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1、TOEFL-iBT强化阅读强化阅读词汇题词汇题明东教育明东教育刘东明刘东明VocabularyQuestions(OG43)VocabularyQuestions(OG43)每篇文章后35个题Theword/phraseXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_InstatingX,theauthormeansthat_ThephraseXinthepassagerefersto_词汇题认识直接解题沾边就算abandonedleft注意：注意：一词多义词性转化熟词僻意熟词僻意注意：1.词性发生变化2.一词多义（从根义出发）fineSingaporeisafinecou
2、ntry.举例：OG115Itisthoughtthatthesegrooveshelptochannelwaterthroughthemouthandoutthegillslits,therebyreducingwaterresistance.reduceremovedirectprovide单词词性转化的规律单词词性转化的规律规律：规律：l单词的拼写不变不变而词性发生转变时单词语义通常变变化化但仍与原来词性有某种联系单词不认识的做题方法：单词不认识的做题方法：上下文同义上下文反义其它逻辑关系词根词缀1.上下文同义上下文同义例1：TPO331Plantcommunitiesassemblet
3、hemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.naturalfinalspecificcomplex例例2：TPO1-2-1Themostwidelyacceptedtheory,championedbyanthropologistsinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,envisionstheaterasemergingoutofmythandritual.changeddebatedcreatedsupported例例3
4、：官方模考题：官方模考题-6TheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvastquantitiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.changedexposeddestroyedcovered技巧：解释说明技巧：解释说明1.破折号，冒号，括号破折号，冒号，括号2.同位语，从句同位语，从句3.举例，类比举例，类比例例1：TPO
5、7-2-10TheRomangeniuswasprojectedintonewspheresespeciallyintothoseoflaw,militaryorganization,administration,andengineering.abilitiesareascombinationsmodels例例2：TPO4-2-5Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.conditionsproblemsinflue
6、ncesdecorations例例3：TPO10-2-5Whattheproxyrecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).noticeableconfusingtrueunlikely平行平行排比排
7、比同义关系同义关系Theconsistencyoftheclaywascrucial;itwaspoundedmeticulouslyandmixedwithwatertomakeitentirelyevenintexture.Bycarefulkneading,thepotterremovedtheairbubblesandmadetheclayasplasticaspossible.(A)heavily(B)initially(C)carefully(D)completely例例1：TPO6-2-5In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmapAM
8、apoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland,mapsometiculouslyresearchedthatitcanstillbeusedtodaycarefullyquicklyfrequentlyobviously例例2：OG44Intheanimalworldthetaskofmovingaboutisfulfilledinmanyways.Forsomeanimalslocomotionisaccomplishedbychangesinbodyshape.evolutionmovementsurvivalescapeAbsente
9、eismandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,disruptedtheregularfactoryroutine.prolongedestablishedfollowedupset例例3：OG103.3例例4：TPO3-1-2Buildingscontributetohumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,andareeconomicallyfeasible.inexistencewithoutquesti
10、onachievablemostlikely例例5：TPO4-1-10Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.declinerecoveryexchangemovementWildlifezoologistHulmutBuechner(1953),inreviewingthenatureofbioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,saysthatsincetheearly1940s,thestatehashadmoredeerthanatanyothe
11、rtimeinitshistory,thewinterpopulationfluctuatingaroundapproximately320,000deer(muleandblacktaileddeer),whichwillyieldabout65,000ofeithersexandanyageannuallyforanindefiniteperiod.2.上下文反义上下文反义反义关系反义关系Anasazihouseswereoriginallybuiltinpitsandwereenteredfromtheroof.Butaroundtheyear700A.D.,theAnasazibega
12、ntobuildtheirhomesabove ground and join them together intorambling multistoried complexes,which theSpanishcalledpueblosorvillages.(A)stages(B)scars(C)seeds(D)holes例例1：OG243Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcanwetellwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?curiousunhappy
13、thoughtfuluncertain例例2：TPO4-2Wemightexpectthatearlyartisticeffortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaintingsofSpainandsouthernFranceshowamarkeddegreeofskill.considerablesurprisinglimitedadequate例例3：OG347Theyareallherbivores(planteatinganimals),andtheyallappeartobelivingonthesamedietofgrasses,herbs,andsmallbus
14、hes.Thisappearance,however,isillusory.definiteilluminatingmisleadingexceptional例例4：TPO6-3-2Howmightthisinabilitytorecallearlyexperiencesbeexplained?Thesheerpassageoftimedoesnotaccountforit;adultshaveexcellentrecognitionofpicturesofpeoplewhoattendedhighschoolwiththem35yearsearlier.Anotherseeminglypla
15、usibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.flexiblebelievabledebatablepredictable例例5：TPO8-3-1Theseflowfeaturesareextensivesystemssometimeshundredsofkilometersintotallengthofinterconnecting,twistingchannelsthatseemtomergeintolarger,widerchannels.expan
16、dseparatestraightenoutcombine3.其它逻辑关系其它逻辑关系技巧：技巧：动宾搭配动宾搭配答案代入例例1：在线测试：在线测试3-2Largewindfarmscanbebuiltinsixmonthstoayearandtheneasilyexpandedasneeded.Withamoderatetofairlyhighnetenergyyield,thesesystemsemitnoheattrappingcarbondioxideorotherairpollutantsandneednowaterforcooling;manufacturingthemproduc
17、eslittlewaterpollution.userequirereleasedestroy例例2：OG92-4Childrennormallydesiretoventaggressiveimpulsesonotherpeople,includingtheirparents,becauseeventhemostattentiveparentscannotgratifyalloftheirdemandsimmediately.identifymodifysatisfysimplify技巧：技巧：单词的感情色彩单词的感情色彩TPO4-3-11Offshoreplatformsmayalsolos
18、eoil,creatingoilslicksthatdriftashoreandfoulthebeaches,harmingtheenvironment.Sometimes,thegroundatanoilfieldmaysubsideasoilisremoved.reachfloodpollutealter4.词根词缀技巧技巧.词根词缀词根词缀例例1：TPO1-1Atfirstthoughtitseemsincrediblethattherecanbeenoughspaceinthe“solid”groundunderfoottoholdallthiswater.confusingcomfo
19、rtingunbelievableinterestingincrediblein+iblein:否定前缀:相信，信用creditcardible,able:能够的，可以的不可思议的，不可信的unbelievableTPO117Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;coverchangeseparatesurroundBelieve有个lieFriend 免不了endLover最后都会overForget 都要getWife
20、心里也夹杂着if例例2：TPO6-2-1 In1769inalittletowninOxfordshire,England,achildwiththeveryordinarynameofWilliamSmithwasbornintothepoorfamilyofavillageblacksmith.HereceivedrudimentaryvillageschoolingbutmostlyheroamedhisunclesfarmcollectingthefossilsthatweresoabundantintherocksoftheCotswoldhillsTPO6-2Theword“rud
21、imentary”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtothoroughstrictbasicoccasionalrudimentary=rudementary:adj.rudimentary粗浅的，基本的TPO3-2Thisunprecedenteddevelopmentofafinitegroundwaterresourcewithanalmostnegligiblenaturalrechargeratethatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupplyhascausedwatertables
22、intheregiontofalldrastically.TPO3-2Theword“unprecedented”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtodifficulttocontrolwithoutanyrestrictionunlikeanythinginthepastrapidlyexpandingunprecedentedunpre:goprecedent先例，范例unprecedented没有先例的，前所未有的TPO1-2Whenthisoccurs,thefirststephasbeentakentowardtheaterasanautonomousac
23、tivity,andthereafterentertainmentandaestheticvaluesmaygraduallyreplacetheformermysticalandsociallyefficaciousconcerns.提示：autobiography;autographTPO1-24Theword“autonomous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoartisticimportantindependentestablishedautonomousauto:self:name,lawautonomous自治的，自主的考查短语核心：考查单词OG4
24、4“Somepoisonoussnakebitesneedtobetreatedimmediatelyorthevictimwillsufferparalysis”InstatingthatthevictimwillsufferparalysistheauthormeansthatthevictimwillA.losetheabilitytomoveB.becomeunconsciousC.undergoshockD.feelgreatpain小结词汇题解法1认识注意词性变化+熟词僻义2不认识同义+反义+逻辑关系+词根词缀方向性前缀总结：（不讲了）下上前后里外方向下1Dedown;downwa
25、rdDescend:向下爬Degrade:tocausepeopletofeelthattheyorotherpeopleareworthlessanddonothavetherespectorgoodopinionofothersPornography degrades women.Decapitate:head2DeawayDeform:formTransformer:(across,beyond)DecriminalizeOG71.7Sincetheraisingofmostcropsnecessitatesthepriorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cr
26、opfailuresleaveextensivetractsoflanddevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindandwatererosion.consistingofhiddenbyexceptforlackinginSub,suc,suf,sug,sum,sup,sur,sus在下面Subway(美),submarine,subconscious,subtitlesustain（uninterrupted）Evenafifteenminuteburstoflightinotherwisesustaineddarknesscanresetananimal
27、scircadianrhythm.方向上Over在上面，在外部，向上Overlook,俯瞰；overcome克服，例题Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;前表示方向的前缀Pro=before;for;forth;forwardProgress;1OG43.11(63)propulsion向前2OG50.5(71)progressive向前走Theword“profound”inthepassageisclosestinm
28、eaningtofascinatingfarreachingnecessarytemporaryThistechnologicalshiftcauseprofoundchangesinthecomplexityofAfricansocieties.Ironrepresentedpower.InWestAfricatheblacksmithwhomadetoolsandfunctions.Ironhoes,whichmadethelandmoreproductive,andironweapons,whichmadethewarriormorepowerful,hadsymbolicmeaning
29、inanumberofWestAfricasocieties.ProforwardFoundbottom深入的Ifyoudescribeactions,events,orchangesasfar-reaching,youmeanthattheyhaveaverygreatinfluenceandaffectagreatnumberofthings.Pre在前面prediction预测Prematurepreface(speak)序言pregnant(bear)Preside(sit):tobeinchargeofaformalmeetingorceremony后Post向后，在后边Postpo
30、ne(put)推迟，postgraduate研究生Re1again,reactivate;2backrecede(back+go)例句：Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.Retrobackwardretrogress,retrospect内外In,il,im,ir向内，在内Inland,i
31、nvade(go),inside,import0G104.6(236)inclination(bend)（toward）朝着什么弯曲倾向tendencyAnotherexampleTheword“penchant”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoCompromiseInclinationTraditionRespect原文Butneitherthehumanimitativeinstinctnorapenchantforfantasybyitselfleadstoanautonomoustheater.Therefore,additionalexplanatio
32、nsareneeded.Onenecessaryconditionseemstobeasomewhatdetachedviewofhumanproblems.内Intro,intra向内，在内Introduce,（lead）introspection,自省外Out在外面,Outside,outgoingExtroverted;introverted(turn)ThewordexcavatinginthepassageisclosestinthemeaningtoDiggingoutExtendingDestroyingCoveringupThisimpactreleasedanenormous
33、amountofenergy,excavatingacraterabouttwiceaslargeasthelunarcraterTycho.Theexplosionliftedabout100trilliontonsofdustintotheatmosphere,ascanbedeterminedbymeasuringthethicknessofthesedimentlayerformedwhenthisdustsettledtothesurface.否定前缀A,anapathy,anonymousAntiagainst,oppositeantifreeze,antiterroristDis
34、disown,disconnectIn(imbmp,ill,irr)inactive,immature,illegal,illegible,irrelevantirresponsible,OG71.3(92)inevitableevitare(avoid)TPOTheword“inevitable”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoUnfortunatePredictableUnavoidableFinalThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenatte
35、mptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Other,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhighvaluecropssuchascotton.Mismisnomer,misuse,Nonnonessential,noneventUnunavailable,uncov
36、er,untie,unwiseOG112(244)concur一起流动Consent(feel)Com,con,co,col,一起Combat(beat);corrupt(break)Cohere(stick):Ifanargument,setofideasoraplaniscoherent,itisclearandcarefullyconsidered,andeachpartofitconnectsorfollowsinanaturalorsensibleway例二2Paragraph3：Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedandd
37、eformed.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.Thewordattaininthepassageisclosestinmeaningtorequireresistachieveendure例三Withamoderatetofairlyhighnetenergyyield,thesesystemsemit
38、noheattrappingcarbondioxideorotherairpollutantsandneednowaterforcoolingThewordemitinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoUseRequireReleaseDestroy例题：例题：Smog1Theoxidationofexhaustgasesisoneoftheprimarysourcesoftheworldspollution.Thebrownhazethatispoisedoversomeoftheworldslargestcitiesisproperlycalledphotoche
39、micalsmog;itresultsfromchemicalreactionsthattakeplaceintheair,usingtheenergyofsunlight.1.The word poised in paragraph 1 is closest inmeaningto(A)interacting(B)sitting(C)blowing(D)poisoning2.Thephrasetakeplaceinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto(A)positionthemselves(B)put(C)areseated(D)occurTheproduction
40、ofsmogbeginswhengasesarecreatedinthecylindersofvehicleengines.Itistherethatoxygenandnitrogengascombineasthefuelburnstoformnitricoxide(NO),acolorlessgas.Thenitricoxideisforcedoutintotheairthroughthevehicletailpipealongwithothergases.3.Thewordforcedinparagraph1couldbestbereplacedby(A)obliged(B)require
41、d(C)pushed(D)commandedOblige:compelorrequire(sb)bylaw,agreementormoralpressuretodosth2Whenthegasreachestheair,itcomesintocontactwithavailableoxygenfromtheatmosphereandcombineswiththeoxygentoproducenitrogendioxide(NO2),whichisagaswithabrownishhue.4.Thewordhueinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto(A)color(B
42、)odor(C)thickness(D)smokeThisnitrogendioxideplaysaroleintheformationofacidraininwetterormorehumidclimatesandtendstodecomposebackintonitricoxideasitreleasesanoxygenatomfromeachmolecule;thereleasedoxygenatomsquicklycombinewithoxygen(O2)moleculestoformozone(O3).Thebrownishcolorednitrogendioxideispartia
43、llyresponsibleforthebrowncolorinsmoggyair;theozoneisthetoxicsubstancethatcausesirritationtoeyes5.Thephraseplaysaroleininparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto(A)makesfunof(B)servesafunctionin(C)actsthepartof(D)movesaboutinParasiticplants Parasiticplantsareplantsthatsurvivebyusingfoodproducedbyhostplantsrath
44、erthanbyproducingtheirownfoodfromtheSunsenergy.Becausetheydonotneedsunlighttosurvive,parasiticplantsaregenerallyfoundinumbrageousareasratherthaninareasexposedtodirectsunlight.Thewordumbrageousinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto(A)moist(B)welllit(C)shaded(D)buriedParasiticplantsattachthemselvestohostpla
45、nts,oftentothestemsorroots,bymeansofhaustoria,whichtheparasiteusestomakeitswayintothefoodchannelsofthehostplantandabsorbthenutrientsthatitneedstosurvivefromthehostplant.Haustoriainparagraph1aremostlikely(A)offshootsfromtheparasite(B)seedsofthehostplant(C)fruitsfromthehostplant(D)foodfortheparasiteTh
46、ephrasemakeitswayintoinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto(A)develop(B)penetrate(C)outline(D)eat2 Theworldsheaviestflower,aspeciesofrafflesia,isaparasitethatflourishesamong,andlivesoffof,therootsofjunglevines.Eachoftheseponderousbloomscanweighupto15pounds(7kg)andcanmeasureupto3feet(1m)across.Thewordponde
47、rousinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto(A)smelly(B)hidden(C)mature(D)heavyThewordacrossinparagraph2couldbestbereplacedby(A)indiameter(B)ontheotherside(C)atadistance(D)insideandout先来感受or忍受一下TPO117Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;co
48、verchangeseparatesurroundTPO119Thisisbecausethegapsamongtheoriginalgrainsareoftennottotallypluggedwithcementingchemicals;washeddraggedfilledupsoakedthroughTPO3312Alocalpopulationthatgoesextinctisquicklyreplacedbyimmigrantsfromanadjacentcommunity.foreignstablefluidneighboringOG82.4Exhibitors,however,
49、wantedtomaximizetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomorereadilybyprojectingahandfuloffilmstohundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)andbycharging25to50centsadmission.FrequentlyEasilyIntelligentlyObviouslyTPO1-2-7Inthetropics,thevalleysappeartobemorefavorablebecausetheyarelesspronetodryout,theyhavelessfrost,andtheyhavedeepersoils.adaptedlikelydifficultresistant