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1、译文标题2G的潜力原文标题Untapped Capabilities of 2g作 者Stephen译 名斯蒂芬国 籍尼日利亚原文出处 International Journal of Internet and Enterprise Management译文：2G的潜力 斯蒂芬摘要： 3G无线技术的出现显然正将2G网络推动幕后并逐步将他们推入遗忘的深渊。虽说2G的缺点带动了3G的发展，但是这并不证明必须放弃它的平台。 本文将分析这些缺点以显示第二代系统仍在积累着的潜力，这一分析将基于系统，销售和消费者使用的技术。 关键词：第二代移动通信 第三代移动通信 通用分组无线业务 移动通信 宽带码分多址
2、 全球通用移动通信系统1. 导言人们认为2G技术已经黔驴技穷，因其传输信道完全用光从而缺少可用信道，即易传输拥塞。人们还认为一些市区由于认购这项服务的人口多成为交通繁忙的地区。在这些交通热点繁忙时间，经营者可能无法很快为大家服务提供。 但是仅仅是因为2G缺乏系统能力，这也不足以使3G系统的建设成为必然。当前使用手机仍然是主流，并且可以仅增加分配到2G网络额外的频率（从UMTS频谱5MHz的）就可很容易的解决通信拥塞问题。一个GSM频率载波采用200 kHz带宽分解后可同时容纳8条信道。因此，一个WCDMA的5兆赫频率载波可容纳25 GSM频率载波可转换成200GSM传输信道。在实践中，由于控制
3、通道使用空间，交通声道数较低，并且在TDMA系统，相同的频率信号也不能在附近的基站重用。 因此，5 MHz频率片将提供对GSM系统的许多新的能力。显然，移动通信的特点大将在未来数年彰显，在其中的多种数据将变得越来越重要。语音将仍然是电信的重要组成部分，但它往往会与其他类型的信息结合起来形成多媒体应用。 目前设计的2G网络只能完成语音信息传输，实时传输多媒体要通过GSM +空中接口并带有极大困难。GSM产生于20世纪80年代末，当时对电信世界的需要和期望是完全不同于今天的。 此外，GSM系统多年为满足日益增长的新要求，发展地非常成功。但他也存在着一些问题使其难以利用新兴的3G应用。 最大的问题在
4、于相对灵活的空中接口。 生成的应用程序与组件多个多媒体突发流量不能得到有效处理的GSM。 GSM接口不能对比特率变化较大的数据进行处理。 相同的连接不能传输不同服务质量要求的数据。语音，视频和其他形式的数据融合成多媒体服务。所提供的带宽是固定的，不能根据需要动态分配。这降低了频谱的使用效率。不过，GSM技术是绝不是走到了其生命的尽头。 如HSCSD，GPRS网以及EDGE等GSM的改进技术的出现从而显著的增强了它的功能，这使得设计3G应用程序来处理处理的许多任务， 2.5G也有能力处理。 不过，GSM运营商也可以将一些其他无线接入技术整合到网络来提高数据传输速率，例如，无线局域网系统在高峰期可
5、提供高达的数十Mbps（100Mbps）比特率，而这远远高于标准的UMTS所能提供的。 2. 移动通信消费者移动通信在尼日利亚的消费市场可分为三个部分：高端，中级和低端。高端市场包括商人，高级管理人员，现场服务工程师，和记者等这些有支付能力并且因其经常流动而需要高品质的沟通的人。它还包括年轻的IT专业人士，大学生和研究人员等新移动服务的早期使用者们。所有的高端用户已经拥有移动电话并广泛的使用它们。中层市场包括受薪或退休人士和其他学生。这些都是对当地移动通信有一般需要的人。这写人不具有高购买力。它们每月对通讯支出不足1500N（13美元）。 虽然大多数中等水平的用户拥有手机，但他们仅在必要时使用
6、它们。低端市场包括农民，低收入工人和长居本地者。 他们对通讯的支出每月不足580 N（5美元）。他们中绝大多数人甚至没有正规固定电话。 3G 作为比2G/2.5G更先进的技术，其最初的目标市场将是占尼日利亚不足1人口的高端市场（尼日利亚通信委员会发表的声明指出截至到2007年12月，无论线路畅通与否，只有四千万尼日利亚人口使用电话）。3G将吸引这样一些人，他们需要超出2G/2.5G所能提供的高质量移动通信服务并愿意支付额外保险费。 3. 成本的影响部署3G显然是一个非常昂贵项目，而运营商以此满足顾客从而得到利润。 最大的运营商投资 ， 显然是建立了无线接入网，它确实这不包括接入许可证的高额花费
7、。因此对于这个巨大的投资，经营者需要平衡盈亏的计划来分担消费者的使用费用。我们可以从GPRS服务进入尼日利亚电信业时消费者的反应中看到类似的情形，投资商需要进行大量的广告和促销活动，来吸引使用该服务的消费者开定购前，上文提到的稀少的高端用户需要一些诸如音乐下载，新闻提醒和互联网接入等数据和多媒体应用服务，他的高成本，使其服务的用户量下降。 尽管如此，人们越来越清楚，3G技术在尼日利亚电信空部署可能遭受长期的低订购量失败（至少在进入阶段。这可能主要是由于预计市场份额不当或低普及率，例如四百万尼日利亚中的1用户已经接入GSM（全国协商，2007年12月提供），用于视频通话和35k/kbytes高关
8、税（N1/sec百万数据），经营不佳和在这样一个中低层次消费者的占总人口97多的市场中与实际需要的脱节。此外，新的移动服务的早期采用者 ， 如IT专业人士和年轻的大学生和研究人员可推动最初的市场。 因此，3G较高的接入成本使得其取代2G成为一项艰巨的任务。 4. 应用类型多媒体 目前，在2G网络中多媒体服务的多个媒体组成部分，包括语音，视频，静态图像和音乐，已经作为单一媒体的应用程序投入使用。例如，在2G网络，消息可以以短信形式被传递到终端，但在3G，同一个新闻服务可能会包括语音新闻的视频剪辑或在新闻中附有生动的图像。 市场需求表明 ，保留在网络的第二代平台该应用服务模块是大量的中等水平消费者
9、所需要的。 因此，2G系统仍然在提供多媒体服务方面很重要。 语音 2G系统主要的使用目的（提供语音能力）使其不能被抛弃，语音作为3G的一个组成部分，其因有丰富的渠道，将在这方面的尝试并取代2G，而2G 只要有一个适当的渠道管理和增加带宽就可加强其相关性。这项规定仅仅是增加渠道。 互联网接入 互联网接入是一个几乎在所有通信领域都有要求的应用。这种应用在3G终端相对容易实现。第二代基本上是电路交换网络，但EDGE和GPRS的升级包将使它成为第二代IP网络交换使其允许在一定的不能与3G相媲美水平上的访问互联网； 5. 结论 最后，本文从技术，市场结构和消费者方面分析了2G和3G。虽然2G被作为一个劣
10、等的技术形象而3G是一个技术先进的形象，他们各自保留自己的优点和缺点。 一般来说，它们可以被应用于不同的目标市场，所以2G和3G可以被视为同一种进步，而不是相互竞争的技术。 2G仍将服务于低收入和中等终端市场，而3G将服务于高端市场。因此，2G和3G提供者有不同的商业模式。本文对2G和3G的分析，意味着一个技术的成功不仅与技术本身的表现有直接关系，还受其他许多因素的影响，包括市场需求，商业模式和政府的政策，其他国家的经验有助于证明这一点。在技术方面提高服务质量是2G生存的关键，技术发展成熟也是3G的重大挑战。政府应确保现有的开发商在改善自己的2G的服务质量方面不放松。 由于3G手机和2G手机的
11、功能非常相似，可以建立一个统一的用户界面 ，用户应该能够使用这种统一的用户界面来使用各种增值服务。当用户正在开展移动银行，他/她应该能够在3G服务领域而不使用现有的GPRS。 当一个人去旅行，漫游是必要的，它可以切换到2G模。对于多媒体和高速互联网接入，3G模式可能是必要的。这种方式可由双模式手机来完成。附件（外文原文）Untapped Capabilities of 2g Stephen Abstract: The advent of 3G wireless technologies is obviously relegating the 2G network, gradually push
12、ing them into oblivion. The shortcomings of 2G are the platform that brought about the development of 3G but this does not justify it to be scrapped. This paper will analyze these shortcomings and try to bring out the potentials of the 2G system which can still be garnered. This analysis will be bas
13、ed on the technology used by the system, marketing and the consumers. Keywords: Second generation for mobile communications, Third generation for mobile communications, General packet radio service, Global systems for mobile communication, Universal mobile telecommunication system, Wideband code div
14、ision multiple access1. Introduction2G technology has being said to have reached its capacity limit because of the lack of available channels i.e. the channels are totally used up (congestion). This is especially said in the urban areas which are traffic hotspots, due to the population of people sub
15、scribed to the service. During peak hours the operators may soon be unable to provide service for everybody in these traffic hot spots. But the lack of capacity in 2G systems alone does not make the building of 3G systems necessary. Current phone usage is still mostly voice, and this traffic could b
16、e handled quite easily by just adding extra frequency allocations to 2G networks (e.g. from the UMTS spectrum5Mhz). Breaking it down, one GSM frequency carrier takes 200-kHz bandwidth and can accommodate eight traffic channels. Thus, one WCDMA 5-MHz frequency carrier could accommodate 25 GSM frequen
17、cy carriers, translating into 200 GSM traffic channels. In practice, the number of traffic channels is lower, as control channels use part of the capacity, and also in TDMA systems, the same frequency cannot be reused in nearby base stations. Therefore, a 5-MHz frequency slice would offer lots of ne
18、w capacity for a GSM system.Apparently, the character of mobile communications will evolve considerably in the coming years, and data in their many forms will become more and more important. Voice will remain an important component in telecommunications, but quite often it will be combined with othe
19、r types of information to form multimedia applications. The current 2G networks were designed to transfer voice traffic only; real-time multimedia can be transferred via the GSM phase2+ air interface only with great difficulty. GSM was designed at the end of the 1980s. The needs and expectations of
20、the telecommunication world then were totally different from those of today. Furthermore, the GSM system has evolved over the years very successfully to meet the new incremental demands, it has some problems that make it difficult to use for the emerging 3G applications. The biggest problem is the r
21、elatively inflexible air interface. An application that generates bursty traffic with several multimedia components cannot be effectively handled in GSM. The GSM interface cannot handle highly variable bit rates. The same connection cannot transfer services with different quality requirements. Speec
22、h, video, and other forms of data are multiplexed into multimedia services. The offered bandwidth is rigid and cannot be dynamically allocated as needed. This makes the spectrum use inefficient. However, GSM technology is surely not at the end of its life. The enhancements to GSM, such as HSCSD, GRP
23、S, and EDGE, has improved its capabilities considerably, and the result, 2.5G, is quite capable of handling many of the same applications that 3G is designed to handle. However, GSM operators could also integrate some other radio access technologies into their networks to boost data rates; for examp
24、le, WLAN systems can provide bit rates up to several tens of Mbps (100Mbps) in hot spots, which is much more than the standard UMTS can provide. 2. Mobile telecommunication consumersThe mobile communication consumer market in Nigeria can be divided into three segments: high-end, middle-level, and lo
25、w-end 2. The high-end market includes businessmen, high ranking managers, field service engineers, and journalists who have the ability to pay and are frequently on the move and in great need of high-quality communication. It also includes early adopters of new mobile services such as young IT profe
26、ssionals and university students and researchers. All of the high-end users already have mobile phones and use them heavily. The middle level market includes salaried or retired people and other students. These are people in moderate need of communications with local mobility. This group of people d
27、oes not have high purchasing power. Their spending on communication is less than N 1500 (US $13) per month. Although most middle level users have mobile phones, they use them only when it is necessary. The low-end market includes farmers, low income workers and those who usually stay locally. Their
28、spending on communications is less than N 580 (US $5) per month. The vast majority of them do not even have regular fixed-line phones.3G as a more advanced technology than 2G/2.5G, the initial target market of 3G will be the high-end market who contributed a little less than 1% of Nigeria population
29、(as at December 2007, Nigeria Communication Commission gave a position statement that only 40 millions of Nigeria population have access to telephone line either live or dead). 3G will be attractive to those who need additional high-quality mobile communication services, over and above what 2G/2.5G
30、can provide and are willing to pay the premium.3. Cost ImplicationDeploying 3G is obviously a very costly venture and the aim of an operator is to satisfy customers and therefore make profit. The biggest operator investment will clearly be building out the radio access network apart which is and doe
31、s not include huge cost of license. This huge investment therefore requires a breakeven plan by the operator makes to bear on the consumers. A similar history of this can be seen in consumer reaction to the entry of GPRS service into the Nigeria Telecoms industry; it required enormous advertisement
32、and promotions before a percentage of the consumer subscribed to its use. The High-end users, which were stated above sparsely utilized the service for some data and multimedia applications like music downloads, news alerts and internet access. Due to his high cost, the patronage of the service drop
33、ped.Having said this, it is becoming increasingly clear that the deployment of 3G technology in Nigeria telecoms space may suffer defeat in term of patronage (at least at the entry stage). This may due largely to envisaged low market share or penetration of say, 1% of 40 millions of the Nigerian sub
34、scriber that have access to GSM (courtesy of NCC, December 2007), high tariff (N1/sec for video calling and 35k/kbytes of data), poor operator goodwill and actual necessity for such application where middle and low-level market constitute over 97% of the population. Except for the mentality of an av
35、erage Nigeria who associates status for value may be a major reason to prove otherwise. Also, early adopters of new mobile services such as young IT professionals and university students & researchers may drive the market initially Therefore, the high cost of accessing 3G makes relegating 2G a diffi
36、cult task.4. Application typesMultimediaA multimedia service consists of several media components such as speech, video, still images, and music, which are already available in use as single-media application in 2G. For example, news may be delivered to terminals as SMS messages in 2G, but in 3G, th
37、e same news service may include voice news accompanied with video clips or still images from the most interesting pieces of news. The market requirement shows that a larger chunk of this application is required by middle level consumers which can remain on the 2G platform of the network. Therefore,
38、2G systems are still very much relevant in delivering multimedia to customers.VoiceThe ability of 2G systems delivering voice which is its primary intent cannot be swept aside, voice being an integral part of 3G would try in this aspect to overshadow it due to it abundant channel, but a proper chann
39、el management and increased bandwidth would bolster the relevance of 2G. The requirement is just the increased number of channels.Internet accessInternet access is an application required in almost every sphere of communication. This application is relatively easy to implement in 3G terminals. 2G is
40、 basically circuit-switched, but upgrades of EDGE and GPRS bring packet switching into 2G making it an IP network, this allows internet access though at a level not comparable with 3G.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, this paper analyzed 2G and 3G from a view in terms of technologies, market structure/con
41、sumers. Although 2G is being taken as an inferior technology and 3G is perceived as an advanced technology, they each retain their own advantages and disadvantages. In general, 2G and 3G can be viewed as a progression rather than competitive technologies as they can be used to serve different target
42、 markets. 2G will serve the low and middle end markets, while 3G will serve the high end market. As a result, 2G and 3G providers will have different business models. The analysis of 2G and 3G in this paper implies that the success of a technology is not only dependent on the performance of the tech
43、nology itself but on many other factors, including market demands, business models and government policy. Experiences in other countries help to demonstrate this point 7. In terms of technology, improvements to the quality of service are the key to the survival of 2G and technology maturity is the m
44、ajor challenge of 3G. Government should ensure that operators with existing facilities should not relent on improving their 2Gs quality of service. Since the functions of 3G phones and 2G phones are very similar, a unified user interface could be established and users should be able to use such a un
45、ified user interface to access a variety of value added services. For instance, when a user is carrying out mobile banking, he/she should be able to operate in areas where 3G services is not available by the use of GPRS. When a person is traveling, and roaming is needed, it can switch to 2G mode. Fo
46、r multimedia and fast Internet access, 3G mode may be needed. This approach can be enhanced by subsidy on a dual mode handset.指 导 教 师 评 语 外文翻译成绩：指导教师签字： 年 月 日注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。 共8 页 第 8 页