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1、第四章 英语各种从句的翻译第一节 名词从句的翻译一、主语从句主语从句是名词性从句的一种。引导主语从句的词包括代词what，whatever，whoever，how等，连词that，whether等，连接代词及连接副词。（一）由代词what，how等引导的主语从句，常译为“(所).的”结构，或译为主-谓-宾结构作汉语的主语，其余部分的语序基本不变。What is hard is to good all ones life and never do anything bad.难的是一辈子做好事，不做坏事How the advance worker managed to raise producti
2、on is of interest to us all.这位先进生产者究竟是怎样提高产量的，我们大家对此很感兴趣。由whatever，whoever等词语引导的主语从句，是what，who等的强调形式，表示“所的一切”，“无论谁.都”，翻译时，可根据上下文灵活调整表达方式Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.他此行的所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象Whatever was said here must be kept secret.这里说的话都应当保密Whoever fails to see t
3、his will make a big blunder.谁要是看不到这一点，谁就会犯极大的错误。（二）由that引导的主语从句，一般都位于句子的后面，代词it作形式主语放在句首。翻译这类从句时，可根据实际情况在语序上作适当的变化，it有时还应省略不译，但表示强调时则应译出。It is often asked what the mechanism of cancer is.人们常问癌的机理是什么。It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.他参加不参加会议没有多大关系。It is a fact that
4、 the U.S.has sent its fleet to all parts of the world.美国已把它的舰队派往世界各地，这是事实。It is common sense that a liquid has no definite shape,yet it has a definite volume.液体无一定形式，而有一定体积，这是一般常识。It is true that the high voltage cable would need to have more insulation.的确，高压电缆需要更好的绝缘。（三）为了强调主语，或者为了保持句子平衡，主语从句可以直接放在
5、句首，这种形式相当于it作形式主语，主语从句放在句后。翻译时可按照原句语序，若表示强调，则应先把it译出。That she is still alive is a consolation.她还活着，这真是人感到欣慰。That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.理论必须联系实际是我们应当经常记住的一条原则。有时根据结构特点和汉语的表达需要，可以用合词译法把主语从句和主句合译成一个简单句，使译文简洁明快，结构紧凑Whoever violates the reg
6、ulations should be punished.违规者必受罚。That parents love children is perfect and minute.父母对子女之爱是无微不至的It is estimated that there are several thousand languages and dialects spoken in the world today.目前世界上使用的语言和方言估计有几千种之多。二、宾语从句宾语从句分三种类型：由连接代词和副词引导的宾语从句，由关系代词型what等代词引导的宾语从句和由that引导的宾语从句。（一）翻译由that，what，ho
7、w，whether，if等词引导的宾语从句时，一般不需要改变语序We all know that cigarette smoking is hazardous to health and that alcohol abuse can kill.我们都知道吸烟对人体健康有害，我们也知道酗酒能置人于死地。（二）代词it作先行的形式宾语，从句位于句后，汉译时一般不改变语序，it省略不译。I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.我让你自己判断这事应不应该做。Nutritional experiments have made i
8、t evident that vitamins are in dispensable for ones health and growth.营养实验已经证明，维生素是人们健康和成长所不可缺少的（三）从句作介词in的宾语时，常译为原因状语从句，可用“因为 ”“在于 ”“是由于 ”等来表达；介词except，but，besides，except that等后面的宾语从句，常采用断句译法，译为并列分句Liquids are different from solids in that liquids have no definite shape.液体与固体的区别在于液体无一定形状。It will go
9、 hard but that we shall bring more land under culitivation.除非扩大耕地面积，否则事情就不好办了。His account is correct except that some details are omitted除有些细节未提到外，他的报告是正确的。He usually goes to work on his bike except when it rains他一般骑自行车上班，雨天除外三、表语从句表语从句总是位于系词be之后，汉译时一般语序不变，也可按汉语表达习惯灵活处理，即先译主句，后译从句，或先译从句，后译主句。The tru
10、th is that men are developed from anthropoid apes.真实情况就是，人类是从类人猿进化而来的The question was whether it was common cold or influenza.问题是这病是普通感冒还是流行感冒。常见的表语从句译法如下（一）That（This）is why句型有两种翻译方法：一种是顺译，即不改变原句的语序，译为“这就是为什么.”，“这就是.的原因（缘故）”;另一种倒译，即改变原句的语序，译为“.，原因（理由）就在这里“That is why we decided to put the discussion
11、 off.这就是我们决定推迟讨论的原因。That is why they catch cold easily他们容易得感冒，原因就在这里。（二）翻译含有This（it）is because 句型的句子时，通常采用顺译法，无须改变语序，译为“这是因为.“、”这是因为.的缘故“、”这是由于的缘故“等It is because a conductor carrying a current is surrounded by a magnetic field.这是因为载流导体周围有一个磁场的缘故。This is because people engaged in changing reality are
12、 usually subject to numerous limitations.这是因为投身变革现实的人常常受到许多限制。（三）翻译含有This is what 句型的句子时，可采用顺译和倒译两种方法，译文“这就是。的(内容)“、”就是这个道理（意思）“等。This is what we have discussed in this article.这就是我们的本文讨论的内容。This is what is meant by“failure is the mother of success”and”a fall into the pit,a gain in your wit.”所谓“失败乃成
13、功之母“，”吃一埑，长一智“，就是这个道理。四、同位语从句同位语从句一般由that引导，接在idea,fact，news，desire，hope，belief，thought，doubt，decision等先行词的后面，对先行词作进一步解释和说明。同位语从句的翻译可采用顺译法，换序译法、断句译法等。（一）顺译法不改变原句的语序，同位语从句仍位于名词的后面，但有时可根据需要将先行词译成动词，变为主句的谓语。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。（二）换序译法把同位语放在句子的前
14、面，或者放在先行词的前面，适当改变先行词的词性There is no possibility that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.人类受机器人控制是不可能的The announcement that all flights were cancelled because of bad weather distressed the waiting passengers由于气候恶劣而撤销全部航班的通知使等候的旅客们焦虑不安。The idea that continents broke and drifted apart is kno
15、wn as the hypothesis.认为大陆曾经断裂并漂移的设想叫做大陆漂移假说。So far there is no proof that UFOs or spaceships from other planets do exist.究竟有无不明飞行物或来自其他行星的宇宙飞船，迄今尚无法证实（三）断句译法将主句和同位语段开，增加“即“、”就是“、”他（们）说“、”其内容是“等词，或者用冒号、破折号等符号。The process of exchange of gases follows a simple law of physics that a gas flows in to the
16、direction of least pressure.气体交换过程遵循一条简单的物理规律，即气体向压力最小的方向流动。The name“volcano”indicates the belief of the ancient Greeks that the burning hills of the Mediterranean were the workshops of the divine blacksmith,Vulcan.“火山“这个名称表示古代希腊人的信念，他们认为，地中海内许多燃烧的小山都是神匠伐尔肯的工场。第二节 定语从句和状语从句的翻译Translation of attribut
17、ive and adverbial clauses一、定语从句的翻译定语从句分两种：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。从功能上看，还有一类定语从句兼具状语的性质。定语从句有长有短，对先行词的限制有强有弱，翻译时，必须视上下文灵活处理，兼顾原文的表层结构和深层结构。较短的定语从句，可从语法角度着手，分析其表层结构：长而复杂的定语从句，可参照一下六个步骤，以求得队员句彻底透彻的理解，为顺畅地表达铺平道路。这六个步骤是：紧缩主干-区分主从-辨析词义-分清层次-调整搭配-润饰词语（与长句的翻译类似）。定语从句常可译为：定语结构、并列结构、谓语结构、宾语结构、独立句、简单句、状语结构等。（一）译为定语结
18、构较短的定语从句比较容易理解与其他成分之间的层次关系，翻译时，可将从句译为定语结构或“的”字结构，直接放在被修饰词的前面。只要句子较短，无论是限制性定语从句，还是非限制性定语从句，都可以采用这种方法。A crane can be defined as machine which lifts heavy pads and displaces them horizontally.起重机可定义为举起重载，并使其水平位移的机械。Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that received U.S.aid.国会公
19、布了关于接受美国援助的105个国家的人权情况调查报告。The sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in all its splendor.那个整天躲在云朵里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。If one object is changed with the same kind of electricity as appears on another near by,the two objects will repel each other.如果一个物体带有与它邻近物体上所出现的同类的电荷，这两个物体会相互排斥。（二）译为并列结构有些定语从句与主语的
20、关联不太紧密，或意思比较独立，在逻辑上有追述、描写、转折等作用，如前置用定语形式表达则不符合汉语习惯，这时，一般把定语从句译为前置或后置的并列结构。翻译非限制性定语从句，这种方法更加常用。Archimedes principle applies to liquids,by which we mean all liquids and gases.阿基米德定律适用于一切流体，这里所谓流体指的是一切流体和气体。At dinner I found myself placed between Mrs.Bradley and a shy drab girl,who seemed even younger
21、than the others.席间我发现我的座位在布拉德雷太太和一位腼腆朴素的姑娘之间，这位姑娘看起来比其余的人还要年轻。See Fig.19,where the plate lies on three rest buttons.见图19，图中平板放在三个定位钮上。Isabel was a tall girl the oval face,straight nose,fine eyes and full mouth that appeared to the characteristics of the family.伊莎贝尔是个高身材姑娘，鸭蛋脸，直鼻梁，眉清目秀，丰满的嘴。这一切看起来都是这
22、家人的特征。You compare with English women who wolf down from three to five meat meals a day;and naturally you find her a sylph.你们英国女人每天狼吞虎咽地吃上三餐到五餐肉食，你们拿娜拉来比她们，当然觉得她（娜拉）是个窈窕仙女了（三）译为谓语结构将原主语的主谓结构压缩成汉语的词组作译文的状语，把定语从句转译为谓语，合并成一个句子。“We are nation that must beg to stay alive”said a foreign economit.一位外国经济学家说道
23、“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去”She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere.她在银行的存款，足以使她到处受到欢迎There are events taking place at this time which dim their hopes and lessen the prospects.目前正在发生的事件使他们感到希望渺茫，前途暗淡Sir Huddleston Fuddleston had three daughters who all hope to be Lady Crawley
24、.赫特尔顿.福特尔顿爵士的三个女儿都想做克劳莱夫人。（四）译为独立句由于非限制性定语从句与主句的关系比较松散，所以很多情况下可以转译为独立的句子，关系代词只作为一般的代词，从句也变为句子的主体。Once was a violent thunderstorm,the worst I had ever seen,which obscured my objective.这一次暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实为我平生所仅见。这暴风雨遮住了我的目标。He had talked to Vice-President Nixon,who assured him that everything that could be
25、 done would be done.他和副总统尼克松谈过话，副总统向他担保，凡是能够做到的都会竭尽全力去做（五）译为简单句限定性定语从句与主语的关系比较密切，因此可把主句和从句合并在一起，变成简单句。这类句子常含有there be to be 等结构。Is it history you are reading?你们在读历史吗？The oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery where the oil is processed.油罐将原油带到炼油厂加工。There were men in the crowd who had stood there
26、 every day for a month.人群中有些人已经在那里站了一个月（六）译成状语从句这些从句形式上是定语从句，但在语法功能和深层含义上却起着状语从句的作用，表示时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、让步、条件、假设等，翻译时必须慎重处理，以使译文准确而顺通地反映原义。To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium235,in which all the atoms are available for fission制造原子弹必须用铀235，因为它的所有原子都可裂变（定语从句表原因）We recognize the establish and deve
27、lop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power.我们认识到需要建立和发展一些机构以有助于控制滥用权力。（定语从句表目的）The economy seems certain to worsen during the campaign,which will reflect on the incumbents.在竞选期间，经济情况看来肯定会走下坡路，这将对在职的竞选者产生不利影响（定语从句表示结果）Glass,whose expansion coefficient is much less,also expand
28、s as steel does.虽然玻璃的膨胀系数小很多，却也和钢一样会臌胀（定语从句表示让步）Men became desperate for work,any work,which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要能维持一家人的生活就行（定语从句表示条件）Congress,which had met to continue its protests the Crown,found itself raising an army and selecting George Washington as
29、 its commander in chief.代表大会先前已集会，决定继续向英皇提抗议，而现在则发展到募集军队并推选乔治.华盛顿为总司令了（定语从句表示时间）He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.如果有人敢于公然反抗世界公众舆论而一意孤行，他定是个鲁莽之徒。（定语从句表示假设）二、状语从句的翻译状语从句的种类很多，用来修饰谓语或其他动词，定语或状语，乃至整个句子。状语从句可用来表示时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、行为方式、比较关系、让步等。翻译状
30、语从句涉及的主要为题就是语序问题。英汉两种语言的思维方式和表达习惯不尽相同，英语的方式、比较、结果等状语从句一般位于主句之后，其他状语从句的位置则比较灵活。汉译时，应根据汉语的表达习惯，比较和结果状语从句放在主句之后，方式状语从句可前可后，其他状语从句通常在主句之前（一）状语从句前置Where there is oppression,there is resistance.哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗（地点状语从句）We can certainly overcome these difficulties so long as we are closely united.只要我们紧密地团结起来，就一
31、定能克服这些困难。（条件状语从句）The piston completes a stroke each time it changes direction of motion.每当活塞改变一次运动方向，就完成了一个冲程。（时间状语从句）Because we are both prepared to proceed on the basis of equality and mutual respect,we meet at a moment when we can make peaceful cooperation a reality.由于我们双方都准备在平等互尊的基础上行事，我们这个时刻会晤能
32、够使和平合作成为现实。（原因状语从句）（二）状语从句后置I had been puzzling over the problem for over an hour without any result,when all at once the solution flashed across my mind.这个问题把我难住了一个多小时，后来我突然开窍，找到了答案（时间状语从句）The reader should study Figures 19 and 20 in order that he may become familiar with the different读者应研究图10和图20，
33、以便熟悉消化系统的各个部分。（目的状语从句）The temperature in the sun is so high that nothing can exist in solid state.太阳内部温度很高，所以没有固态物质存在（结果状语从句）A balloon floats in the air as a boat floats on water.气球浮在空气中，犹如船浮在水上（方式状语从句）（三）状语从句转译有些状语从句可以按照原来的语法形式译成汉语，但是有些状语从句要根据汉语习惯转译为其他语法形式。例如，时间状语从句转译为让步状语从句或条件状语从句，地点状语从句转译为条件状语从句等
34、。翻译时应找出其中暗含的逻辑关系，然后再译为汉语的相应成分。忽视这一点，就可能破坏修饰效果。But Eden did not behave like Dulles,where Dulles was receptive and Eden was bored.课时，艾登做事跟杜勒斯不同，杜勒斯还能听听被人的话，而艾登对别人的话连半句也听不进去。（地点状语从句转译为比较状语从句）New things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow.任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的（时间状语从句转译为简单的主语，连
35、词省略）When you have tanks of air on you,you can stay in deep water for a long time.如果背着空气罐，人们就可以长久呆在深水中（时间状语从句转译为条件状语从句）After all,it did not matter much,because in 24 hours,they were to be free.反正关系不大，24小时后他们就要自由了（原因状语从句转译为因果关系内含的并列句）The patient had his right leg broken when an automobile ran over him
36、这个病人的右腿被汽车压断了（时间状语从句与主句合译为简单句，连词省略）If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue,it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.孩子们之所以能把自己的母语学得好，恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋中，而单单是读几本教科书而已（条件状语从句转译为结果状语从句）Skill and patience will succeed
37、where force fails.Necessity is the mother of invention(Aesops Fables)在体力做不到的时候，技巧和耐心会帮助人成功。需要是发明之母（地点状语从句转译为时间状语从句）翻译练习及答案The next point in Mr.Mullers statement which needs clarification,and which in any case leaves us with no delusion whatever,is that there were foot-prints of four people.马勒先生发言中需要澄清的第二点，也是我们没有任何误解的一点，就是发现有四个人的脚印问题He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出二百多个大得出奇的西红柿，每个重达两磅