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1、四、动词的时态、语态与主谓一致考点1一般时态1.一般现在时(1)一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。由动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式(be动词的一般现在时用am/is/are)构成。*Theyalwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.(2)表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为,只限于go,come,leave,start,stop,arrive,begin,return,open,close等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。*Theshopclosesat11:00p.m.everyday.(3)如果主句是一般将来时,那么在由when,wh
2、ile,before,after,until,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句、if和unless引导的条件状语从句及让步状语从句中,可用一般现在时代替一般将来时,表示将来的动作或状态。*Thesentencewillbeeasytounderstandwhenyoudivideitintothreeparts.2.一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常用yesterday,lastyear,in1995,theotherday等作时间状语。*Atthattime,heworkedasateachertosupportthefamily.(2)用于表示过去经常发生的或习
3、惯性的动作。*Whenhewasyoung,hetookcoldbathsregularly.(3)在时间、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去将来时。*Hesaidthathewouldnotgoifitrained.(4)表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常用一般过去时,由but,and,when,assoonas,immediately,themoment,theminute等连接。*Heboughtawatchbutlostit.*Themomentshecamein,shetoldmewhathadhappenedtoher.(5)常用一般过去时的句型。*Whydidntyout
4、hinkofthat?*Ididntnoticeit.*IforgottotellyouIhadbeentherewithmybrotherbefore.*Ididntrecognizehim.【题组训练】1.(2018衡水模拟)Ijumpedoutofbed,openedthedoorand_(step)outsidetheroom.Itwasfullofthicksmoke.2.ThepunishmentforacademicdishonestyintheWest_(be)usuallyveryserious.steppedis3.Igavehimfiftypenceyesterdayan
5、dadvisedhimtosaveit.Insteadhe_(buy)himselffiftypenceworthoftrouble.世纪金榜导学号790602214.(2018太原模拟)Everybodyknowsyoushouldntputchildrensbedsunderawindowincaseachild_(try)toclimbout.boughttries5.(2018长春模拟)He_(write)thispostcardandsentittohislovelysisterNellinJanuary,1916.wrote考点2进行时态1.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作
6、或发生的事;表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事。*Hurryup!Wereallwaitingforyou.(2)表示近期特定的安排或计划。*IammeetingMrWangtonight.(3)表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。这样的动词有go,come,start,leave,open,arrive,begin,return等。*MyauntisleavingforShanghaiat11:00tomorrowmorning.2.过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在过去某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。*Hewasreadinganinterestingbookthistime
7、yesterday.3.将来进行时表示将来某个时刻或阶段正在发生的动作或存在的状态。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性的时间状语有thistimetomorrow,from1:30p.m.to4:30p.m.,thedayaftertomorrow等。*IllbeflyingtoBeijingattwooclockthisafternoon.【题组训练】1.Oneofthemsaidthreeyoungmenstoleherfriendspursewhilethey_(shop)inastore.2.(2018兰州模拟)Terryandhiswife_(clean)the
8、irnewhomebusilywhenthelightsuddenlywentout.wereshoppingwerecleaning3.Janecantattendthemeetingat3oclockthisafternoonbecauseshe_(teach)aclassatthattime.4.(2018都江堰模拟)Chinaslaborsupplywillcontinuetorise,despitethefactthattheworking-agepopulation_(decrease).willbeteachingisdecreasing5.Whenyoureachtheothe
9、rendofthebridge,I_(wait)righttheretoshowyoutheway.willbewaiting考点3将来时态1.一般将来时(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,即单纯的将来事实。*Wewillhaveameetingtomorrow.(2)表示临时性的决定。*Tomisillandnowinhospital.Really?Illseehim.(3)三种表示一般将来时的特殊结构:begoingtodosth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。*TherailwayisgoingtobeopenonOctober1st.*Lookatthedark
10、clouds.Itsgoingtorain.betodosth.表示按计划或安排即将做某事,或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。*Ameetingistobeheldat3oclockthisafternoon.beabouttodosth.表示即将发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。*Autumnharvestisabouttostart.2.过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,即过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中。*InBerlin,hefirstmetthewomanwhomhewouldonedaymarry.【题组训
11、练】1.(2018广州模拟)Ithinkbeingopen-mindedandfriendly_(do)yougood.2.(2018柳州模拟)Theheadmastersaidthatwhetherwe_(introduce)theadvancedlabequipmenthadnotbeendecidedyet.世纪金榜导学号79060222willdowouldintroduce3.Ifstudentshavenutritiousfoodinthemorning,energylevels_(stay)highandthemindalert.4.Ramexplainedtohismother
12、thathe_(get)homelatethatnightbecauseofextrawork.5.(2018衡阳模拟)Insummary,Ithinkwe_(defeat)smokingwithourstruggleanddetermination.willstaywouldgetwilldefeat考点4完成时态1.现在完成时现在完成时常与以下时间状语连用:sofar,recently,lately,once/twice/three.times,before,ever,bynow,inthelast/pastfewyears,overalongtime,uptonow,yet,alread
13、y,just,since。现在完成时主要用于以下几种情况:(1)表示过去发生已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。*Look!Somebodyhascleanedthesofa.Well,itwasntme.Ididntdoit.(2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在,也可能持续下去的动作或状态。*Theyhavebeengoodfriendssincetheymetatameeting.(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时已完成的动作。*IshallposttheletterassoonasIhavewrittenit.(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时。Itis(hasbe
14、en)+一段时间+since从句(从句用一般过去时)This(That/It)isthefirst(second.)time+that从句(从句用现在完成时)This(That/It)isthebest/finest/mostinteresting.+that从句(从句用现在完成时)*Its/Ithasbeen5yearssincewelastmet.*Thisisthefirsttimethatwehaveseenafilminthecinematogetherasafamily.2.过去完成时(1)表示过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间
15、,还可能持续下去。*Bytheendoflastyear,wehadproduced20,000cars.(2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算。这类动词常见的有hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose,want,think等。*Ihadhopedtocometohelpyou.Somethinghappenedtome.ThatswhyIdidntcome.(3)用在hardly/scarcely/rarely.when.和no sooner.than.句型中,主句常用过去完成时,表示“一就;刚就”。hardly/scarcely/rare
16、ly/no sooner置于句首,主句部分倒装,从句不倒装。*We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.=No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.3.将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间,某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”。*Bythistimeofnextyear,allofyouwillhavebecomecollegestudents.4.现在完成进行时(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作。*Thegirlhasagrea
17、tinterestinsportsandhasbeentakingbadmintonclassestwiceaweekoverthelastthreeyears.(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作。*Ihavebeencallinghimmanytimesthismorning,buttheresnoanswer.【题组训练】1.Accordingtoareport,thedroughtintheSouthwestofChina_(last)forseveralmonths,whichmakespeoplefacewaterandfoodshortages.2.(2018广州模
18、拟)Whenitcomestodesirablecompanies,businessstudents_(name)BankofChinathetopchoiceforsevenyears,anditshowsnosignsofgivingupitslead.haslastedhavenamed3.OvertheyearsI_(teach)kidsaboutasimplebutpowerfulconcepttheantphilosophy.世纪金榜导学号790602234.Tomwasshockedtorealizethatthetwo-monthsummervacation_(pass)bef
19、oreheknewit.5.Shesaidshe_(notice)abigchangeinmeandwonderedwhy.havebeenteachinghadpassedhadnoticed考点5被动语态1.被动语态的构成(以do为例)时时体体现现在在过过去去将来将来过过去将来去将来一般一般is/am/are donewas/weredonewill/shallbe donewould/shouldbe done 时时体体现现在在过过去去将来将来过过去将来去将来进进行行is/am/arebeing donewas/werebeing done-完成完成have/hasbeen doneha
20、d beendonewill/shallhave beendonewould/shouldhave beendone2.被动语态的用法(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。*Thewindowisdirty.Iknow.Ithasntbeencleanedforweeks.(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。*Alltheemployeesexceptthemanagerareencouragedtoworkonlineathome.3.使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。*Myfriendgavemeaninterestingboo
21、konmybirthday.Aninterestingbookwasgiventome(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.Iwasgivenaninterestingbook(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.(2)主动变为被动时,宾语成主语;(作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。*Thebossmadehimworkalldaylong.Hewasmadetoworkalldaylong(bytheboss).(3)短语动词变被动语态时,勿掉“尾巴”。*Yourpronunciationandspellingshouldbepaidattentionto.必须
22、注意你的发音和拼写。(4)情态动词,begoingto,beto,besureto等结构变为被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。*Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.(5)get构成的表示被动的短语getpaid/lost/hurt等。*Wegetpaideveryweek.(6)不能用被动语态的特殊动词系动词类(look,seem,feel,taste,sound,prove,appear等)。表示主语特征的词(read,wash,write,sell,wear,lock等),常与
23、not,hardly,well,easily,badly,nicely等副词连用。*Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.【题组训练】1.(2018南阳模拟)Thesongwhich_(sing)onthestagenowwasjustwrittenbyLiHua,forwhombeingafamousmusicianishisforeverdream.2.(2018长沙模拟)It_(report)thatmanypeopledieoftrafficaccidentseachyear.isbeingsungisreported3.WorldReadAloudDay_(cele
24、brate)eachyearonthefirstWednesdayofMarch.It_(start)bytheLitWorld.orgin2010andhasnowreached65countries.4.Foralmostsixhundredyears,churchcalendars(日历)_(mark)withredtoindicatespecialholidays.世纪金榜导学号79060224iscelebratedwasstartedhavebeenmarked5.(2018郑州模拟)AttheendofDecember,thelibrarysoldandclassicbooks_
25、(put)onlinetoo,makingthetotalnumberofbooksavailableandbringingborrowersalotofconvenience.willbeput考点6主谓一致1.语法一致原则 主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。*Listeningtomusicmakesmerelaxedafterabusyday.【点津】what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式,但如果从句表示复数意义,则谓语动词用复数形式。*Whathesaidisfarfromthetruth.*Whatth
26、eschoolneedsarequalifiedteachers.(2)主语后跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,like,but,except,alongwith,ratherthan,including,inadditionto等引起的短语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。*Theteacheraswellashisstudentswasveryexcited.(3)and,both.and.连接两个不同的主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物,谓语动词用单数形式。*Herteacherandherfriendsareinth
27、esittingroom.*Thepoetandwriterhasproducedmanyworks.(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。*Ihaveafriendwholikeslisteningtoclassicalmusic.(5)“manya/morethanone+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。each,every,no所修饰的名词作主语时,即使由and连接,谓语动词仍用单数。*Manyaparenthashadtogothroughthissamepainfulprocess.2.意义一致原则意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数,主语的
28、意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有:family,class,team,group,public,committee,government,audience等。*Theclassconsistsof25boysand20girls.*Theclassaredoinganexperiment.(2)“分数/百分数/themajority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义;all,some,half,most,therest等作主语时,
29、谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。*Aboutonethirdofthebooksareworthreading.*Only60percentoftheworkwasdoneyesterday.(3)“the+形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。*Thesickhavebeencuredandthelosthavebeenfound.(4)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。*Threethousanddollarsisquitealotofmoneyforaboy.3.就近一致原则 就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近
30、的主语的单复数。(1)由or,either.or.,neither.nor.,notonly.butalso.,not.but.等连接的短语作主语,谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。*Eitheryouoroneofyourstudentsistoattendthemeetingthatisduetomorrow.(2)由there,here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。*Therearethreebooksandapenonthedesk.【题组训练】世纪金榜导学号790602251.(2018衡水模拟)SettingfootontheGreatWall_(
31、mean)youarea“hero”.2.Itisabouttakingactiontoshowtheworldthattherighttoreadandwrite_(belong)toallpeople.meansbelongs3.(2018太原模拟)ThepossibilityofsmokingintheUKincreaseswithagesothatby15yearsofage,8%oftheschoolchildren_(be)regularsmokers.4.“Rollingouttheredcarpet”isanothercommonlyheardexpression,which_
32、(represent)awarmwelcomeofanykind.arerepresents.语法填空解题技法【考题在线】1.(2017全国卷)Later,engineers_(manage)toconstructrailwaysinasystemofdeeptunnels(隧道),whichbecameknownastheTube.2.(2017全国卷)MydadthinksIshouldtaketheoffernow.Butatthemoment,school_(come)first.managedcomes3.(2017全国卷)Steamengines_(use)topullthecar
33、riagesanditmusthavebeenfairlyunpleasantforthepassengers,withallthesmokeandnoise.4.(2017全国卷)Whenfatandsalt_(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifitismissingsomething.wereusedareremoved5.(2017全国卷)Sarah_(tell)thatshecouldbeBritainsnewsupermodel,earningamilliondollarsinthenextyear.6.(2016全国卷)Leavingthelessi
34、mportantthingsuntiltomorrow_(be)oftenacceptable.世纪金榜导学号79060226hasbeentold/wastoldis7.(2015全国卷)Thiscycle_(go)dayafterday:Thewallswarmupduringthedayandcooloffduringthenightandthusalwaysatimelyoffset(抵消)fortheoutsidetemperatures.goes【技法点拨】1.掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)看到always,often,seldom,sometimes,usually等要想到用一般现
35、在时;(2)看到yesterday,lastnight,afewdaysago,theotherday等要想到用一般过去时;(3)看到tomorrow,nextyear,inaweek等要想到用一般将来时;(4)看到now,atpresent等要想到用现在进行时;(5)看到atthattime,then,atsixoclockyesterday等要想到用过去进行时;(6)看到thistimetomorrow,from1oclockto3oclocktomorrow等要想到用将来进行时;(7)看到since,sofar,uptonow,inthelast/pastfewyears等要想到用现在完
36、成时。2.熟记固定句型中的时态(1)bedoing.when.,主句常用过去进行时,从句常用一般过去时;(2)Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since.表示“自从以来已经”,主句用现在完成时或一般现在时,从句用一般过去时;(3)祈使句+and/or+陈述句,陈述句常用一般将来时。3.分清主动被动,辨析语态看到动词为及物动词,后面缺少宾语要想到用被动语态。.短文改错解题技法【考题在线】1.(2017全国卷)Whensummercame,theywillinvitetheirstudentstopickthefreshvegetables!()camecomes2.(2017全国卷)About
37、onemonthafterthisphotowastaken,Ienteredmysecondyearofhighschoolandbecomeanewmemberoftheschoolmusicclub.()becomebecame3.(2016浙江高考)Hewouldaskwhowewasandpretendnottoknowus.()4.(2014辽宁高考)Theearlymorningbarkinghavebeendisturbingusasweareoftenupallnightwiththebaby.()waswerehavehas5.(2014陕西高考)Suddenlythear
38、rowswasflyingdownatusfromtheskytheylookedlikerain!()6.(2014四川高考)Today,Iamgoingtotalkaboutwhatyoushoulddowhenafirealarmgooff.()7.(2014全国卷)Mydreamschoollooklikeabiggarden.()wasweregogoeslooklooks【技法点拨】1.“六根据”定时态、语态(1)根据语篇和上下文整体把握时态;(2)根据时间状语判断时态;(3)根据连词连接成分的对称原则辨清时态;(4)根据主句谓语识别从句时态:在复合句中,主句用一般现在时,从句可根据需要用各种时态;主句用一般过去时,从句用过去的某种时态;(5)根据固定句式要求改正时态;(6)根据主动被动辨析语态。2.“四看”定谓语单复数(1)看主语为第一、二人称还是第三人称,确定谓语动词形式;(2)看到主语为动名词短语/todo不定式或从句,要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式;(3)看到“分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语,要想到谓语的数取决于名词;(4)看到therebe等结构,要想到用就近原则。