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1、动词动词谓语动词谓语动词时态时态语态语态非谓语动非谓语动词词不定式不定式动名词动名词分词分词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词动词的分类动词的分类动词的分类动词的分类1，及物动词和不及物动词及物动词和不及物动词 Jim worked hard than I.Look!They are planting trees 2，延续性动词和非延续性动词延续性动词和非延续性动词 Tom has bought the book for three years.Tom has had the book for three years.Tom bought the book three years ago.3，情
2、态动词、助动词、联系动词情态动词、助动词、联系动词。The students mustnt smoke in the campus.Mr.wang didnt get to the company on time.The trees turn green every time spring comes.时态：根据谓语动词所发生的时间对句子进行分类。时态：根据谓语动词所发生的时间对句子进行分类。1,Iboughtthisradiohereyesterday,butitdoesntwork.2,Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy
3、 task because technology is changing rapidly.语态：根据主语和谓语动词的关系对句子进行分类。语态：根据主语和谓语动词的关系对句子进行分类。1,So far this year we have seen a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent2.Visitors are required not to touch the exhibits.(动作的执行者动作的执行者)（动作的承受者动作的承受者）语态语态时态时态主动主动被动被动一般现在时一般现在时v./v.sam/is/are+Vp.p一般过
4、去时一般过去时vedwas/were+Vp.p一般将来时一般将来时will+v.will be+Vp.p过去将来时过去将来时would+v.would be+Vp.p过去完成时过去完成时had+Vp.phad been+Vp.p现在完成时现在完成时have/has+Vp.phave/has been+Vp.p将来完成时将来完成时will have+Vp.pwill have been+Vp.p现在进行时现在进行时am/is/are+Vingam/is/are+being+Vp.p过去进行时过去进行时was/were+Vingwas/were+being+Vp.p时态和语态的主要考点时态和语态的
5、主要考点1 1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时态为：的时态为：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进进 行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行、过去将来等。进行、过去将来等。2 2、时间、条件、让步等、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态状语从句中动词的时态；主从句时态主从句时态呼应问题。呼应问题。3 3、几种时态的替代问题几种时态的替代问题.最常用的几种时态与时间状语的搭配最常用的几种时态与时间状语的搭配一般现在一般现在every,sometimes,a
6、t,onSunday现在进行现在进行now,现在完成现在完成for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inthepastyears,always,recently一般过去一般过去yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982,justnow过去进行过去进行thismorning,thewholemorning,allday,yesterday,fromninetotenlasteveningwhen,while过去完成过去完成before,by,until,when,after,
7、once,assoonas一般将来一般将来next,tomorrow,in过去将来过去将来多用在间接引语中表示发生在谓语动作以后多用在间接引语中表示发生在谓语动作以后的动作的动作1 1 一般现在时的用法一般现在时的用法1 1）经常性或习惯性的动作经常性或习惯性的动作2 2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实或表示格言或警句。客观真理，客观存在，科学事实或表示格言或警句。3 3）按火车、汽车、飞机等时刻表将要发生的事。按火车、汽车、飞机等时刻表将要发生的事。此时句中有时有将来的时间状语，但不用将来时。此时句中有时有将来的时间状语，但不用将来时。此时主主语是物：车，船，飞机等此时主主语是物：车，船，飞机
8、等 4 4）在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，用一在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。般现在时代替一般将来时。1、高考题点击：高考题点击：1.Monthsagowesailedtenthousandmilesacrossthisopensea,which_thePacific,andwemetnostorms.（05辽宁卷）AwascalledBiscalledChadbeencalledDhasbeencalled2.I_ping-pongquitewell,butIhaventhadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.(2001N)A.will
9、play B.haveplayedC.playedD.playBD说明说明：本题的干扰源为上下文的过去时，但本题的干扰源为上下文的过去时，但“被称为太平被称为太平洋洋”是客观现状，只能用一般现在时。是客观现状，只能用一般现在时。说明说明：常识告诉我们，一个人一旦获得某种技能，一般是常识告诉我们，一个人一旦获得某种技能，一般是不会在短期内失去的，所以需用一般现在时。不会在短期内失去的，所以需用一般现在时。The train leaves at three this afternoon.She said that the sea water is salty.In some parts of th
10、e world,such as in England,tea _ with milk and sugar.A.is serving B.serves C.is served D.served2 2 一般过去时的用法一般过去时的用法 1 1）表示过去发生的，和现在没有联系的动作或状）表示过去发生的，和现在没有联系的动作或状态。态。-Ive bought a box of chocolates for our daughter.-Oh,how good a dad!But she doesnt like sweet things._ that?A.Dont you know B.Havent yo
11、u known C.Didnt you know D.Hadnt you known一般过去时与过去进行时的区别一般过去时与过去进行时的区别 一般过去时表示一个完成的动作，而过去进行一般过去时表示一个完成的动作，而过去进行时则表示一个没有完成且正在进行的动作。时则表示一个没有完成且正在进行的动作。I wrote a letter this morning.（信已写完）（信已写完）I was writing a letter this morning.（正在写，不一定写完）（正在写，不一定写完）3.过去进行时 1 1表示表示 过去某一时间正进行的动作过去某一时间正进行的动作 。通常。通常有时间状
12、语（从句），或由上下文表示。有时间状语（从句），或由上下文表示。2.-Hey,what did I say?2.-Hey,what did I say?-sorry -sorry，_._.A.I A.Im not listening B.I was not listening C.I m not listening B.I was not listening C.I dondont listened D.I didnt listened D.I didnt listent listen2 2 表示表示 过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作，但这个动作可以完过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作，但这个动作可以完
13、成，也可以不一定完成。成，也可以不一定完成。-Why didn-Why didnt you join us last night?t you join us last night?-I _ the live programs on the war between Iraq and the -I _ the live programs on the war between Iraq and the States.States.A.watched B.was watching C.had watched D.have been A.watched B.was watching C.had watc
14、hed D.have been watchingwatching Good heavens!There you are!We _ anxious about you.We Good heavens!There you are!We _ anxious about you.We _ you back much earlier all through the night._ you back much earlier all through the night.A.are,expect B.were,had expected A.are,expect B.were,had expected C.w
15、ill be,are expecting D.have been,were expectingC.will be,are expecting D.have been,were expecting3 3 在简单句中有在简单句中有at that time,then,this at that time,then,this time yesterday/last week,at 10 otime yesterday/last week,at 10 oclock clock last nightlast night 等具体的时间状语用过去进等具体的时间状语用过去进行时态。行时态。I first met
16、Lisa three years ago.She _ at I first met Lisa three years ago.She _ at a radio shop at the time.a radio shop at the time.A.A.has worked B.was working has worked B.was working C.had been working D.had workedC.had been working D.had worked特别注意：特别注意：与与alwaysalways连用，表示感情色彩。连用，表示感情色彩。My brother was alw
17、ays losing his key.My brother was always losing his key.2、高考题点击：高考题点击：1.-Nancyisnotcomingtonight.-Butshe_!(98N)A.promises B.promisedC.willpromiseD.hadpromised2.Myuncle_untilhewasforty-five.(2000上海)A.marriedB.didntmarryC.wasnotmarryingD.wouldmarry说明说明：Nancy答应要来这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺。说明说明：until用在肯定句中时，主
18、句的动词必须是延续性动词，表示该动作一直持续到until后的时间为止；短暂性动词只能用在否定句中，表示直到此时该动作才开始。本题中marry是短暂性动词，所以只能用在否定句中。BB3.-Youhaventsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?(N2002)-ImsorryI_anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkitsprettyonyou.A.wasntsayingB.dontsayC.wontsayD.didntsay说明说明：本题的干扰源来自上下文中的时态，上文用的是现在完成时，下文用的是一般现在时，所以
19、有些人就误以为此处该用现在时态了。但根据说话人的意思不难发现，没有说出自己的评价是在这段对话以前的事了，所以要用一般过去时。D4.Asshe_thenewspaper,Granny_asleep.(95N)A.readwasfallingB.wasreadingfellC.wasreadingwasfallingD.readfell5.Themanagerhadfallenasleepwherehe_,withoutundressing.（05安徽卷）A.waslayingB.waslyingC.hadlaidD.hadlied说明说明：一般来说在复合句中的两个动作，延续性的动作大都用进行时，
20、短暂性的动词用一般时，表示在某个动作进行的过程当中另一个动作发生了。说明说明：该题的意思为“经理躺在那儿睡着了，衣服也没脱”。“躺”是一个不及物动词，其过去式和过去分词为“lay;lain”。lay是及物动词，过去式和过去分词为laid；lied是“说谎”的过去式和过去分词。BB4.将来时1.1.一般将来时表示计划、打算、企图做某事或来注一般将来时表示计划、打算、企图做某事或来注定要发生的事情。定要发生的事情。2.2.表示将来时的四种形式表示将来时的四种形式will/shall+will/shall+动词原形动词原形be going to do be going to do be about
21、to do(be about to do(正要干什么正要干什么)be to do be to do be going to be going to 有很强的计划性，打算干什么，而有很强的计划性，打算干什么，而willwill表示谈话时临时决定的意图，具有临时性和偶然性。表示谈话时临时决定的意图，具有临时性和偶然性。-The telephone is ringing.-The telephone is ringing.-I _ answer it.-I _ answer it.A.will B.am going to C.am to D.am about toA.will B.am going
22、to C.am to D.am about to -Alice,why didn -Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?t you come yesterday?-I _,but I had an unexpected visitor.-I _,but I had an unexpected visitor.A.had B.would C.was going to D.did A.had B.would C.was going to D.did be going to be going to 可用来表达某种迹象要发生的事。而可用来表达某种迹象要发生的事。而wi
23、ll will 不能表示不能表示 Look at the clouds!ItLook at the clouds!Its going to rain.s going to rain.3.be to3.be to和和be going to be going to 表示约定、计划或职责、义务要求即将发表示约定、计划或职责、义务要求即将发生的动作。生的动作。be to do be to do 安排将要干什么，有很强的计划性，安排将要干什么，有很强的计划性，有时有时=be going to=be going tobe to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事.be
24、 going to be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.4 4be about to do be about to do 表示表示“正要干什么正要干什么”，表示即将发生的动作，表示即将发生的动作，不与表示将来的时间状语连用不
25、与表示将来的时间状语连用。常与常与when when 连用，连用，when when 此时意思：此时意思：就在这时，是并列连就在这时，是并列连词词 构成句型：构成句型：be about to do be about to do whenwhen.I I was about to was about to leave leave when when it rained.it rained.3、高考题点击：高考题点击：1.Ifaman_succeed,hemustworkashardashecan.(95上海)A.willB.istoC.isgoingtoD.should2.-Youveleftt
26、helighton.-Oh,soIhave._andturnitoff.(2000N)A.IllgoB.IvegoneC.IgoD.Imgoing说明说明：此句的意思为“如果一个人想要成功，就必须尽力而为”。If引导的是条件状语从句，不能用将来时。而beto结构虽然表示将来的动作，但它不属于将来时。说明说明：本句的重点是“并行结构”，关键是看后面的turn，所以B、C、D、都不符合。BA3.BythetimeJanegetshome,heraunt_forLondontoattendameeting.(05天津卷)A.willleaveB.leavesC.willhaveleftD.left4
27、.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe_officesoon.(93N)A.leavesB.wouldleaveC.leftD.hadleft说明说明：that引导的宾语从句中的动作“离职”应该发生在“weresurprised”之后，故需用过去将来时。CB说明说明：bythetime表示“到为止”“在之前”，如果主句的动作发生在过去，一般需要用过去完成时；如果是将来，就需用将来完成时。5.现在进行时 1 1表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。2 2表示现阶段一直在进行的动作表示现阶段一直在进行的动作
28、 ，但说话时不一定正，但说话时不一定正在进行。在进行。I donI dont really work here.It really work here.Im helping until the m helping until the new secretary comes.new secretary comes.Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology_ so rapidly.easy t
29、ask because technology_ so rapidly.A.will have changed B.has changed A.will have changed B.has changed C.is changing D.will change C.is changing D.will change-Ann works very hard.-Ann works very hard.-In fact.I think she _ just now.-In fact.I think she _ just now.A.studied B.is studying C.studies D.
30、will stud A.studied B.is studying C.studies D.will stud 特殊用性：特殊用性：现在进行时可以表示一般将来时，常用于下列动词：现在进行时可以表示一般将来时，常用于下列动词：go go,come,leave,begin,arrive,return,fly,drive,come,leave,begin,arrive,return,fly,drive，taketake等。等。WeWere moving re moving to the new building to the new building next week.next week.现在进行
31、时与现在进行时与always,continually,constantly,never always,continually,constantly,never 等连用，等连用，表示表示厌恶或赞扬的感情色彩厌恶或赞扬的感情色彩。You You are always forgettingare always forgetting the important things.the important things.3 3有些词不用于进行时态：表示有些词不用于进行时态：表示“存在、所存在、所有、知觉、认应付，感情有、知觉、认应付，感情”等状态等状态存在存在：keep,stay,remain,be,co
32、nsist of,keep,stay,remain,be,consist of,containcontain所有所有：have,belong to,possess,own,hold have,belong to,possess,own,hold 知觉知觉：sound(sound(听起来听起来)，look/seem/appear(look/seem/appear(看看起来起来)，(看起来看起来),),smellsmell（闻起来）（闻起来）,taste,taste（尝起来）（尝起来）,feel(,feel(摸起来摸起来)，see,hear,see,hear,认识认识：understand,kno
33、w,suppose,remember,understand,know,suppose,remember,admit,forget,believe,thinkadmit,forget,believe,think情感情感：like,love,hate,prefer,like,love,hate,prefer,3.SinceIwonthebigprize,mytelephonehasntstoppedringing.People_toaskhowIamgoingtospendthemoney.（05湖南卷）A.phoneB.willphoneC.werephoningD.arephoning4.Se
34、lectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology_sorapidly.(2001N)A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange说明说明：自从我赢了大奖，人们不停地打电话来问我将怎样自从我赢了大奖，人们不停地打电话来问我将怎样使用这笔钱。此处的使用这笔钱。此处的 are phoning 表示表示“不停的打电话不停的打电话”。说明说明：选择移动电话难的原因是由于科技选择移动电话难的原因是由于科技正在正在飞速发展，飞速发展，所以要用现在进行时；况且进行时态常给人
35、一种情感上的所以要用现在进行时；况且进行时态常给人一种情感上的描述，表示说话者的一种描述，表示说话者的一种“感慨、赞赏、愤怒、斥责感慨、赞赏、愤怒、斥责”等。等。DA6.现在完成时1 1表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，响或结果，有时没有时间状语，有时有时间有时没有时间状语，有时有时间状语。状语。They have cleaned the They have cleaned the classroom.(Theyclassroom.(They cleaned cleaned the classroom and the classroom is c
36、lean now.)the classroom and the classroom is clean now.)2 2 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在而且可能表示过去已经开始，持续到现在而且可能继续下去的动作状态。继续下去的动作状态。He hasnHe hasnt given me any more trouble since then.t given me any more trouble since then.5._mysisterthreetimestodaybutherlinewasalwaysbusy.（05北京春季）A.IdphonedB.IvebeenphoningC.Ivepho
37、nedD.Iwasphoning6.-YouhaventbeentoBeijing,haveyou?-_.HowIwishtogothere!(98N)A.Yes,IhaveB.Yes,IhaventC.No,IhaveD.No,Ihavent说明说明：此题的干扰源是后面的此题的干扰源是后面的 was busy。今天打了三次电。今天打了三次电话是用来表示结果的，只能用现在完成时；而每次她都占话是用来表示结果的，只能用现在完成时；而每次她都占线是表示过去的动作，所以用一般过去时。线是表示过去的动作，所以用一般过去时。说明说明：从补充的句子从补充的句子“How I wish to go there
38、!”可知可知“我我”没到过北京。没到过北京。CD7.过去完成时 1 1过去的过去过去的过去请记住：请记住：by the end of+by the end of+过去时间过去时间be the time+be the time+从句（用一般过去时）引导的句从句（用一般过去时）引导的句子或主句用过去完成时）子或主句用过去完成时）The film had already begun The film had already begun when I got therewhen I got there.They had left They had left before I returned.befo
39、re I returned.We had finished the work We had finished the work by last month(by by last month(by the time he came.)the time he came.)2 2 表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一个时间的动表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态。作或状态。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.I had been at the bus stop for 20
40、minutes when a bus finally came.3 3 用于用于hardly hardly when;no sooner when;no sooner than than（一（一.就就）等句子中。）等句子中。Hardly had we arrived when she started complaining.Hardly had we arrived when she started complaining.4 hope,think expect,intend,mean,suppose,want,imagine4 hope,think expect,intend,mean,su
41、ppose,want,imagine等，用于等，用于过去完成时，表示过去未实现的希望或意图。过去完成时，表示过去未实现的希望或意图。I had hoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being I had hoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being found.found.我本希望能乘着这些噪音不被发现地坐到位置上。（但实际上我本希望能乘着这些噪音不被发现地坐到位置上。（但实际上未实现）未实现）5 5，用于对过去假设的虚拟语气中的
42、从句。用于对过去假设的虚拟语气中的从句。If I If I had known had known your telephone number yesterday,I your telephone number yesterday,I would have telephoned youwould have telephoned you.用于现在完成时的句型用于现在完成时的句型1）Itisthefirst/secondtime.that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。ItisthefirsttimethatIhave visitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethatthe
43、boyhad beenlate.注意比较注意比较 Its time that 结构：结构：Itishightimethatwewenttoschool.2）Thisisthethat结构，that从句要用现在完成时.ThisisthebestfilmthatIve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。Thisisthefirsttime(that)Ive heardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题典型例题(1)-Doyouknowourtownatall?-No,thisisthefirsttimeI_here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcomin
44、g(2)-Haveyou_beentoourtownbefore?-No,itsthefirsttimeI_here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome注意注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.（对）Ihaventreceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.BD6.Thelittlegirl_herheartoutbecauseshe_hertoybearandbelievedshe
45、wasntevergoingtofindit.(02北京)A.hadcried,lostB.cried,hadlostC.hascried,haslostD.cries,haslost7.Hurryup!AliceandSuearewaitingforyouattheschoolgate.Oh!Ithoughtthey_withoutme.(05江西卷)AwentBaregoingChavegoneDhadgone说明说明：哭得伤心发生在过去，而丢玩具熊发生在哭之前。两个发生在过去的动作，之前发生的用过去完成时，之后发生的用一般过去时。说明说明：“他没叫我就走了”这个动作明显发生在“我认为”之
46、前。所以必须用过去完成时。BD8.现在完成进行时构成：构成：have/has been doinghave/has been doing表示过去某一动作状态一直持续到现在，也表示过去某一动作状态一直持续到现在，也可能将持续下去。可能将持续下去。-Isn-Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work?t it hard to drive downtown to work?-Yes,that -Yes,that why I _ to work by train.why I _ to work by train.A.have been going B.have gon
47、e A.have been going B.have gone C.was going D.will have gone C.was going D.will have gone 7.-Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.-Iamtired.I_thelivingroomallday.(98N)A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted8.Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucy_goingbacktoschool,butshehasntdecidedyet.（04北京）AhadconsideredBhasbee
48、nconsideringCconsideredDisgoingtoconsider说明说明：这句话的意思是这句话的意思是“我一整天都在刷起居室我一整天都在刷起居室”，现在，现在完成进行时表示完成进行时表示从过去开始的一个动作一直持续到现在，从过去开始的一个动作一直持续到现在，而且还在进行当中而且还在进行当中。强调的是强调的是“一直在做一直在做”。CB说明：说明：她她“一直在考虑返校一直在考虑返校”是现在完成进行时，是现在完成进行时，“还还没作决定没作决定”是现在的结果。是现在的结果。9.9.将来完成时将来完成时：will/shall+have done will/shall+have done
49、 表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作，常与表示将来表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作，常与表示将来时间的状语连用，时间的状语连用，如：如：by the end of+by the end of+将来时间的短语将来时间的短语,by the time+by the time+从句（从句用一般现在时表示一般将来从句（从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时），这时句子或主句应用将来完成时时），这时句子或主句应用将来完成时 We will have finished the work by the time he comes We will have finished the work by the time he c
50、omes back.back.10.10.一般将来进行时一般将来进行时；will be doing/shall be doing will be doing/shall be doing 表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作 What will you be doing this time tomorrow?What will you be doing this time tomorrow?1.By the end of this month,we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A.have found