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1、一名词用法1.名词的数：不可数名词1）抽象名词、物质名词、专有名词是不可数名词注意：不可数名词表示个体时，需用量词a piece of advice/furniture/information/news/woodan article of clothing/furniturea bar of chocolate/soapa loaf of breadfive head of cattle/sheep2）以-ics结尾的表示学科的名词，动词一般用作单数，如 mathematics,physics,statistics3）某些以.s 结尾的专有名词常用作单数the United States,th
2、e United Nations2.可数名词1）.单复相同：deer,fish,sheep,works（工厂），means,species（种类），以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、币值等单位的名词如yuanjiao,fen,mu2）.表示“某国人”的名词复数形式：a.直 接 力 口 s.Russian-Russians,German-Germans,American-Americansb.以 man 和 woman 结尾的复合名词变-man 为-men,EnglishmanEnglishmen,FrenchwomanFrenchwomen（一）c.单复相同：Swiss（瑞士人）,Chinese,Ja
3、panese3）.复合名词的复数形式：a.以“可数名词+介词短语”构成的复合名词，在 名 词 后 面 加 daughter（s）-in-law,looker（s）-on 旁观者,passer（s）-by 过路人b.以“动词或过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词，词尾加s:grown-up（s）,breakdowns（故障）c.man和 woman作为性别标志修饰的名词，两者都变复数man servant-men servants,woman doctor-women doctorsd.以可数名词结尾的复合名词，直接加-s,store-keepers,boy-friends,tooth-brushes
4、.4）.一些物质名词以复数形式出现，表 示 不 同 类 别 silks（各种丝绸）,leas（各种茶叶）5）.有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义Customs 海关 drinks 饮料，sands 沙滩，hairs 几根头发,papers 报纸，manners 礼貌，spirits情绪（二）专有名词。是个人、国家、地方、组织、机构等所有专有的名称。例 AsiaChina.（三）所有格l.s所有格的特殊表示形式有：a.用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper,five minutes walk/drive,five pounds,weight,b.用于表示国家
5、、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earths planet,the words population,Chinas industry,New Yorks parks2.表示无生命的所有关系，用 of+名词Eg:the window of the room,the gate of the school3.双重所有格：在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词、或指示代词时，常用“of+名词飞”的形式表示所有关系。Of)后面的名词一般都表示人，不能表示物。公式为：a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词例如 that book of Toms,two friends of
6、my fathers4.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。5.如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 则表示”分别有“；只有一个，s,则表示 共有1如：Johns and Marys room(两间 John and Mary*s room(一 间)二冠词基本用法一、不定冠词a,a n 的用法La,a n 与可数名词单数连用，表示某类事物中的任何一个，表示泛指A horse is a domestic anim al.马是家畜。This is a tiger,not a w olf.这是虎不是狼。2.用于可数名词前，指某个人
7、或事物，但不具体说明何人、何 物=a certainI met an old woman in the street.A man is looking for me.3.an,a+可数名词单数，与 o n e 同源，表示“一We will be back in a day or two.It is a foot long,an inch thick.We have examinations twice a year.4.a,an+具体化了的抽象名词，表示、人或事。(help,success,failure,pleasure,pity,surprise)(1)Will you fetch me
8、some water?With pleasure.(2)Its a pleasure to help others.(3)(He offer me much help.)He is a great help to me.(4)The meeting is a great success.5.a,an=the sam e之后加表示尺寸，年龄的名词。They are nearly an age.(the same age)The doors are of a size.(the same size)6.有时不可数名词前加a,表示特殊意义A knowledge of English is a mus
9、t in international trade.7.不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：1)位于下列形容词之后：such,what,many,half,I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.2)当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.so short a time,too long a distance.3)quite,rathe
10、r与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot二、定冠词the的用法1.上文提到过的人或事：（+单、复 数 名 词）He bought a house.Ive been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。2.特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the m edicine.把药吃了。3.指世上独一物二的事物：the sun,the sky,the moon,the world.the earth,the middle,the right,the leftThe sun rises in the eas
11、t.4.用在形容词比较级，最高级，及形容词only,very,same等前面：The dictionary is the better of the two.This is the most interesting novel I have ever read.That*s the very thing I*ve been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。5.the+单数名词，表示一类人或事物，如：the dollar美元Who invented the telephone?The panda eats bamboo.6.the+普通名词构成的专有名词the Peoples Rep
12、ublic of China 中华人民共和国the United States 美国the Communist Party7.the+形容词或分词连用，表示一类人（谓语动词用复数），表物可指一个the rich 富人;the living 生者The young should respect the old.8.the+逢“十”的复数前，表年代In the fifties9.用在表示乐器的名词之前：She plays the p ia n o.她会弹钢琴。10.th e+江，河，湖，海，山脉，海峡the Red Sea,the Indian Ocean,the Alps11.lhe+序数词，但
13、表示“再，又一”时用aan+N.Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。He is the first to come.Can you read it a second time?12.the+复数名词，指整个群体,或 lhe+姓氏的复数名词，表示一家人：They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）They are teachers of this s c h o o l.（指部分教师）the Chinese指整个中华民族the Greens 格林一家人（或格林夫妇）13.定冠词
14、位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all,both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后，名词之前。All the students in the class went o u t.班里的所有学生都出去了。三、不用冠词（零冠词）1.物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；Dense water sinks and less dense water is pushed to the surface.He likes music.2.泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；They are teachers,not
15、students.Apples,pears and grapes belong to fruit.3.在一日三餐，学科，季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；但若有修饰成分可加a 或 IheWe go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。When do you have dinner?We had a rich dinner yesterday.The winter of was special.4.当可数名词抽象化了，不加冠词by bus,by train,by plane,by shipbe in pris
16、on schoolgo to college,be at table,in class,in place of,in office5.在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词在句中作表语，补语，同位语时不加冠词；He was made president for the second time.Mr.Pattis,head of the department,discovered Mr,Kings secret.The guards took the American to General Lee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。6.在一日三餐、球类运动和棋类运动的名称前，不加冠词。如：have bre
17、akfast,play chess7.单数名词，相对应使用时shoulder to shoulder,face to face,year by year,from west to east四、冠词与形容词+名词结构如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西，如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。He raises a black and white cat.他养 了一只花猫。三 代 词一、人称代词是表示“我、你、
18、他、她、它、我们、你们、他”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在n o t后，多用宾语。-I like English.-我喜欢英语。数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemshehertheythemitittheythem Me too.一 我也瞽欢。b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也
19、可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表。数单数复数人称第一第二第三第一第二第三人称人称人称人称人称人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirs三、指示代词表示“那个“、“这个“、“这些“、”那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those 等。四、表示俄自己“、”你自己“、“他自己“、“我们 自己“、“你们自己“和“他们自己”等的代词，叫做反身代词。如：She was talking to herse
20、lf.她自言自语。五、不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词有all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no 以及 some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,none,everybody,everyone.等。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但 none和由some,any,no
21、等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和 no只能作定语。l.a ll都，指三者以上。a ll的主谓一致：a ll指代人时时谓语动词用复数形式，指代物时谓语动词用单数形式。All are here.大家都到齐了。All goes well.一切进展得很好。a ll通常不与可数名词单数连用,如：不 说 all the b o o k,而 说 the whole booko但 all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day,all night,all the year；但习惯上不说 all hour,all centuryaall还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all
22、China,all the city,all my life,all theway2.b o th 都，指两者。a.both与复数动词连用，但 both and可与单数名词连用。b.both,a ll都可作同位语。其位置在行为动词前，b e 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。3.n eith er两者都不a.neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。b.作定语与单数名词连用，但 neither.n o r用作并列连词，可与复数名词 连用。其谓语采用就近原则。C.可用于下列句型，避免重复。She cant sing,neither can he.4.no
23、ne1)none作主语，多与o f 构成短语none o f o 在答语中，none可单独使用，用来回答howmany/how much 的问题。Are there any pictures on the wall?None.2)none作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。5.some 一些1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当作 某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。(=a certain)You will be sorry for this some day.总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。A certain(some)person has seen you break the rule.某些人不同意你的
24、看法。3)疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。如：Would you like some coffee?6.any 一些l).any多用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。2).当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。any+可数名词单数形式Here are three novels.You may read a n y.这有三本小说，你可任读一本。7.代词比较辩异one,th at和 it1).one表示泛指，用来替代前面提到的可数名词单数形式，替代的是同名异 物,泛指，相当于a+n.0特指时必需加定冠词。Ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词前无形容词，则用
25、some,a n y,而不 用 ones。Have you bought any rulers?Yes,Ive bought some.He took down the old pictures and put up some new ones.2).that和 i t 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而 I t 特指上文提到的同名同物，不能带任何修饰语。I lost my pen.I cant find it anywhere.I cant find my hat.I think I must buy o n e.(不特定一个)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。The
26、hat you bought is bigger than that I b o u g h t.(同类但不同一个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。I cant find my hat.I dont know where I put i t.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。8.one/another/the otherl).one.the other 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用o n e,另一个用the other。2).some the others有三个以上,一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others3).one.another,another.泛指另个
27、用 anothero4).some.others,others泛指别的人或物时，用 others.指当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，用 others。others=other people/thingsthe others=the r e s t 剩余的全部，特指9.anyone 和 any oneanyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。10.no one 和 nonenone后跟o f短语，既可指人又可指物，而 noone只单独使用，只指人。None of you could lift it.你们中没有人可举起它。一 一 Did any one call m
28、e up just n o w?刚才有人打电话给我吗？No one.一 没有。11.every 和 each1）every强调全体的概念，each强调个体概念。Every student in our school works h a rd.我们学校的学生都很用功。Each student may have one b o o k.每个学生都可有一本书。2）every指三个以上的人或物（含三个），each指两个以上的人或物（含两个）。3）every只作形容词用，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。Every student has to take one.Each boy has to t
29、ake one.Each of the boys has to take one.4）every与 n o t连用，表示部分否定；each和 not连用表示全部否定。Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实。Each man is not h o n est.这儿每个人都不诚实。六.疑问代词 有 who,whom,whose,what和 which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）四It的用法1 作代词，代替前面出现的可数名词单数（复数用they/them）注意与o n e 的区别。Where is
30、my book?Ifs on the desk.2.用以代替指示代词。Whafs this/that?Its a flag.3.指环境、情况等。It was quite noisy at the moment.Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder,but it didnt help.4.指某个人或小孩。_Who is the man walking there?It must be Mr.Li.Its a lovely baby.5.指时间、天气、距离、季节。It often rains in summer.Do you
31、 have the time?Oh,its seven thirty.Its five kilometers from the office to my home.6.作形式宾语/主语。当不定式、动名词、从句作主语或宾语时，用 i t 作形式宾语/主语。Its not a good habit to stay up late.Ifs no use crying over spilt milk.Its a pity that you didnt read the book.I found it interesting to study English.He made it clear that
32、he was not interested in this subject.注意以下形式宾语：I like it in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.7.用于强调句It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+It was in 1975 that I worked in a factory.It is English that Professor Lin teaches us.It is Professor Lin that
33、/who teaches us English.五 数 词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词1 基数词写法和读法：345 three hundred and forty-five；2.倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍 数（或分数）+as+adj.+asI have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。b.主语+谓语+倍 数（分数）+the size（amount,length.）of.The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月
34、球的 49 倍。c.主语+谓语+倍 数（分数）+形 容 词（副词）比较级+thanThe grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%od.还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年粮食产量增加了4 倍。3.当数词前出现a,two或 many,several等词时，数词不加-s;但是如果表示不确切数目时,数词需加-s,后边加o f短语。但是如果名此前出现
35、the,these,those等词时，在表示确切 数目的数词后可加o f,此时多表示部分与整体关系。Two dozen of these eggsThree score of the student in our grade4.表示“在几十年代“用“in th e 逢十的数词复数”。例如In the 1990s/1990s二.序数词1.序数词一般由基数词后加-th构成,，前面一般加theo2.以y 结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把y 改成i,再加eth3.不规则序数词有以下几个：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth三.分数分数构成：分子用基数
36、词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母的序数词要用复数形式。六形容词和副词一、形容词及其用法1.形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。这类词还有：well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是
37、如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice2.以心结尾的形容词1）大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错：（错）She sang lovely.（错）He spoke to me very friendly.（对）Her singing was lovely.（对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily,weekly,
38、monthly,yearly,earlyThe Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.3.用形容词表示类别和整体1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead,theliving,the rich,the poor,Ihe blind,the hungryThe poor are losing hope.2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.The English h
39、ave wonderful sense of humor.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词-数词-描绘词-（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）-出处-材料性质，类别-名词a small round table,a famous German medical school,an expensive Japanese sports car典型例题：How was your recent visit to Qingdao?-It was great.We visited some friends,and spent the_days at the seaside.A.f
40、ew last sunny B.last few sunny C.last sunny few D.few sunny last答案：B o 本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：限定词+数 量 词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+those+three+beautiful+large+square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old+brown+wood+table二、副词及其基本用法副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。1、副词的
41、位置：1）在动词之前。2）在 be动词、助动词之后。3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。2、副词的排列顺序：1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或 but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enoug
42、h for everyone to eat.3、兼有两种形式的副词close,closely;wide,widely;deep,deeply;high,highly.-ly 形式的副词表抽象含义，而另一形式表具体含义。His eyes were wide open.English is widely used.He held his head high.He was highly praised.三、形容词与副词的比较级大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级。不规则变化1、as+形容词或副词原级+as原级比较级最局级good（好的）/well（健康的）b
43、etterbestbad（坏的）/ill（有病的）worseworstold（老的）older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many（多的）moremostlittle（少的）lessleastfar（远的）farther/furlherfarthest/furthest1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so.as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2）当 as a s 中间有名词时采用以下格式。as+形容词+a+单数名词as+many/much+名词This is as good an example as the other is.I can car
44、ry as much paper as you can.3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在a s的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine.2、倍数+as+adj.+as=倍数+the+n+ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.3、比较级形容词或副词+thanYou are taller than I/me.The
45、y lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.注意：1）要避免重复使用比较级。（错）He is more cleverer than his brother.（对）He is more clever than his brother.（对）He is cleverer than his brother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。（错）China is larger that any country in Asia.（对）China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3）要注意对
46、应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。比较：Which is larger,Canada or Australia?Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller（one）of the
47、 two sisters.4、可修饰比较级的词1）a bit,a little,rather,much,far,by far,many,a lot,lots,a great deal,any,still,even2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3）以上词（除 by far,still）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题：1）Are you f e e l i n g?-Yes,Im fine now.A.any well B.any better C.quite goodD.quite better答案：B.an y 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为
48、better.2）If there were no examinations,we should have_ at school.A.the happiest time B.a more happier timeC.much happiest time D.a much happier time答案：Do5、many,old 和 far1）如果后接名词时，much more+不可数名词many more+可数名词复数2）o ld 有两种比较级和最高级形式:older/oldest和 elder/eldest。elder,eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。My elder brother i
49、s an engineer.Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.3）fa r有两种比较级，farther,further.在英语中两者都可指距离。在美语中，farther表示距离，further表示进一步。I have nothing further to say.12 th e+最 高 级+比较范围；如果无比较的范围，则不是最高级，不加the,但如果之后有名词，常加a1）The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词th e,副词最高级前可不用。It is a most i
50、mportant problem.=It is a very important problem.注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。（错）Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.（对）Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2）下列词可修饰最高级，by far,far,much,mostly,almostThis hat is nearly/almost the biggest.注意：a.very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。This is the very best.This is much