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1、短文改错考纲解读模块 5 考纲解读 高考短文改错是知识和能力的综合测试题型。主要考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性及词、句、篇和语法的综合水平。高考短文改错题设置的考点灵活多变，知识层次多，覆盖面广，包括词法、句法、行文逻辑以及语篇结构等，是一种在较高层次上考查考生对英语知识的掌握和语言综合运用能力的测试题型。命题分析模块 5 命题分析 2009/2010年新课标区短文改错透析考区 年份 体裁 题材 词数 海南、宁夏2010 记叙文朋友在美国经历的一件趣事 1122009应用文(书信)第一周大学生活描述 128浙江2010记叙文一件就餐时的小事，表现了妈妈的爱心1082009夹叙夹议一位
2、卡车司机先人后己的活雷锋105模块 5 命题分析辽宁2010记叙文我班的小女孩Christine882009记叙文一次自己卖报筹钱买自行车的经历105陕西2010记叙文姐姐买杯子时发生的尴尬事110模块 5 命题分析 从近几年的高考短文改错题看，试题具有下面的特点：1选材 短文改错的文体多为第一/三人称记叙文、应用文(以书信为主)。一般在110词左右。所选取的语言材料贴近实际生活，多为考生所熟知，且话题贴近学生，有的带点幽默，有的包含教育意义。文字浅显易懂，材料中没有生僻、超纲的词汇；句子结构简单，基本上是简单句和并不复杂的复合句；语言地道，符合英语语言习惯。模块 5 命题分析 2考点 短文改
3、错所考查的词类覆盖面广，分布合理。其重点是从句法、词法和行文逻辑等角度考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语的能力，同时兼顾句型结构、习惯搭配等。有无错、错词、缺词和多词等四种可能。错词现象主要出现在名词单复数、动词时态、非谓语动词、连词、介词、主谓一致、代词、词形(指应该用动词、名词还是形容词形式，以及平行结构中词的正确形式)、冠词；缺词现象主要出现在冠词(名词前)、介词(不及物动词后或固定结构中)、助动词、不定式符号to、连词、语义不完整现象等方面；多词现象主要出现在冠词、介词、助动词、连词、语义重复及行文逻辑等方面。应试点睛模块 5 应试点睛 作为一个与时俱进的新题型，新课标试卷中的短文改错是考生
4、失分较多的题型。原因有两个方面：一是错误的不确定性。这主要是因为和传统的短文改错相比，新课标短文改错每行可能有两个错误。二是因为设错的内容多为考生在平常进行语言操练时常犯的错误。比如：写作中用到的关键词，语言学习中的负迁移现象，容易忽视的虚词、小品词等。做好短文改错题应注重以下技巧：模块 5 应试点睛 一、答题原则严遵守 1“规范性”原则：要严格按照示范规定的符号改错。要记住“”、“”、“”、“”分别表示准确无误、错词纠正、缺词填补、多词删除。切忌用文字说明或用箭头表示。2“四不改”原则：单词拼写不改；大小写不改；词序错误不改(应从错词或少词方面考虑)；标点符号不改。3“五改动”原则：忠实于原
5、文原则(不可改变原文的原意)；一对一原则(一行一错，一错一词)；错误以改动最少为原则；虚词以添加或者删除为原则；实词以改变形式为原则。模块 6 应试点睛 二、解题步骤须牢记 首先，通读全文，掌握大意要快速阅读全文，注意语境和有关提示。短文改错题的语篇意识年年在强化，错误常常“隐藏”在短文中，因此要集中精力，努力进入阅读状态和文章角色，迅速提炼、优化短文中的直接信息和间接信息，激活有关背景知识。模块 6 应试点睛 其次，整句理解，上下兼顾 要在规定的时间之内，注意以句子为单位，分析文章中前后句和上下文的逻辑关系，运用所学知识多角度、多层次地去发现问题和解决问题。改错的过程是在一个特定的语境下进行
6、的，考生在对文章进行阅读并基本理解之后，对难句、长句，要从语法的角度对句子成分进行分析。对于那些还不能立即作答或自我感觉比较困难的题目，不必拘泥于其顺序排列。随着对文章具体语言情景的逐渐把握，随着题目的答题范围逐步缩小，就会有豁然开朗，茅塞顿开的感觉。模块 5 应试点睛 最后，对照答案，复读全文 注意检查修正后的文章是否意思通畅，结构完整。要排除答题不会有错或答题有错也难以发现的心理定势的干扰，认真对照答案，从头到尾快速通读一遍，进一步加深对文章的理解，检查修正后的文章是否意思通畅、结构完整，是否前后联系、首尾呼应。对无把握的题目，考生也要根据对文章信息的整合，试着从上下文、语感、语法和词义等
7、多角度来进行分析、推断，迅速进行优化决断。模块 5 应试点睛 三、常见错误记于心 1不一致性 主要包括：主、谓语不一致；时态不一致；语态不一致；名词的单、复数不一致；代词指代不一致；搭配不一致等。【典例】2010辽宁 care what the rest of us thought about her.Like the rest of my classmate【解析】考查名词的单、复数一致。classmate改为classmates。模块 5 应试点睛 2行文逻辑 这种错误主要是运用行文逻辑，考查连接手段。谨记两种句式：并列句(并列连词)，复合句(从属连词)；六种关系：转折关系，选择关系，层递
8、关系，并列关系，因果关系，同位关系；一种变化：语义的曲折变化。如：肯定与否定，方位与时空的转移等。【典例】2010浙江 After we left,I said,“That was very nice of you,Mother.So I didnt think she looked like Grandma.”“Neither did me(I)，”said Mother cheerfully.【解析】考查行文逻辑。So 改为But。根据前后语境，此处应表示转折关系。模块 5 应试点睛 3.词性、词形 主要包括名词的单复数变化、代词的词形变化以及形容词和副词的词形变化。弄清词性与词性之间的相
9、互修饰关系。比如：形容词修饰名词，副词修饰形容词、动词、分词等。【典例】2010辽宁 black sports shoes and a black sweater，although(even)in the summer.She was，in fact,rather attractively，【解析】考查词性错误。attractively改为attractive。作表语，应该用形容词。模块 5 应试点睛 4动词的变化 主要包括时态的词形变化、被动语态的词形变化、非谓语动词的词形变化以及第三人称单数等。【典例】2010浙江“Excuse me，”she said,put her arm aroun
10、d the unhappy old woman.【解析】考查非谓语动词。put改为putting。此处是分词短语作伴随状语。she与put是主谓关系，故用现在分词。模块 5 应试点睛 5特殊疑问词、连词和引导词【典例】2009海南、宁夏 No lectures this morning so I think Id email you and let you know what things are going.【解析】考查特殊疑问词。what改为how。句意是：如何让对方知道情况的进展，故应用how。模块 5 应试点睛 6多词错误 多词错误一般有如下几种类型：(1)受母语思维影响，出现汉语式结
11、构；(2)不明词义内涵，造成词义重叠；(3)介词多余；(4)助动词、系动词多余；(5)多冠词；(6)定语从句中的成分重复；(7)程度副词和频率副词，如 much，more，often等的多余；(8)多余小品词to等。【典例】2010辽宁 I never knew much about her except for that she was strange.【解析】考查多余介词。去掉for。except that直接接宾语从句，无需再用介词for。模块 5 应试点睛 7缺词错误 缺词现象常见有：(1)缺系动词；(2)缺介词；(3)缺冠词、物主代词等限定词；(4)在定语从句中缺关系代词或关系副词；
12、(5)缺连接词；(6)缺否定词；(7)缺不定式符号to等。【典例】2010浙江 I notice(noticed)Mother looking at a nearby table occupy(occupied)by an elderly woman and young couple.【解析】在young之前加上a。从下文可知是一对夫妇，所以需加冠词。题型探究模块 5 题型探究 短文改错题旨在考查考生发现、判断、纠正一些词法、句法以及语篇中的行文逻辑等方面错误的能力。它既能考查考生的词汇和语法方面的能力，也能考查考生的阅读理解能力。其考查的角度可以概括为以下三个方面：模块 5 题型探究 词法的
13、测试包括：定冠词和不定冠词的用法；名词的单复数和名词所有格；动词的时态、语态、语气、情态动词和非谓语动词等；人称代词的格、物主代词、指示代词、连接代词、不定代词等的用法；介词的搭配；并列连词、从属连词的用法；形容词、副词的区别以及比较级和最高级的用法；固定搭配和习惯用法。探究点一词法型模块 5 题型探究【典例1】2010陕西 The assistant was clearly as embarrassing as my sister，【解析】embarrassing 改为embarrassed。这里描述的是人的状态，所以要用以ed结尾的形容词。【典例2】2009浙江 The driver pu
14、t the window down and offered us a umbrella【解析】a改为an。umbrella 第一个字母为元音音素，但此处表泛指，所以用不定冠词an。模块 5 题型探究 语法、句法的测试包括：主谓语在数上的一致；名词性从句；定语从句；强调句型；句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性及逻辑性。【典例1】2010陕西 It was(was)turned out to be her own cup,that shed left on the shelf by mistake.【解析】that改为which。代替指物的先行词，引导一个非限制性定语从句，所以要用which。探究点
15、二语法、句法型模块 5 题型探究【典例2】2010陕西 My sister wanted get out of the shop as fast as she could when a shop assistant came over to us.【解析】wanted后加 to。want to do sth.为固定用法。模块 5 题型探究 语篇的测试包括：上下文中的时态是否一致；上下文中的代词是否一致；上下文中的逻辑是否一致；上下文中的词、词组、从句的替代是否正确。【典例】2010陕西 My sister saw a lovely cup when we are shopping the ot
16、her day.She liked it at once.【解析】考查动词的时态。are改为 were。时间状语为the other day(不久前的某一天；几天以前)，所以应该用一般过去时。这样也和前文的saw及后文的liked时态保持一致。探究点三语篇型专题一 记叙文型短 文改错专题 一 记叙文型短文改错真题再现专题 一 真题再现 2010海南、宁夏 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉
17、。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。专题 一 真题再现 My friend Nick told me story about his experience back in the US，which was very interested.One day he was having a yard sale and the old man living next door come by to help.As the old man looked over the things on the
18、 yard that were to be sold，he stopped at a box of golden ball for Christmas trees.On the box was a card say：“25 cents each.”“You will never sell these for that much，”he told Nick.Convinced，Nick has brought the price up to 10 cents a piece.Without a moments delay，my neighbor picked up the box but ann
19、ounced：“Ill take them.”专题 一 真题再现【答案】专题 一 真题再现 专题预测专题 一 专题预测 On a snowy winter night,a bus with 45 passenger had an accident because of the wet road.And all of them were trapping in the bus and what was worse,the bus ran out of gas and it is very cold in it.They could do nothing but to wait for help.
20、A man who lived nearby saw what happened.He and some villagers managed to open the door and helped all of them out of bus.He took them to his home but offered food and water and even some warm clothes to the children.They spent two days in their home and finally helps came.All of them were thankful
21、with their help.专题 一 专题预测【答案】专题 一 专题预测专题二 应用文型短 文改错专题二 应用文型短文改错真题再现专题 二 真题再现 2009海南、宁夏 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同学写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。专题 二 真题再现 Dear Mrs Winth
22、orp，So my first week at college is over!No lectures this morning so I think Id email you and let you know what things are going.Im glad to say that anything has worked out fine in the dorm.I remember asking for a room as far away from the lifts as possible and they find me a comfortable one on secon
23、d floor.There are two girls from my course here and I plan to make friend with them so that we can help each other on the course work.Everyone else seems very nice and warmly here.Well,I had better to stop now.Im going to attend mine first lesson this afternoon,for Ive got some preparation to make.K
24、eep in touch.Best，Carol专题 二 真题再现【答案】专题 二 真题再现专题预测专题 二 专题预测(一)Good morning!Today,my topic is the valuable of time.Time,like the proverb says,is money.This means that if our time is good spent,it will turn out a lot of useful and important piece of work when the proper opportunity come.Although all ti
25、me is precious,the time of our youth is more precious than any period of our existence because this is the period which we can acquire knowledge and develop our abilities.If we allow these morning hours to slip away,we shall never able to make up the loss.Let those who think nothing of waste time re
26、member this.Thank you for your listening!专题 二 专题预测【答案】专题 二 专题预测专题 二 专题预测(二)2010哈尔滨模拟 Dear Jin Jing，Your problem is common one among middle school students.Maybe the following advices can help you.First in all，believe in yourself.Your greatest problem is that you lack selfconfidence.The first thing y
27、ou must do is to smile at your classmate.One smile speaks loud about your wish to make friends than any word.Your smile will show that you are friendly to him.Next，trying talking with a student who is as shy as you or who share the same interest as you.You can discuss your studies with a classmate，a
28、nd you can also talk about your hobbies as well.Unless anyone is in trouble，you should be ready to help him or her.Once you have confidence，you can make as many friends as possibly.专题 二 专题预测【答案】专题 二 专题预测专题三 议论文型短 文改错专题 三 议论文型短文改错真题再现专题 三 真题再现 2010重庆改编 Here is my idea about how a friend is like.First
29、ly,a friend is someone you can share your secrets.If you tell him a secret,never will he talks about it with anybody else.Besides,a friend is always good listener when you need one.After hear your sad stories,he will say some words that is nice and warm.Still,your happiness makes him happily too.Wha
30、ts more,a good friend is willing to offer the help to which you need,or can at least give you some advices.In a word,friends are those you like and trust,and you will enjoy every minute that you spent with them.专题 三 真题再现【答案】专题 三 真题再现专题预测专题 三 专题预测 2010吉林省实验中学九次模拟 A few years ago,some tourists pay no
31、attention to environmental protection.They threw waste things about,like plastic bags,fruit skins and waste papers.Sometimes they broke trees,picked up flowers and killed birds;some even made fires in the woods to cook for picnics.What dangerous it was!Fortunate,great changes have been taken place here.All the tourists have got used to put their rubbish into dustbins.But they are making great efforts to protect birds and plants as well.They bring our own meals prevent any accidental fire.All these should be appreciated.专题 三 专题预测【答案】专题 三 专题预测