-General,International Renwable Energy Agency5Renewable Readiness Assessment:6The Republic of TunisiaContentsFigures 89 TablesBoxes 9Abbreviations and acronymsUnits of measurementExecutive summaryIntroduction1011121511.1 Countr
28、y background 1517 1.2 Renewables Readiness Assessment for TunisiaEnergy context 1819 2.1 Energy supply and demand in Tunisia2.2 Electricity governance2.3 Electricity supply and demand2.4 Transmission and distribution2.5 Electricity taris22242525234Enabling environment for renewable energy 2929303233
29、3334394040413.1 Energy transition strategy Drivers for the energy transition strategy Tunisian Solar Plan3.2 Renewable Energy resources and exploitation Wind energy Solar energy Hydropower Biofuels and waste-to-energy Geothermal energy3.3 Renewable Energy regulatory framework3.4 Renewable Energy ins
30、titutional framework Renewable Energy programmes and project pipeline3.5 Financial initiatives for Renewable Energy474750Key challenges and recommendations4.1 Long-term energy planning5252545657584.2 Regulatory framework for Renewable Electricity generation4.3 Institutional framework4.4 Financing4.5
31、 Maximising the benets of Renewable Energy deploymentReferences 616466Annex 1.Renewable Energy institutional rolesAnnex 2.Sector coupling and the electrication of end-use sectors7Renewable Readiness Assessment:FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Fi
32、gure 11Figure 121518Gross domestic product growth:Annual change,Tunisia,20002018Evolution of domestic primary energy supply and demand,Tunisia,19902019Domestic primary energy production of crude oil and natural gas,Tunisia,19912019Total primary energy supply by source,Tunisia,19902018Energy import d
33、ependency,Tunisia,201020181919202021Energy import bill,Tunisia,19932017Total nal energy consumption,Tunisia,2018Total nal energy consumption by sector,Tunisia,2018 21Total nal energy consumption by source and sector,Tunisia,2018Annual peak load,Tunisia,20017-201823242525Evolution of electricity cons
34、umption by voltage level,Tunisia,2018Evolution of electricity consumption in high-voltage and medium-voltage levels byeconomic sector,Tunisia,2018Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15282931Evolution of medium-voltage electricity selling prices for Uniform tari subscribers,TunisiaEnergy strategy targets,Tunisi
35、aGlobal weighted average of total installed costs and project percentile ranges forconcentrated solar power,solar photovoltaic and onshore and oshore wind,2010-2018Figure 16Figure 17Figure 18Figure 19Figure 20Figure 21323334353536Renewable energy target,Tunisia,2030Wind map of TunisiaElectricity gen
36、eration of wind farms,Tunisia,20092019Global horizontal irradiance,TunisiaDirect normal irradiance,TunisiaCumulative installed solar photovoltaic capacity for self-production on the low-voltage grid,Tunisia,20112019Figure 22Figure 23Figure 24Figure 25Figure 26Figure 27Figure 28Figure 29Figure 30Figu
37、re 3137373738383940434647Sector distribution of photovoltaic projects relating to the medium-voltage grid,Tunisia,Distribution of power installations,Tunisia,Registered Solar PV installersProposed TuNur consolidated solar power project in southern TunisiaSolar collector area installed under Prosol p
38、rogramme,Tunisia,20052018Area of solar collectors,Tunisia,2018Annual hydropower production,Tunisia,20052018Flexibility solutionsProcedure for energy-selling projects under Authorisation scheme,TunisiaProject proposal procedure for energy-selling projects under Concession scheme,Tunisia8The Republic
39、of TunisiaTablesTable 1Table 2Table 3Table 4Table 5Table 6Table 7Table 8Table 9Main economic indicators,Tunisia,20152018 16242626262728283941Composition of net power generation capacity,Tunisia,2016-2018Low-voltage tari categories,TunisiaCurrent taris for low-voltage network,Tunisia,June 2019Time sc
40、hedule for Four-shift tari,TunisiaMedium-voltage taris,Tunisia,June 2019Medium-voltage taris,Gray Cement industry,TunisHigh-voltage electricity taris,TunisiaHydropower stations,Tunisia,2015Table 10 Overview of renewable energy support policies and regulation,TunisiaTable 11 Criteria under the legal
41、regimes for renewable energy projects,Tunisia42Table 12 Provisions for self-consumption projects connected to low-and medium-voltage grids,TunisiaTable 13 Revised renewable energy programme targets,Tunisia,20172022454848495051Table 14 Geographical distribution of renewable energy projects under Conc
42、ession scheme,TunisiaTable 15 Renewable capacities announced under the rst call for projects,Table 16 Proposed capacity for installation by Tunisian Company of Electricity and Gas,TunisiaTable 17 Financial incentives provided by the Energy Transition Fund for renewable energy,Tunisia,2018BoxesBox 1B
43、ox 2Box 3Box 4Box 5Five pillars of Tunisias Strategic Development Plan,2016-2020Tunisia Solar Plan1632435660Open Solar Contracts,TunisiaLeveraging local capacity and the materials required for renewable energy technologiesLeveraging local capacity,distribution of human resources and occupational req
44、uirements9Renewable Readiness Assessment:AbbreviationsANME National Agency for Energy Management(Agence Nationale pour la Matrise de lEnergie)ANGED National Waste Management Agency(Agence Nationale de Gestion des Dchets)CSP Concentrated Solar PowerCTER Technical Commission for Independent Power Prod
45、uction from Renewable Energy(Commission Technique de production prive de llectricit partir des Energies Renouvelables)DNIFTEdirect normal irradianceEnergy Transition Fund(Fonds de Transition Energtique)GDPHVgross domestic producthigh voltageIPP independent power producerInternational Renewable Energ
46、y Agencylow voltageIRENALVMIEM Ministry of Industry,Energy and Mines(Ministre de lIndustrie,de lEnergie et des Mines)MISMEMEMTEMinistry of Industry and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises(Ministre de lIndustrie et des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises)Ministry of Energy,Mines and the Energy Transition(
47、Ministre de lEnergie des Mines et de la Transition Enrgitque)MV medium voltageNDC Nationally Determined Contribution(national climate pledge under the Paris Agreement)O&MPPAPVoperation and maintenancepower purchase agreementphotovoltaicRRASDPSMESTEGRenewables Readiness AssessmentStrategic Developmen
48、t Plansmall or medium-sized enterpriseTunisian Company of Electricity and Gas(Socit Tunisienne de lElectricit et du Gaz)SWHTFECTNDTPESTSPsolar water heatingtotal nal energy consumptionTunisian dinartotal primary energy supplyTunisian Solar PlanVRE variable renewable energy10The Republic of TunisiaUn
49、its of measurementGWGWhkWhkWpkmgigawattgigawatt-hourkilowatt-hourkilowatt peakkilometrekm2ktoekVsquare kilometrethousand tonnes of oil equivalentkilovoltm2square metremegawatt MWMWhm/smegawatt-hourmetres per second11Renewable Readiness Assessment:Executive summaryTunisiahaswitnessedgrowingdecitsinit
50、senergybalanceover the past two decades.This trend is largely the resultof increasing energy consumption in all economic sectors,coupled with the decline of hydrocarbon production.This led to an energy decit amounting to 50%in 2019compared to 7%in 2010,thus leading the country tobecome more dependen