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1、 雅思考试阅读匹配模考试题附详解 【Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?】 A Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness i
2、s a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that were not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a
3、Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasnt been respectable science to study what h
4、appens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism and heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait. B A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alic
5、e Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic sta
6、tements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists acro
7、ss the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form pods to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapi
8、sts were coached in the new science. C But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Arent these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are p
9、roblems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as the power of positive thinking. His plan to stop the new science floating on the waves of self- improvement fashions is to make sure it is anchored to positive
10、 philosophy above, and to positive biology below. D And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then feroci
11、ous floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligenc
12、e to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is l
13、ooking for whats wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesnt work in the modem world. E Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show
14、that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one o
15、f the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us something bad has happened and suggest a different course of action. F What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientis
16、ts studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the
17、 response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brains evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in
18、 human history. G Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brains reward system. They are involved in
19、 anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the wanting parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the foo
20、d it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure. H In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brai
21、ns are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness. Question 14-20 The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. 14 An experiment involving dividing several groups
22、one of which received positive icon 15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area 16 Contrast being made about the brains action as response to positive or negative stimulus 17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund 18 a substance that produces much wanting instea
23、d of much liking 19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains 20 One description that listed the human emotional categories Question 21-25 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than four words from the Reading
24、 Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet. A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other two either are as
25、ked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received 21. The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the 22for both levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evol
26、utional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of thinking for whats wrong because we have a23 There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in bra
27、ins to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like24are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from 25of the brain. Question 26 Write your answers in boxes 26 on your ans
28、wer sheet. Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D. According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about happiness A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together. B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively. C Happiness i
29、s like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure. D The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness. 文章题目：科学家可以告知我们什么是幸福吗 篇章构造 体裁 谈论文 题目 科学家可以告知我们什么是幸福吗 构造 (一句话概括每段大意) A段: 关于幸福的早期心理学讨论主流是负面心情 B段: 少数心理学家讨论正面情感带给人的好处 C段: 批判家质疑用积极思索来讨论幸福的合理性 D段: 冰河世纪的古人类惯用消
30、极思维模式 E段: 消极想法更简单被牢记 F段: 积极和消极想法的大脑构造的生物学根底 G段: 区分喜爱和欲望是讨论幸福的难点 H段: 消极心情是人类生存的根底 试题分析 Question 14-26 题目类型： 题号 定位词 文中对应点 题目解析 14 Three groups B段第2句 B段叙述了少数心理学家对积极心情的讨论。从第2句话开头，文章详述了试验的方法，题干中的positive icon指代文中的candy。 此题答案为B 15 Ignored，only A段最终两句 A段是关于早期心里学家讨论幸福的方法。从该段最终两句可以看出，积极的心情在当时的讨论被ignored，并且在1
31、00个试验中，only one concerns a positive trait。这里的ignored/only/a都是在映射题干中的poorly researched。 此题答案选A 16 Structure of the brain F段第1句 F段叙述了积极和消极想法的大脑构造的生物学根底。从第一句话的structure of brain可以看出，本段会讨论brain action。 此题答案选F 17 Critics, big question C段第1句 C段是针对B段的观点，批判家质疑少数心理学家讨论幸福的方式。从critics, big question, what is th
32、e point of等地方，均可以看出题干中所述的skeptical attitude。 此题答案选C 18 Wanting, liking G段第1句 G段落主要讲wanting和liking的在大脑系统中的区分。从第1句开头，该段屡次消失wanting和liking。 所以此题答案选G 19 Brick of nature H段第2句 H段是全文最终一段，所以很简单于题干中的conclusion联系在一起。另外在H段第 2句也消失了brick of nature,指代题干中的nature of brains。 此题答案选H 20 Six universal emotion E段中间 E段中
33、提到了人类最根底的六种情感，对应题干中的human emotional categories。 此题答案选E 21 Candy B段 B段中具体描述了试验的三个分组状况。Into three groups: one received candy, one 所以此题可以从原文中直接找到答案为candy。 22 What is the point of defining C段 从题干中的Since critics可得知此题对应原文中的C段。该段第2句话what is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virt
34、ues。所以此题需要填写define的名词definition。 23 Professor Seligman, adversity D段倒数第三局 D段倒数第3句：Professor Seligman says: because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain。从题干中的Professor Seligman提示了答案应当从这句话中查找。另外题干中的adversity对应了文章中的ice flood和famine。因此每题应当填catastrophic b
35、rain 24 Pleasant picture E段第3句 E段第3句 叙述了pleasant and unpleasant picture对人类大脑的影响，之后紧接着提到了landscapes and dolphins playing。可见这里的positive image应当填文章中对应的pleasant picture，即landscapes and dolphins playing。 25 Unpleasant images E段第4句 此题答案紧接着上一题。在E段中描述了pleasant picture之后，紧接着提到了unpleasant image(picture)。在该句的末
36、尾处comes from more primitive parts of the brain可以找到改题的答案为 more primitive parts 26 Separate, deeply ingrained, wanting and liking, lasting happiness E、G、H段 A选项: G段的第一句话brain system for liking and wanting are separate，因此选项中的mix together是错误的。 B选项: 在E段中，主要表述了消极思想和情感在大脑中会留下深刻的记忆，并很难被抹去: negative thinking
37、is deeply ingrained in the human psyche。Deeply ingrained和题干中的be easily rid of冲突。 C选项：G段最终一句，drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure。看似与题干很吻合但是却在意思上大相径庭。G段的核心思想是在强调happiness和满意wanting后的satisfaction是两个概念。题干中的nicotine只是满意了人类大脑的wanting，但是不会带来pleasant，更不会带来happiness。所以这个选项也是错误的。 D选项：
38、H段最终一句，our brain are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness意思与题干全都，表述了由于大脑构造导致了很难持续或者幸福感。 所以此题选D 参考译文： 科学家可以告知我们什么是幸福吗 A 经济学家认为，假如人们会把自己描述成幸福的，那么他们就是幸福的.然而 心理学家却要区分不同幸福感之间的差別。幸福最中等的水平是一种快乐或是欢乐的感觉。但是有时幸福是对生活的一种评判，认为生活是令人满足的，而这好像是不涉及感情范畴的。受人仰慕的心理学家Martin Seligman领先致力于关于幸福的讨论。不幸的是
39、，我们并不是天生就会感到幸福;而所幸的是，我们可以做一些关于幸福的事情。关于幸福的讨论最早要追溯 到130年前在Leipzig的试验室，那时心理学对“和善”和“满意”还知之甚少， 大局部的心理学家都在讨论“脆弱”和“苦痛”。图书馆里的书涉及的理论都是关于我们为什么会哀痛，担忧和生气这类的心情。讨论生活乎顺时发生的事情在当时看来是不靠谱的。积极正面的体验，比方说欢乐，和善，利他主义和英雄主义在当时经常是被人们忽视的。在每100篇关于焦虑和压抑的心理学论文中，只有一篇会涉及积极的心理状态。 B 少数的试验心理学家引领了有关幸福讨论的潮流。康奈尔大学的Alice Isen教授和她的同事致力于讨论正面
40、的情感如何让人们思维更灵敏以及更有制造力。为了展现正面的情感是怎样快速地提升一个人的智力，Isen教授通过一个奇妙的诊断将参与试验的医生分为3组：一组收到了糖果，一组朗读人本主义的宜言，一组则作为掌握对比组，(试验结果说明，)收到糖果的医生的思维更具制造性同时工作也更高效，受到Isen教授和其他人的启发，Seligman也投身关于幸描的讨论，他等集到了几百万美金的讨论经费，用以资助全世界150名科学家组成的50个讨论小组。4家“积极心理学”中心成立，用令人愉悦的颜色装饰， 配有沙发和保姆。心理学家聚拢在墨西哥的沙滩上享受着潜水的乐趣，品尝墨西哥菜肴fajitas，他们还分成小组争论有关“夸迹”
41、和“敬畏的话题。还有一千名临床医学家承受这项新科学工程的培训。 C 但是一些批判家要求心理学家答复一些重大的问题，比方说，什么是定义不同幸福水平的标准以及如何将这些特点分类?这些关于幸福的概念莫非不是糢糊不清而且无法被这实的吗?当四处还有饥饿，洪水和经济萧条的时候，将这些讨论基金用于积极心态的讨论适宜吗?Seligman知道他的工作会被別人轻看，还可能会被人冠以诸如“积极思索的力气”此类的陈词滥调。因此，为了让这样新的科学讨论不要浮于自我满意的状态，就要确保这项研完和“枳极心理学”相联系，又以“枳极生物学”作为根底。 D 这就需要我们回到人类的进化史，人类是从更新世时代(180万到1万年前)开
42、头进化的，那是一个布满困难和动乱的时代。在冰河世纪，我们的祖先先是忍受冰川形成的严寒，然后是冰川消融时的泛滥的洪水。人们还得和那些令人毛骨悚然的生物比方说猛犸象和体型如大象般巨大的地懒以及长着锋利犬牙的猫共同生存。但是到了更新世的末期，全部的这些动物都灭亡了，人类却进化出了脑容量更大的大脑，并且通过自己的智力学会生火和制造较简单的工具，还学会了说话并且形成了一些社会礼仪。在逆境中生存将人类变得更加有恒心和毅力。Seligman教授说道：“由于我们的大脑是在一个布满冰川，洪水和饥饿的年月进化来的，我们的大脑经受了太多患难灾难性，所以我们的大脑的运作模式就是 “发觉哪里出了问题”。但问题是，这在更
43、新世那样的时代是起作用的，在那时这对人类是有益的，但是在现代社会就不起作用了。 E 尽管大多数人评价自己很幸福，但是大量证据显示消极的想法还是在人类心中根深蒂固。试验显示，较胜利而言，失败更简单被我们牢牢记住。我们总是在思想一些不顺当的事情，而不是那些顺当的好的事情。在6种根本的心情中，有4种是消极的，它们是：生气，可怕，厌恶和哀痛，而只有一种是积极的，它就是喜悦。(第6种心情是惊异，属于中性。)心理学家同时也是幸福这本书的Daniel Nettle和皇家学院的一位学者认为，消极的心情总是告知我们“一些不好的事情已经发生了”，从而会让我们实行不一样的行动。 F 毕竟是什么样的大脑构造让我们会倾
44、向于有消极的想法呢?“欢乐”这样的心情有生物学根底吗?爱荷华大学的神经学家讨论了当人们看到令人愉悦的图片和让人不舒适的图片时的状况。当人们看到风景或是海豚玩耍时，大脑的额叶会变得活泼。但是当他们看到一些让人不舒适的图片比方说一只小鸟被埋在土里时，或是一个战死的战士面部还有局部缺失时，大脑最原始的局部会做出反响。这种识别消极心情的力量是从古时候大脑进化早期形成的危急识别系统来的。大脑前额叶皮质是产生幸福感的部位，是用来进展一些高级的思索，是人类晚些时期进化来的。 G 据Daniel Nettle所言，讨论的困难在于大脑对于“喜爱”和“欲望”(wanting and liking)的机制是分开的，
45、“欲望”涉及两个最初大脑发育的部位，也就是扁桃体和神经大脑区，它们通过化学多巴酚传递信息来形成大脑的嘉奖机制。它们经常是让人们很期盼吃完东西的快 感或是对药品上瘾。小白鼠会不停地击打栅栏来猎取对大脑“欲望”心情的电刺激，而忽视异性同伴，但是获得大脑刺激的小白鼠虽然吃得更多，但是并没有迹象说明它在吃到自己渴想的食物后有一种满意感。对人而言，像尼古丁这样的物质会让人想要摄取更多但是却带来很少的快 感。 H 从本质上来看，生物课可以告知我们消极的心情是人类生存的根本心情，所以难怪它很难铲除。与此同时，让人觉得很诡异的是，我们的大脑总是想要的许多，但是却很难真正得到持续的幸福感。 参考答案: Version 19104 主题 幸福的科学解释 14、B 15、A 16、F 17、C 18、G 19、H 20、E 21、Candy 22、definition 23、a catastrophic brain 24、landscapes or dolphins playing 25、(more) primitive parts 26、D