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1、UNIT 4Text APre-reading ActivitiesFirst Listening1. As you listen the first time, tick the questions that are answered in the listening passage. Dont worry about answering the questions yet - just identify which questions are answered.1) What problem is Eddie having in school?2) How many examples do
2、es the teacher give?3) Does Eddies mother understand the teachefs viewpoint?4) Does Eddie agree with his teacher?5) What does the teacher think Eddies parents should do?Second ListeningProvide very brief answers to the questions above after the second listening. 3. Now a question for discussion: Wha
3、t do you think of the teachefs ideas?Turning failure into Success Fredelle MaynardVicky - beautiful, talented, very bright, voted Most Likely to Succeed1 in college got a promising job with a large company after graduation. Then, after two years without promotions, she was fired. She suffered a comp
4、lete nervous breakdown. nIt was panic J she told me later. nEverything had always gone so well for me that I had no experience in coping with rejection. I felt I was a failure/1 Vickys reaction is an extreme example of a common phenomenon.Our society places so much emphasis on making it that we assu
5、me that any failure is bad. What we don*t always recognize is that what looks like failure may, in the long run, prove beneficial. When Vicky was able to think coolly about why she was fired, for example, she realized that she was simply not suited for a job dealing with people all the time. In her
6、new position as a copy editor, she works independently, is happy and once again nsuccessful.nPeople are generally prone to what language expert S. I. Hayakawa calls the two-valued orientation.1 We talk about seeing both sides of a question as if every question had only two sides. We assume that ever
7、yone is either a success or a failure when, in fact, infinite degrees of both are possible. As Hayakawa points out, theres a world of difference between I have failed three times1 and I am a failure/1 Indeed, the words failure and success cannot be reasonably applied to a complex, living, changing h
8、uman being. They can only describe the situation at a particular time and place.Obviously no one can be brilliant at everything. In fact, success in one area often precludes success in another. A famous politician once told me that his career hadpractically destroyed his marriage. nI have no time fo
9、r my family, he explained. nI travel a lot. And even when Im home, I hardly see my wife and kids. Fve got power, money, prestige - but as a husband and father, Im a flop.Certain kinds of success can indeed be destructive. The danger of too early success is particularly acute. I recall from my childh
10、ood a girl whose skill on ice skates marked her as Olympic material.H While the rest of us were playing, bicycling, reading and just loafing, this girl skated - every day after school and all weekend. Her picture often appeared in the papers, and the rest of us envied her glamorous life. Years later
11、, however, she spoke bitterly of those early triumphs. nI never prepared myself for anything but the ice,” she said. nI peaked at 17 - and its been downhill ever since.H Success that comes too easily is also damaging. The child who wins a prize for a carelessly - written essay, the adult who disting
12、uishes himself at a first job by lucky accident faces probable disappointment when real challenges arise.Success is also bad when its achieved at the cost of the total quality of an experience. Successful students sometimes become so obsessed with grades that they never enjoy their school years. The
13、y never branch out into tempting new areas, because they dont want to risk their grade - point average.Why are so many people so afraid of failure? Simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes a growing experience. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that
14、every person has the right to fail.”Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or shielding their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child*s hastily made table as nperfect!H even though its clumsy and unsteady. Another wa
15、y is to shift blame. If John fails math, his teacher is unfair or stupid.The trouble with failure - prevention devices is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time - and that its possible
16、to enjoy a game even when you dont win. A child whos not invited to a birthday party, who doesnt make the honor roll or the baseball team feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation prize or say, It doesnt matter/ because it does. The youngster should be allowed to ex
17、perience disappointment - and then be helped to master it.Failure is never pleasant. It hurts adults and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask, Why did I fail?H Resist the natural impulse to blame someone else. Ask yourself
18、what you did wrong, how you can improve. If someone else can help, dont be shy about inquiring. When I was a teenager and failed to get a job Id counted on, I telephoned the interviewer to ask why. nBecause you came ten minutes late, I was told. We cant afford employees who waste other peoples time.
19、 The explanation was reassuring (I hadn*t been rejected as a person) and helpful, too. I dont think Fve been late for anything since.Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one, from an
20、 ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that seems total can prompt fresh thinking, a change of direction.A friend of mine, after 12 years of studying ballet, did not succeed in becoming a dancer. She was turned down by the ballet master, who said, nYou will never be a d
21、ancer. You havent the body for it.n In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock courageously, asking, nWhat have I left? What else can I do?H My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy, a field where shes both competent and useful.Though we may envy the assurance that c
22、omes with success, most of us are attracted by courage in defeat. There is what might be called the noble failure - the special heroism of aiming high, doing your best and then, when that proves not enough, moving bravely on. As Ralph Waldo Emerson said: HA mans success is made up of failures, becau
23、se he experiments and ventures every day, and the more falls he gets, moves faster on.I have heard that in horsemanship - a man will never be a good rider until he is thrown; then he will not be haunted any longer by the terror that he shall tumble, and will ride whither he is bound/ (1108 words)New
24、 Words votevt. 1. choose (sb.) to have (a particular title); elect 推选2.投票选举(或制定、决定、赞成、支持、通过)vi. (for, against, on) express ones choice officially at a meeting or in an election 投票；选举；表决n.选举；投票；选票 promisinga. likely to be very good or successful 有前途的；有希望的promotionn. 1. advancement in rank or position
25、 提升, 晋级2. attempt to make a product or an event popular or successful, esp. by advertising 促 销；宣传*breakdownn. 1. physical, mental, or nervous collapse 崩溃; 衰竭2.(关系、计划或讨论等的)中断nervous breakdownan unnatural condition of deep worrying, anxiety, weeping or tiredness 精神崩溃rejectionn. the act of rejecting or
26、 being rejected (遭至U) 拒绝； 摒弃reactionn. response or change caused by the action of another 反应； 感应extremea. 1. greatest possible; of the highest degree 极端的；极度的；最大的2. furthest possible; at the very beginning or end 末端的； 尽头的n.极端；极度（状态）emphasisn. （on, upon） special force or attention given to sth. to sho
27、w that it is particularlyimportant强调；重点；重要性beneficiala. producing favourable effects or useful results 有益的； 有帮助的editorn. 1. a person who checks and corrects texts before they are published 校订者; （文字）编辑2.编辑；主编editoriala. of or done by an editor 编辑的，编者的editv. 1. prepare for printing, broadcasting, etc.
28、, by deciding what shall be included or left out, putting right mistakes, etc.（为出版、广播等而）编辑，编选；剪辑2. be the editor of主编；充任（报纸等的）编辑editionn. a particular version of a book, magazine, or newspaper that is printed at one time版本*pronea. （to） habitually likely to do sth. （usu. undesirable）有倾向的，易于的applyvt.
29、（to） bring or put into use or operation 应用； 实施vi. （to, for） request sth., esp. officially and in writing （尤指以书面形式）申请；请求complexa. 1. difficult to understand, explain, or deal with; not clear or simple 错综复杂的2.（词或句子）复合的，复杂的n. a system consisting of a large number of closely related parts 综合体； 复合体； 群落*p
30、recludevt. (fml.) (from) make impossible; prevent 妨碍，阻止；排除；防止practicallyad. 1. (infmL) very nearly; almost 几乎，差不多2. in a practical way实际上；从实际角度prestigen. general respect or admiration felt in mens mind for sb. or sth. by reason of having, or being connected with, rank, proved high quality 声望； 威望； 威信
31、flopn. (infml.) a failure 失败(者)vi. move or fall heavily or awkwardly 笨重地行动；沉重地落下*destructivea. causing or be capable of causing great damage, harm or injury 破坏(性)的acutea. 1. severe, strong, deep剧烈的,激烈的；深切的2 . (of the mind or the senses) able to notice small differences; working very well;sharp (思想或感
32、官)敏锐的；灵敏的；尖锐的3 .尖的，锐的；成锐角的loafvi. (infml.) stand or wait in a place without doing anything interesting or useful 游 荡，闲逛n. bread, usu. fairly large, in a shape that can be cut into slices (一个) 面包*glamo(u)rousa. having the quality of being more attractive, exciting, or interesting than ordinary people
33、 or things富有魅力的；令人向往的*glamo(u)rn. the exciting and charming quality of sth. unusual or special, with a magical powerof attraction魅力；迷人的力量peakvi. reach the highest value, level, point, etc.达到顶峰；达到最大值n.(山)峰；顶峰；尖顶 downhill a. & ad. 1. （becoming） worse or less successful 走下坡路的（地）2. （going） towards the b
34、ottom of a hill 向坡下（的）：向下（的）damagen. harm; loss损害；损失vt. cause damage to损害；损坏；毁坏distinguishvt. 1.（oneself） behave or perform noticeably well 使出众2. recognize辨别；区分probablea. likely很可能发生的*obsessvt. （usu. pass.） completely fill the mind of （sb.） so that no attention is given to othermatters 常被动使着迷grade-p
35、oint average, GPA（美）（学生各科成绩的）平均积分点shieldvt. （from） protect or hide from harm or danger 保护； 庇护n.盾，盾牌hastilyad. too quickly匆忙地；草率地；性急地hastequick movement or action 急忙，匆忙device1. a method of achieving sth.策略；手段2. an object that has been invented for a particular purpose 装置； 设备unequippeda. not equipped
36、with the necessities未配备所需物品的；无准备的honor roll（美）光荣榜（指优秀学生名单、当地服兵役公民名单等）consolationn. comfort during a time of sadness or disappointment 安慰； 慰问consolation prizea prize given to sb. who has not won the competition 安慰奖alikead. in (almost) the same way; equally同样地；相似地；以同样程度a. similar in appearance, qualit
37、y, character, etc. 想像的， 同样的impulsen. 1. a sudden desire to do sth.(一时的)冲动2.冲力；脉冲；神经冲动inquire, enquirev. ask For information 询问； 查 问inquiry, enquiryn. (into, about) an act of inquiring 询问； 查问affordvt. 1. be able to buy 买得起2. be able to do, spend, give, bear, etc., without serious loss or damage 担负得起(
38、损 失、费用、后果等)repetitionn. the act of repeating, or sth. repeated 重复; 反复ill-chosena. not well chosen选择不恰当的illad. 1. not well, not enough 不恰当地；拙劣地2. unfavourably; badly, unpleasantly or cruelly 不利地；恶劣地；冷酷无情地hardly几乎不；困难地promptvt. cause or urge; encourage or help sb. to continue 促使； 推动； 激励a. done without
39、 any delay; not late 迅速的；及时的*balletn.芭蕾舞(剧)* stockn. 1. a supply(of sth.)for use 库存物；储备物2. the thick part of a tree trunk 树桩；树干v. (up) keep supplies of; store 备货； 储备courageouslyad. bravely; in a way showing courage 英勇地，无畏地toen.脚趾；足尖toe shoe芭蕾舞鞋therapyn. the treatment of mental or physical illness (心
40、理或生理)疗法，治疗heroismn. the quality of being a hero; great courage 大无畏精神； 英 勇horsemanshipn. the practice or skill of horse-riding 马术； 骑术*hauntvt. (often pass.) be always in the thoughts of (sb.); visit regularly 常被动(思想、回 忆等)萦绕；缠扰；常去terrorn. (sb. or sth. that causes) extreme fear 恐怖；引起恐怖的人(或物)tumblevi. (
41、down) fall suddenly or helplessly; collapse 摔下；跌倒；倒塌，坍塌whitherconj. & ad. (archaic) (to) where 古体(无论)去明E里bounda. 1. (for, to) going to or intending to go to 准备至U去的2. very likely; certain 一定的；注定的Phrases and Expressionsplacc/lay/put emphasis on/upongive sth. special force or attention to show that it
42、is particularly important 强调；把重 点放在，着重于in the long runafter enough time; in the end从长远观点来看；终究a world ofa lot of大量的，无数的be brilliant/best at sth.having or showing great skill at sth.在某一方面极为出色at the cost of以为代价branch out（into） add to the range of one*s interests or activities 扩大（兴趣、活动、业务等的） 范围count on/
43、uponexpect; depend on指望；料想；依靠turn downrefuse （a request or offer or the person that makes it）; reject 拒绝 （某人或其请求、 忠告等）take stockconsider a situation carefully so as to take a decision 作出判断，进行评估Proper NamesFredelle Maynard弗雷德勒梅纳德（男子名）Vicky维姬（Victoria的昵称）（女子名）S. I. HayakawaS4早川（日本人名）Olympica.奥运会的Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生（18021882,美国思想家、散文作家、诗人）