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1、。精选资料，欢迎下载高一英语语法一.句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在 therebe 结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。We often speak English in class.（代词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to health.（动名词）When we are going to have an English test has not been dec
2、ided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practicesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthe bookfortwo weeks.He has caughta bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Weare students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和
3、状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。His hobby（爱好）isplaying football.（动名词）The machinemust be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up.Class is over.（副词）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例
4、如：Lend meyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的特征或状态的。We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country;America is a developed
5、country.（分词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词
6、短语）（九）同位语：用来说明或者解释同一事物或人，通常放在所说明的名词或者代词之后。可由以下形式表示：Mr.Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothers.The factthat he had not said anythingsurprised everybody 即时训练：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.。精选资料，欢迎下载3.I s
7、hall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in the morning.6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.There is going to be an American film tonight.9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10.His wis
8、h is to become a scientist.11.He managed to finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He found it important to master English.14.Would you please tell me your address?15.He sat there,reading a newspaper.16.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.17.He noticed a man ente
9、r the room.18.The apples tasted sweet.二.英语句子分类一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old;She didn t hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,can t she?3）祈使句：Be careful,boys;Don t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever t
10、he boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;t
11、he road is tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.The foreignvisitorstooka lotof pictureswhentheywere at the GreatWall.三.简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.He is a student.2、主语+谓语（不及物动词）：e.g.We work.3、主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语：e.g.Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+谓语+双
12、宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.My father bought me a car.5、主语+谓语+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tom made the baby laugh.即时训练：判断简单句的五种基本句型。1.Our school is not far from my home.2.It is a great pleasure to talk with you代词动名词三谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语的构成如下如四表语表语用以说明主语的身份特征和状态它一般位于系动词如等之后爱好动名词介词短语副词五宾语宾语表示动宾语宾语宾补例如六宾
13、语补足语补充说明宾语的特征或状态的现在分词介词短语七定语修名词或代词的词短语或从句。精选资料，欢迎下载3.All of us considered him honest.4.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5.Would you please pass me the cup?6.He made it clear that he would leave the city7.Trees turn green when spring comes.8.Grandma told me an interesting story last ni
14、ght.9.All the students think highly of his teaching.10.He asked us to sing an English song.11.The idea sounds great.12.We will make our school more beautiful.13.I ll get my hair cut tomorrow.14.Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.15.The old man lives a lonely life.四.定语从句
15、讲解(1)（一）定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why 等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：The manwhoisshakinghands withmyfatheris a policeman.该句中，whoisshakinghands withmyfathe
16、r是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。（二）定语从句的分类定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（非限)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you这里有人要和你说话(限制性)（二）关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词一览表功能作用用于限制性从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语who
17、whichthat宾语whomwhichthat定语whose(=of whom)whose(=of which)1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。代词动名词三谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语的构成如下如四表语表语用以说明主语的身份特征和状态它一般位于系动词如等之后爱好动名词介词短语副词五宾语宾语表示动宾语宾语宾补例如六宾语补足语补充说明宾语的特征或状态的现在分词介词短语七定语修名词或代词的词短语或从句。精选资料，欢迎下载YesterdayI helpedan old manwho had losthis way.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。T
18、hat isthe teacherwho teachesus physics.那就是教我们物理的老师。2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr.Liu is the person(whom)you talkedabouton the bus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。Li Ming is justthe boy(whom)I want to see.李明正是我想要见的男孩。注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。The man(whom/who)youmet justnowismyoldfriend.3Which 指物，在定语从句中
19、做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。This is the pen(which)he boughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。The film(which)they went to see lastnightwas not interestingat all.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4that指人时，相当于who 或 whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Where is the manthat/whomI saw thismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The personthat/whom you introduce
20、dto meisverykind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The seasonthat/which comes afterspringis summer.春天以后的季节是夏季。YesterdayI receiveda letterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。*具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1、只能使用that,不用 which的情况：*1）当先行词是：all,any,much;little;none;anything,everything,nothing或被它们修饰时。Is there anything that I can do
21、for you?有什么可以为你做的吗？All that can be done must be done.凡是能做的都必须做。*2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。*3）当先行词有：the only,the very,the same,the last 等修饰时。例如：
22、My necklace is not the only thing thats missing.我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。*4）当主句以who 或 which开头时，定语从句中引导词用that,不用 which或 who，以避免重复。例如：Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat?正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁？*5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that。例如：The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known.你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很
23、著名。2、只用 which 不用 that的情况：*1)关系代词前有介词时；e.g.This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.*2)非限定性定语从句中；作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。e.g.That necklace,which you gave me as a present,was lost yesterday*3)先行词本身是that时；e.g.The clock is that which tells the time 即时训练：代词动名词三谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语的构成如下如四表语表语用以说明
24、主语的身份特征和状态它一般位于系动词如等之后爱好动名词介词短语副词五宾语宾语表示动宾语宾语宾补例如六宾语补足语补充说明宾语的特征或状态的现在分词介词短语七定语修名词或代词的词短语或从句。精选资料，欢迎下载 I will tell him all you told me at the ball.The only thing we could do was to wait.The first place we visited was the Great Wall.We talked about the people and the villages we remembered.5Whose 通常指
25、人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visiteda scientistwhose nameisknown alloverthe country.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。He has a friendwhose fatheris a doctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。I once livedin the house whose roofhas fallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroomwhose dooris brokenwillsoon be repaired.The classroomt he door
26、 of which is brokenwillsoon be repaired.Do you likethe book whose coveris yellow?Do you likethe book the coverof which is yellow?（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school(which/that)he once studiedin is veryfamous.The schoolin which he once studiedis veryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Thi
27、s is the boy(whom/who/that)I playedtenniswith yesterday.This is the boy with whomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。即时训练：一、请分析一下定语从句：(请划出定语从句，并标出先行词)Eg.1.Another thing that I found very difficult was English grammar.2.You couldn t understand people who talked fast.3.I have some ideas that may
28、help.4.They said something you didn t like.5.Can you think of any problems you have had recently?6.What are some of the rules that a teenager should obey?7.Standing very close to the person you are talking with is quite common in some countries.二定语从句易犯错误（改错）1Some of the boys I invited them didn t co
29、me2The book that you need it is in the library3Anyone who break the law will be punished4Those who has finished may go home5Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth6The key opens the bike is missing7The house where he lives in needs repairing8I still remember the day on when I first came to
30、Beijing9Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？10 I don t believe the reason why he has given for his being late三、用关系代词填空：that、which、who、whom、whose1.This is the man _ wants to see you.2.The student _ answered the question is Zhang Hua.3.The man _ you went to see has come.4.The
31、 woman _ you saw is our geography teacher.代词动名词三谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语的构成如下如四表语表语用以说明主语的身份特征和状态它一般位于系动词如等之后爱好动名词介词短语副词五宾语宾语表示动宾语宾语宾补例如六宾语补足语补充说明宾语的特征或状态的现在分词介词短语七定语修名词或代词的词短语或从句。精选资料，欢迎下载5.The man _was passing by saw what happened.6.Here is the pen _ you lost the day before yesterd
32、ay.7.These books _ you lent me were very useful.8.I will never forget the days_ we spent together.9.A clock is a machine _ tells people the time.10.A dictionary is a book _ gives the meaning to the word.11.I will never forget the people and the places _ I have ever visited.12.Is there anyone _ famil
33、y is in Beijing?13.She hates everything _ is modern.14.She wrote a book about the people and things _ impressed her most deeply during her stay there.15.He is the only person _ was present at the time.16.This is the best car _ is made in China.定语从句讲解 (2)（一）关系副词引导的定语从句1 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I stillre
34、memberthe day whenIfirstcame to thisschool.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。2 where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghaiis the citywhere I was born.上海是我出生的城市。The house where I livedten yearsago has been pulleddown.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。如果定语从句分别修饰point,situation,stage,condition,degree和 case等表示抽象意义的词，常用 where引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”（前提是
35、从句中缺少状语）。3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhy you missedthe plane.请告诉我你误机的原因。The reasonwhy he was punishedis unknown to us.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。I don t know the reasonwhy he looksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：From the yearswhen/in whichhe was goingto prima
36、ryschoolin the countryhe had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。Greatchangesare takingplacein the citywhere/in whichtheylive.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。The reasonwhy/forwhich he refusedthe invitationisquiteclear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。总的说来,选择介词，一是根据从句中动词或形容词与介词的习惯搭配，二是根据先行词和介词的习惯搭
37、配，三是根据句子意思表达的需要。1.考查定语从句中谓语部分的搭配习惯(1)看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配The documents which they were searching have been recovered.American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently.A.who B.as C.about whichD.with whom (2004上海卷)(2)看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配代词动名词三谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态动词在句中作谓语一般
38、放在主语之后谓语的构成如下如四表语表语用以说明主语的身份特征和状态它一般位于系动词如等之后爱好动名词介词短语副词五宾语宾语表示动宾语宾语宾补例如六宾语补足语补充说明宾语的特征或状态的现在分词介词短语七定语修名词或代词的词短语或从句。精选资料，欢迎下载He referred me to some reference books which I am not very familiar.2.考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词。如：I ll never forget the day which she said goodbye to me.The English pla
39、y _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A.for whichB.at whichC.in whichD.on which3，考查根据句意确定介词Tom,whom the window was broken,has been criticized by his teacher.I am looking for my glasses,which I can t watch TV clearly.In the office,I never seem to have time until after 5:30p
40、.m._ time many people havegone home.A.whose B.that C.on whichD.by which（二）关系代词as 和 which 引导的定语从句as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：He ishonest,as/which we can see.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2.as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常
41、常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：As isknown to all,Chinais a developingcountry.众所周知，中国是发展中国家。John,as you know,is a famouswriter.正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainand again,which madehisteacherveryangry.汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。1.当先行词受such,the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。如：I ve neverheard such
42、storiesas he tells.我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。This is the samedictionaryas I lostlastweek.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as 引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She wore the same dressthatshe wore at Mary s wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。She wore the same dressas her youngersisterwore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。(三)以 the way
43、 为先行词的限制性定语从句,并在定语从句中当方式状语时，用in which或 that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：The way(that/in which)he answeredthe questionswas surprising.他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。I don t likethe way(that/in which)you laughat her.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：A.Iknow a place_ we can have a picnic.。I know
44、 a place_isfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.B.I willneverforgetthe days _we spentour holidaystogether.I willneverforgetthe days _we spenttogether.C.Thisis the reason_he was dismissed.这就是他被解雇的原因。Thisis the reason_heexplainedto meforhisnot attendingthemeeting.(五)定语从句的其他要点*在定语从句的使用中，one of后面的名词是复数，这
45、个复数名词制约后面的定语从句的谓语动词，用复数；而在one of 前面 the only时，后面引导的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式。代词动名词三谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语的构成如下如四表语表语用以说明主语的身份特征和状态它一般位于系动词如等之后爱好动名词介词短语副词五宾语宾语表示动宾语宾语宾补例如六宾语补足语补充说明宾语的特征或状态的现在分词介词短语七定语修名词或代词的词短语或从句。精选资料，欢迎下载He is the only one of the students who is elected?Jasper is one of th
46、ose people who know about the accident.*先行词为time时，若 time当“次数“讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可以省略；若time当“一段时间，时代”讲时，应用关系副词when 或者介词at/during+which引导定语从句。如：This is the second time _ I have visited the Great Wall.There was a time _ I hated to go to school.巩固练习1.This is the best factory _we visited last year.A
47、.where B.which C.in which D.that 2.Is this the factory _computers are built?A.that B.which C.in which D.in that 3.Please pass me the dictionary _cover is red.A.whoseB.its C.which D.which of 4.The man _has arrived.A.whom I told you B.that I told youC.whom I told you about him D.I told you about 5.Do
48、you know the person _we are talking?A.to whom B.to who C.whom D.to that 6.They visited the house _the great writer was born.A.from where B.in which C.which D.in where 7.The comrade _is speaking at the meeting is my teacher.A.whom B.which C.who D.whose 8.He asked us to watch carefully everything _he
49、did in class.A.who B.that C.what D.where 9.I ll visit the professor tomorrow,_he will be back from Shanghai.A.who B.that C.when D.which 10.The school _I study is a new one.A.on which B.at where C.on that D.at which 11.China has many islands,_the largest is Taiwan.A.in which B.at which C.which D.of w
50、hich12.The city _my mother grew up is not far from here.A.whatB.where C.that D.which 13.Our teacher lives in the house _door faces to the north.A.which B.his C.that D.whose 14.Do you know the man _your father nodded?A.whom B.to whom C.to who D.about whom 15.Wrestling is a sport in _people easily get