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1、 Unit Six ContractsContents 1.Five aspects of English contracts 2.Useful expressions 3.Typical sentences 4.Special terms 5.Practice 6.Homework1.Five aspects of English contracts 1.1选词方面 多用正式或法律上的用词，与口头表述不同，合同是法律性的正式书面文件，使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。比如：1.1选词方面 1）At the request of Party B,Party A a
2、grees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist 较 help 正式；2）The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式；3)The employer shall render correct technical guidance to the pers
3、onnel.雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较 give 正式；4)Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate 较 send back 正式；1.1选词方面 5)This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。c
4、onstrue 较 explain,interpret 正式；6)The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时，可以反对并要求立即撤换。require 较ask 正式；公文体forthwith 较 at once 正式；7)The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a pr
5、oposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.董事长可以根据董事会过1/3 董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene,interim 都是正式用词;1.1选词方面 8)In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed,the other party shall have the preemptive right.如一方想出售或转让其投资之全部或部分，另一方有优先购买权。法律用词assign 较 tran
6、sfer 正式;9)In processing transactions,the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.加工贸易中，厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。法律用词title 较 ownership 正式；10）The term Effective date means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.“生效期”指双方合同签字的日子。法律用
7、词execute 较 sign 正式.1.2用词方面 多使用here，there，where 等前缀，初学时确实容易搞混，here 代表 this，there 代表 that，where 代表 what/which。hereafter=after this time;今后 hereby=by means/reason of this;特此 hereof=of this;此中，于此 hereinafter=later in this contract;在下文 thereafter=afterwards;此后，后来 thereby=by that means;因此；由此；在那方面 therein=
8、from that;在那里；在那点上 thereinafter=later in the same contract;以下；在下文 whereby=by what;by which;由是；凭那个 wherein=in what;in which;在哪里；在哪点上1.2用词方面 example 1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.example 2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。
9、The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereby this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.1.3情态动词 多用shall 代替will 或should 加强语气和强制力。合同中，shall 并非单纯表示将来时，而常用来表示法律上可强制执行的义务，具有约束力，宜译为“应”、“应该”、“必须”；will 无论语气还是强制力要比shall 弱，宜译为“将”、“原”、“要”；should 通常只用来表示语气较强的假设、比如“万一”。1.3情态动词 1)This Co
10、ntract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.本合同签字之日生效。2)This Contract shall be written in English in four copies.Each party shall keep two copies.本合同应以英文写成，一式四份，双方各持两份。1.4用语方面 1.4.1力求严谨，明白无误：1)The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as
11、 an integral part of this Contract.下列文件应被认为、读作、解释为本合同的组成部分；2)This Contract can only be altered,amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.本合同只能按照双方授权代表签名盖章的文件进行修改或增补；3)All activities of ABC Co.shall be governed by the laws,dec
12、rees and pertinent rules and regulations of China.ABC 公司的一切活动必须受中国的法律、法令和有关规章条例的管辖。1.4用语方面 1.4.2多用主动语态，少用被动语态：1)Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.()乙方被甲方委托为在新加坡的独家销售代理商；2)Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.()甲方委托乙方
13、为在新加坡的独家销售代理商；1.4用语方面 1.4.3多用现在时，少用将来时，尽管很多条款规定的是合同签订以后的事项：e.g.Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.许可人未能履行其合同义务。1.4用语方面 1.4.4 直接表达方式用得多，间接表达方式用的较少：1)This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full.（）本条款不适用于尚未全部偿付的债券持有者。2)This Article applies only t
14、o bondholders who have been paid in full.（）本条款只适用于已全部偿付的债券持有者。1.4用语方面 1.4.5 尽量使用一个动词，避免使用“动词+名词+介词”的同意短语：1)Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.甲方应于签约后30天内指派其授权代表。宜用appoint代替 make an appointment of.2)Party A will give consideration to Part
15、y Bs proposal of exclusive agency.甲方愿意考虑乙方独家代理的建议。宜用consider 代替give consideration to.1.5其他短语 For and on behalf the First Party（甲方代表）For and on behalf of the Second Party（乙方代表）The EMPLOYER（雇主）The CONTRACTOR（承包人）In the Presence of（见证人）Capacity（职位）2.Useful expressions contract 合同，订立合同 contractor 订约人，承包
16、人 contractual 合同的，契约的 to make a contract 签订合同 to place a contract 订合同 to enter into a contract 订合同 to sign a contract 签合同 to draw up a contract 拟订合同 to draft a contract 起草合同 to get a contract 得到合同2.Useful expressions to land a contract 得到(拥有)合同 to countersign a contract 会签合同 to repeat a contract 重复合
17、同 an executory contract 尚待执行的合同 a nice fat contract 一个很有利的合同 originals of the contract 合同正本 copies of the contract 合同副本 a written contract 书面合同 to make some concession 做某些让步 contract terms(or contract clause)合同条款2.Useful expressions contract provisions/stipulations 合同规定 contract period(or contract t
18、erm)合同期限 contract life 合同有效期 to be stipulated in the contract 在合同中予以规定 to be laid down in the contract 在合同中列明 to bring a contract into effect 使合同生效 to come into effect 生效 to go(enter)into force 生效 to cease to be in effect/force 失效 to carry out a contract 执行合同2.Useful expressions to execute/implement
19、/fulfil/perform a contract 执行合同 cancellation of contract 撤消合同 breach of contract 违反合同 to break the contract 毁约 to cancel the contract 撤消合同 to tear up the contract 撕毁合同 to approve the contract 审批合同 to annual the contract 废除合同 to terminate the contract 解除合同 to alter the contract 修改合同2.Useful expressio
20、ns to abide by the contract 遵守合同 contract of employment 雇佣合同 contract of carriage 运输合同 contract of arbitration 仲裁合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 contract of sale 销售合同 contract of insurance 保险合同 a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同3.Typical sentences 1）The cont
21、ract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate,both texts being equally authentic,and each Party shall hold two copies of each text.本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成，一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份，两种文字具有同等效力。3.Typical sentences 2）This contract is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties on D
22、ec.9,1999.After signing the contract,both parties shall apply to their respective Government Authorities for ratification.The date of ratification last obtained shall be taken as the effective date of the Contract.Both parties shall exert their utmost efforts to obtain the ratification within 60 day
23、s and shall advise the other party by telex and thereafter send a registered letter for confirmation 本合同由双方代表于1999年12月9日签订。合同签订后，由各方分别向本国政府当局申请批准，以最后一方的批准日期为本合同的生效日期，双方应力争在60天内获得批准，用电传通知对方，并用信件确认。3.Typical sentences 3）The contract shall be valid for 10 years from the effective date of the contract,o
24、n the expiry of the validity term of contract,the contract shall automatically become null and void.本合同有效期从合同生效之日算起共10年，有效期满后，本合同自动失效。3.Typical sentences 4）The outstanding(未了的)claims and liabilities（债权和债务）existing between both parties on the expiry of the validity of the contract shall not be influe
25、nced by the expiration of this contract.The debtor shall be kept liable until the debtor fully pays up his debts to the creditor.本合同期限届满时，双方发生的未了债权和债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续偿付未了债务。4.Special terms 4.1 partial shipment 分批装运 是国际贸易的术语，不能称为分批装船或其他，因为装运方式可以是航空（空运）。所谓分批装运，是指一笔成交的货物，分若干批装运。国际贸易的合同或信用证往往有一项清晰的条
26、款明确规定分批装运是否被允许，如果违反该条款，可以导致买方不付货款或者不完全付清货款。4.Special terms 4.2 transshipment 转船装运 指货物由运输合同中规定的船只在到达目的地之前转到另一艘船只。无正当理由的转船是一种违约行为，并且一旦货物丢失，应由承运人负责。Transshipment is the shipment of goods to an intermediate destination,and then from there to yet another destination.One possible reason is to change the m
27、eans of transport during the journey(for example from ship transport to road transport),known as intermodal freight transport.Transshipment usually takes place in transportation hubs.4.Special terms 4.3 arbitration 仲裁 是指由双方当事人协议将争议提交第三者，由该第三者对争议的是非曲直进行评判并作出裁决的一种解决争议的方法。中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会China Internation
28、al Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission（英文简称CIETAC，以下简称仲裁委员会）是世界上主要的常设商事仲裁机构之一，于1956年4月成立，附设于中国国际贸易促进委员会China Council for the Promotion of International Trade，当时的名称为对外贸易仲裁委员会。中国实行对外开放政策以后，为了适应国际经济贸易不断发展的需要，对外贸易仲裁委员会于1980年改名为对外经济贸易仲裁委员会，又于1988年改名为中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会。2000年，中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会同时启用中国国际商会仲裁委员会的
29、名称。5.Practice 1.We are satisfied with the terms of this contract for the most part,but we feel that your terms of payment are too severe.对合同的条款，我们大致上满意。但是你们的付款条件似乎太苛刻了。2.We would like to have another discussion of these conditions in the afternoon before there are finally included in the contract.在最
30、后列入合同前，我想下午再议一下这几条条款。3.Before signing the contract this afternoon,I think we better go over few final details.下午签署合同之前，我想我们最好再过一遍最后几个细节。4.Wed better draw up a rough draft to the contract then talk it over in detail at our next meeting.我们最好先草拟一份契约草案，等下次见面时再讨论细节。5.This is a copy of our specimen contra
31、ct in which the general sales terms and conditions are contained.这是我们起草的一份合同样本，里面有一般的销售条件。5.Practice 6.We hope that you wont object to our inserting such a clause in the agreement.希望贵方不会反对我方在协议中加进这一条款。7.If any other clause in this contract is in conflict with the supplementary conditions the supplem
32、entary conditions should be taken as final and binding.本合同其它任何条款如与本附加条款有抵触时，以本附加条款为准。8.We think it is necessary to include a force majeure clause in this contract.我们认为合同中加进不可抗力这一条款很有必要。9.在研究了贵方草拟的合同之后，我方发现有几处有必要更改。After studying your draft contract we found it necessary to make a few change.10.既然我们双
33、方一致同意所有的条款，那我们现在就签约好吗?Since both of us are in agreement on all the terms shall we sign the contract now?5.Practice 11.我方认为贵方草拟的合同需要做一些修改。We think your draw contract needs some modification.12.未经双方同意，不可对合同任何修改。Any modification alteration to the contract shall be made with the consent of both parties.
34、13.我们必须在合同中明确，贵方有责任在合同规定交货期内完成交货。We must make it clear in the contract that you are obliged to complete the delivery of the good within the contractual time of shipment.14.如不能按原规定在3个月内交货，合同则作废。If the shipment can not be made within three month as stipulated,the contract will become void.15.本协议用中、英文再
35、种文字写就，协议的两种文本具有同等法律效力。This agreement is made both in Chinese and English.The two versions of agreement shall have equal status in law.16.Any amendment of the contract shall come to force only after the written agreement is signed by both of us.合约的任何修改都应该经过我们双方书面同意以后方可生效。17.The contract shall become
36、effective as soon as it signed by both parties.本合同经双方签字后立即生效。18.If neither party considers it is necessary to extend the contract the proposing party may take the initiative to conduct negotiation with the other party one month prior to its expiration.如果任何一方认为没有必要续延本合同，建议方应在合同到期日前一个月主动安排和对方的谈判。19.In
37、 case of breach of any of the provisions of this agreement by one party,the other party shall have the right to terminate this agreement by giving notice in writing to its opposite party.如果一方违反本协议的任何一项条款，另一方有权以书面形式通知对方终止本协议。20.If you want to terminate the contract before its terms is up,you should n
38、otify us of its cancellation six month before.如果贵方想在期满之前终止合约，必须在6个月之前通知我方。6.Homework 1）Recite dialogue 1 2)Do exe.2&3 Subject:Bank Draft PaymentThe goods under Contract No.555 was delivered here in good order and condition and we are quite satisfied with it.Please find a Bank Draft to the value of U
39、S$80,000 for payment of your Invoice No.1223 sent by airmail.An acknowledgement in due course will be appreciated.Yours truly,1.The terms of payment we usually adopt are confirmed irrevocable L/C.2.D/P will put us to great trouble while a L/C gives us protection of bank.3.We regret being unable to accept your terms of payment and therefore have to return the order to you.4.我们希望用美金支付。5.我们要求船期一个月之前开具信用证并到达我方