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1、1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Text 1There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization.You findthese careers in engineering,in production,in statistical work,and in teaching.But there is anincreasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance,people wh
2、o perhapsdo not know too much about any one field.There is,in other words,a demand for people who arecapable of seeing the forest rather than the trees,of making general judgments.We can call thesepeople“generalists.”And these“generalists“are particularly needed fbr positions inadministration,where
3、it is their job to see that other people do the work,where they have to planfor other people,to organize other peoples work,to begin it and judge it.The specialist understands one field;his concern is with technique and tools.He is a“trained”man;and his educational background is properly technical o
4、r professional.The generalist-andespecially the administrator deals with people;his concern is with leadership,with planning,and with direction giving.He is an“educated man;and the humanities are his strongestfoundation.Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.And very rarely is
5、 a goodgeneralist also a good specialist in particular field.Any organization needs both kinds of people,though different organizations need them in different proportions.It is your task to find out,duringyour training period,into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit,and to plan your careeraccordi
6、ngly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job fbr you-but this is pure accident.Certainly youshould not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job.At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job;it is primarily a training job
7、,an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness fbr being an employee.26.There is an increasing demand for.A all round people in their own fieldsB people whose job is to organize other peoples workC generalists whose educational background is either technical or professionalD specialists who
8、se chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others27.The specialist is.A a man whose job is to train other peopleB a man who has been trained in more than one fieldsC a man who can see the forest rather than the treesD|a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matter
9、s28.The administrator is.A a trained“man who is more a specialist than a generalist|B|a man who sees the trees as well as the forestC a man who is very strong in the humanitiesD a man who is an“educated”specialist29.During your training period,it is i mp o r t a n t.A to try to be a generalistB to c
10、hoose a profitable jobC to find an organization which fits youDJ to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist30.A mans first job.A is never the right job for himB should not be regarded as his final jobC should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hol
11、d any jobD is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final jobTest 2At the bottom of the world lies a inighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and,until recenttimes,unknown to man.It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevationare still uncertain.Much of the co
12、ntinent is a complete blank on our maps.Man has explored,onfoot,less than one per cent of its area.Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions.The Arctic is an ocean,covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses ofEurope,Asia,and North America.The Antarctic is a cont
13、inent almost as large as Europe andAustralia combined,centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructedwater areas of the world-the Atlantic,Pacific,and Indian Oceans.The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre,thus,the air over the Antarcticis far mo
14、re refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions.This cold air current from the land is soforceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable thoseregions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.Thus,more than amillion persons live with
15、in 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska,Siberia,and Scandinavia-a region rich in forest and mining industries.Apart from a handful ofweather stations,within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree,industry,orsettlement.31.The best title for thi
16、s selection would be.A Iceland Bl Land of Opportunity C The Unknown Continent D Utopia at Last32.At the time this article was written,our knowledge of Antarctica was.A very limited B vast C fairly rich D nonexistent33.Antarctica is bordered by the.A Pacific Ocean B Indian Ocean C Atlantic Ocean D Al
17、l three34.The Antarctic is made uninhabitable primarily by.AJ cold air B calm seas C ice D lack of knowledge about the continent35.According to this ar t i cl e.A 2,000 people live on the Antarctic ContinentB a million people live within 2,000 miles of the South PoleC weather conditions within a 2,0
18、00 mile radius of the South Pole make settlements impractical|D only a handful of natives inhabit Antarctica1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Text 1For centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight.In 400 A.D.Chinese children played witha fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ce
19、ased.Leonardo da Vinciconceive the first mechanical apparatus,called a“Helix,“which could carry man straight up,butwas only a design and was never tested.The ancient-dream was finally realized in 1940 when a Russian engineer piloted a strange lookingcraft of steel tubing with a rotating fan on top.I
20、t rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from astanding start,hovered a few feet above the ground,went sideways and backwards,and thensettled back to earth.The vehicle was called a helicopter.Imaginations were fired.Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopters.Peopleanticipate
21、that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners oftoday.Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled.The helicopter has now become an extremely useful machine.It excels in military missions,carrying troops,guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft c
22、annot go.Corporations usethem as airborne offices,many metropolitan areas use them in police work,construction andlogging companies employ them in various advantageous ways,engineers use them for siteselection and surveying,and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remotework s
23、tations accessible to crews and supplies.Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is alikely task for a helicopter.Among their other multitude of used:deliver people across town,fly toand from airports,assist in rescue work,and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons.11.People expect tha
24、t.A the airliners of today would eventually be replaced by helicoptersB helicopters would someday be able to transport large number of people from place to place asairliners are now doingC the imaginations fired by the Russian engineers invention would become a reality in thefutureD their fantastic
25、expectations about helicopters could be fulfilled by airliners of today12.Helicopters work with the aid of.A a combination of rotating devices in front and on top|B|a rotating device topsideC one rotating fan in the center of the aircraft and others at each end D a rotating fanunderneath for lifting
26、13.What is said about the development of the helicopter?A Helicopters have only been worked on by man since 1940.B Chinese children were the first to achieve flight in helicopters.C Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes.D Some people thought they would become widely use
27、d by average individuals.14.How has the use of helicopters developed?A They have been widely used for various purposes.B They are taking the place ofhigh-flying jets.|C They are used for rescue work.|D They are now used exclusively for commercialprojects.15.Under what conditions are helicopters foun
28、d to be absolutely essential?AJ For overseas passenger transportation.B|For extremely high altitude flights.C For high-speed transportation.|D For urgent mission to places inaccessible toother kinds of craft.Text 2In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious asso
29、ciations.TheOlympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus,king of the Olympian Gods,eventually lost its local character,became first a national event and then,after the rules againstforeign competitors had been abolished,international.No one knows exactly how far back theOlympic
30、Ganies go,but some official records date from 776 B.C.The games took place in Auguston the plain by Mount Olympus.Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece,but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator.Slaves,women and dishonored personswere not allowed to compete.The ex
31、act sequence of events uncertain,but events included boysgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horse racing and field events,though there were fewer sportsinvolved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games,all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leavesplaced on their he
32、ads.So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to theyear of his victory.Although Olympic winners received no prize money,they were,in fact,richlyrewarded by their state authorities.How their results compared with modem standards,weunfortunately have no means of telling.Af
33、ter an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years,the Games were suspended by the Romans in394 A.D.They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behindthe Olympics:the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind,and that the spirit ofcompetition in sports and ga
34、mes was preferable to the competition that caused wars.It was over1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays,the Games are held in different countries in turn.The host country provides vastfacilities,including a stadium,swimming pools and l
35、iving accommodation,but competingcourtiers pay their own athletes,expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch,lighted on Mount Olympus by thesuns rays.It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium.The torch symbolized thecontinuation of the ancient Greek athletic
36、 ideals,and it bums throughout the Games until theclosing ceremony.The well-known Olympic flag,however,is a modern conception:the fiveinterlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.16.In ancient Greece,the Olympic Ga me s.A were merely national athletic fe
37、stivals|B|were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colourC had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous positionD were primarily national events with few foreign participants17.In the early days of ancient Olympic Ga me s.A only male Greek athletes were allowed
38、 to participate in the gamesB all Greeks,irrespective of sex,religion or social status,were allowed to take partC all Greeks,with the exception of women,were allowed to compete in GamesDJ all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games18.The order of athletic events at the ancient Ol y mp i c
39、 s.A has not definitely been established B varied according to the number of foreigncompetitorsC was decided by Zeus,in whose honor the Games were held D was consideredunimportant19.Modem athletes,results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners becauseA the Greeks had no means of recording
40、the results B they are much betterC details such as the time were not recorded in the past D they are much worse20.Nowadays,the athletes*expenses are paid for.A out of the prize money of the winners B out of the funds raised by the competingnationsC by the athletes themselves D by contributionsText
41、3In science the meaning of the word“explain”suffers with civilizations every step in search ofreality.Science cannot really explain electricity,magnetism,and gravitation;their effects can bemeasured and predicted,but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than toThales who first lo
42、oked into the nature of the electrification of amber,a hard yellowish-browngum.Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what thesemysterious forces“really are.Electricity,v Bertrand Russell says,“is not a thing,like St.PaulsCathedral;it is a way in which things behav
43、e.When we have told how things behave when theyare electrified,and under what circumstances they are electrified,we have told all there is to tell.,Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea.Aristotle,for example,whosenatural science dominated Western thought for two thousand y
44、ears,believed that man could arriveat an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.He felt,for example,thatit is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place,hence one candeduce that objects fall to the ground because thats where they belong,
45、and smoke goes upbecause thats where it belongs.The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen.Modem science was bom when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thusoriginated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientificinvestigation.2
46、1.The aim of controlled scientific experiments is.A to explain why things happen B to explain how things happenC to describe self-evident principles D to support Aristotelian science22.What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?A the speculations of Thales B the forces
47、 of electricity,magnetism,and gravityC Aristotles natural science D Galileos discoveries23.Bertrand RusselPs notion about electricity is.A disapproved of by most modern scientistsB in agreement with Aristotles theory of self-evident principlesC in agreement with scientific investigation directed tow
48、ard how”things happen|D in agreement with scientific investigation directed towaid“why”things happen24.The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the i dea.A that there are mysterious forces in the universe B that man cannot discover what forces“really”areC that there are self-ev
49、ident principles D that we can discover why thingsbehave as they do25.Modem science came into bei ng.AJ when the method of controlled experiment was first introducedB|when Galileo succeeded in explaining how things happenC when Aristotelian scientist tried to explain why things happenD when scientis
50、ts were able to acquire an understanding of reality of reasoning1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Text 1It doesnt come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study ifyou cant remember it.You just waste your valuable time.Maybe you have already discoveredsome clever ways to