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1、计算机网络技术的历史和新进展主要内容Internet的发展和成功经验的发展和成功经验高速计算机网络技术发展的现状高速计算机网络技术发展的现状国际高速计算机网络技术研究计划国际高速计算机网络技术研究计划中国计算机网络技术研究计划中国计算机网络技术研究计划高速计算机网络技术发展战略高速计算机网络技术发展战略机会和挑战并存，挑战大于机会机会和挑战并存，挑战大于机会What is a Network?(from end system point of view)Network offers a service:move informationbird,fire,messenger,truck,tele
2、graph,telephone,Internet another example,transportation service:move objectshorse,train,truck,airplane.What distinguish different types of networks?The services they provideWhat distinguish the services?latencybandwidthloss ratenumber of end systemsservice interface(how to invoke?)other detailsrelia
3、bility,unicast vs.multicast,real-time,message vs.byte.What is a Network?Infrastructure Centric ViewElectrons and photons as communication mediumLinks:fiber,copper,satellite,Switches:mechanical/electronic/optical,crossbar/BanyanProtocols:TCP/IP,ATM,MPLS,SONET,Ethernet,PPP,X.25,FrameRelay,AppleTalk,IP
4、X,SNAFunctionalities:routing,error control,congestion control,Quality of Service(QoS)Applications:FTP,WEB,X windows,.Types of NetworksGeographical distanceLocal Area Networks(LAN):Ethernet,Token ring,FDDIMetropolitan Area Networks(MAN):DQDB,SMDSWide Area Networks(WAN):X.25,ATM,frame relayInformation
5、 typedata networks vs.telecommunication networksApplication typespecial purpose networks:airline reservation network,banking network,credit card network,telephony general purpose network:Internet Types of NetworksRight to useprivate:enterprise networkspublic:telephony network,InternetOwnership of pr
6、otocolsproprietary:SNAopen:IPTechnologiesterrestrial vs.satellitewired vs.wirelessProtocolsIP,AppleTalk,SNAThe InternetGlobal scale,general purpose,heterogeneous-technologies,public,computer networkInternet Protocolopen standard:Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)as standard bodytechnical basis fo
7、r other types of networksIntranet:enterprise IP networkDeveloped by the research communityHistory of the Internet70s:started as a research project,56 kbps,100 computers80-83:ARPANET and MILNET split,85-86:NSF builds NSFNET as backbone,links 6 Supercomputer centers,1.5 Mbps,10,000 computers87-90:link
8、 regional networks,NSI(NASA),ESNet(DOE),Bartnet,100,000 computers90-92:NSFNET moves to 45 Mbps,16 mid-level networks94:NSF backbone dismantled,multiple private backbonesToday:backbones run at 2.4 Gbps,10s millions computers in 150 countriesGrowth of the InternetNumber of Hosts on the Internet:Aug.19
9、81 213Oct.1984 1,024Dec.1987 28,174 Oct.1990 313,000 Oct.1993 2,056,000Apr.1995 5,706,000Jul.1997 19,540,000Jul.2000 93,047,785Recent Growth(1991-2000)Who is Who on the Internet?Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF):The IETF is the protocol engineering and development arm of the Internet.Subdivided
10、into many working groups,which specify Request For Comments or RFCs.IRTF(Internet Research Task Force):The Internet Research Task Force is a composed of a number of focused,long-term and small Research Groups.Internet Architecture Board(IAB):The IAB is responsible for defining the overall architectu
11、re of the Internet,providing guidance and broad direction to the IETF.The Internet Engineering Steering Group(IESG):The IESG is responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process.Standards.Composed of the Area Directors of the IETF working groups.Internet Stan
12、dardization ProcessServices Provided by the InternetTodays VisionEverything is digital:voice,video,music,pictures,live eventsEverything is on-line:bank statement,medical record,books,airline schedule,weather,highway traffic,toaster,refrigerator Everyone is connected:doctor,teacher,broker,mother,son,
13、friends,enemiesWhat is Next?Electronic commercevirtual enterpriseInternet entertainmentinteractive sitcomWorld as a small villagecommunity organized according to interestsenhanced understanding among diverse groupsElectronic democracylittle people can voice their opinions to the whole worldbridge th
14、e gap between information haves and have nosElectronic terrorismhacker can bring the whole world to its kneeIndustrial PlayersTelephone companiesown long-haul and access communication links,customersCable companiesown access linksWireless/Satellite companiesalternative communication linksUtility com
15、panies:power,water,railwayown right of way to lay down more wiresMedium companiesown contentInternet Service ProvidersEquipment companiesswitches/routers,chips,optics,computersSoftware companiesCommercial Internet after 1994NSF NetworkRegional ISPAmerica On LineIBMBartnetCampus NetworkJoes CompanySt
16、anfordXerox ParcBerkeleyNSF NetworkInternet MCIUUnetSprintNetModemIBMBackboneISPISPInternet Physical InfrastructureResidential AccessModemDSLCable modemSatelliteEnterprise/ISP access,Backbone transmissionT1/T3,DS-1 DS-3OC-3,OC-12ATM vs.SONET,vs.WDM Campus networkEthernet,ATMInternet Service Provider
17、saccess,regional,backbonePoint of Presence(POP)Network Access Point(NAP)Links for Long Haul Transmission Types of linksT1/DS1:1.544 MbpsT3/DS3:44.736 MbpsSTS-1/OC-1:51.850 MbpsSTS-3/OC-3:155.2 MbpsSTS-12/OC-12:622.080 MbpsSTS-48/OC-48:2.488 GbpsSTS-192/OC-192:9.953 GbpsHigher levels of services offe
18、red commerciallyFrame RelayATMPossibilitiesIP over SONET IP over ATMIP over Frame RelayIP over WDM计算机网络发展历史回顾七十年代的计算机网络七十年代的计算机网络X.25 分组交换网：各国的电信部门建设运行分组交换网：各国的电信部门建设运行各种专用的网络体系结构：各种专用的网络体系结构：SNA，DNAInternet 的前身的前身ARPANET进行实验运行进行实验运行八十年代的计算机网络八十年代的计算机网络标准化计算机网络体系结构：标准化计算机网络体系结构：OSI局部网络局部网络 LAN 技术空前发
19、展技术空前发展建成建成NSFNET，Internet 初具规模初具规模九十年代的计算机网络九十年代的计算机网络-Internet空前发展空前发展-Web技术在技术在Internet/Intranet 得到广泛应用得到广泛应用计算机网络与其他网络的关系计算机网络与其他网络的关系电信网络电信网络计算机网络计算机网络电视网络电视网络通信基础传输网（光纤、卫星、微波等）通信基础传输网（光纤、卫星、微波等）电话电话传真传真电子邮件电子邮件信息浏览信息浏览IP电话电话新闻广播新闻广播电视节目电视节目Internet 发展规模和趋势Internet的发展速度的发展速度是历史上发展最快的一种技术是历史上发展最
20、快的一种技术以商业化后达到以商业化后达到 5000 万用户为例万用户为例电视用了电视用了13年，收音机用了年，收音机用了38年，电话更年，电话更长长Internet 从商业化后达到从商业化后达到 5000 万用户用万用户用了了4 年时间年时间Internet 正在以超过摩尔定理的速度正在以超过摩尔定理的速度发展发展Internet 的成功经验有远见的政府不断支持：有远见的政府不断支持：1969有风险的企业参与和投入：有风险的企业参与和投入：NSF：MCI、IBMvBNS：MCI；Abilene:Qwest，CISCO联合协作的开放式研究：联合协作的开放式研究：IETF/RFC教育和科研的示范网
21、络为起点教育和科研的示范网络为起点具有实验物理学的研究特点具有实验物理学的研究特点ARPAnet、NSF、ANS、vBNS简单实用的技术路线：简单实用的技术路线：TCP/IPResearchandResearchandDevelopmentDevelopmentCommercializationCommercializationPartnershipsPartnershipsPrivatizationPrivatizationNSFNETNSFNETInternet2,Abilene,vBNSInternet2,Abilene,vBNSAdvancedUSGovtNetworksAdvance
22、dUSGovtNetworksARPAnetARPAnetgigabitgigabittestbedstestbedsActiveActiveNetsNetswirelesswirelessWDMWDMSprintLinkSprintLinkInternetMCIInternetMCIUSGovtUSGovtNetworksNetworksANSANSInteroperableInteroperableHighPerformanceHighPerformanceResearch&EducationResearch&EducationNetworksNetworks21stCentury21st
23、CenturyNetworkingNetworkingQualityofServiceQualityofService(QoS)(QoS)网络带宽与CPU性能光纤容量高水平大容量光纤传输试验系统容量容量光纤长度光纤长度特点特点研制单位研制单位3Tb/s 40km 用用 T-EDFANTT(160Gb/s X 19 CH OTDM/WDM)(DSF-0=1535nm)用用DSF光纤光纤(NZDSF)PD1-1-1.02Tb/s1000km0.4b/s/Hz，用，用 SMF光纤光纤CNET(20Gb/s x 51 CH WDM)(SMF 环测环测)101km放大器间距放大器间距PD4-1-1Tb/
24、s342km用用True Wave光纤光纤 Lucent(40Gb/s x 25 CH)(True Wave 光纤光纤)85 km放大器间距放大器间距PD7-1-750Gb/s2000km采用采用 C波段和波段和 L波段波段Tyco(5.3Gb/s x 50 CH,10Gb/s x 8CH)(纯纯Si光纤光纤+NZDSF环测环测)纯纯Si光纤光纤PD16-1-640Gb/s7200km0.33b/s/HzTyco(10Gb/s x 64 CH)(NZDSF 环测环测)PD2-1-490Gb/s335.2KM 采用拉曼放大采用拉曼放大+EDFA混合混合Lucent(10Gb/s x 49 CH)
25、(ZDSF 环测环测)0色散光纤色散光纤(67km)+NZDSF(17km)PD8-1-340Gb/s6380km实线试验实线试验Alcatel(10Gb/s x 34 CH WDM)(NZDSF)50GHz SpacingPD18-1-80Gb/s172kmSolitonChalmer(10Gb/s x 8 CH OTDM)(DSF 0=1547nm)已敷设的光纤已敷设的光纤PD6-1Data(Still)Overtaking Voice0 0199619961997199719981998199919992000200020012001200220022020404060608080100
26、100120120140140160160180180RelativeRelativeCapacityCapacity(%)(%)VoiceDataSource:MCI(Vint Cerf)Source:MCI(Vint Cerf)International data traffic already exceeds international voice from Australia and Scandinavia.200020001998199819961996IP(Still)Conquering DataAll OtherIPXTCP/IPTraffic RatiosSource:Gar
27、tner 1997Source:Gartner 1997100%100%90%90%80%80%70%70%60%60%50%50%40%40%30%30%20%20%10%10%0%0%Relative Relative UserUserPopulationPopulationMultimediaDynamic WWWStatic WWWFTP and TelnetE-Mail and NewsOther8%8%17%17%39%39%27%27%7%7%2%2%13%13%18%18%23%23%23%23%16%16%7%7%14%14%17%17%12%12%15%15%28%28%1
28、4%14%Internet(Still)Going Interactive To Transactional Pages(Red)andTo Transactional Pages(Red)andAudio/Video Content(Purple)Audio/Video Content(Purple)100%100%80%80%60%60%40%40%20%20%0%0%200020001998199819961996Source:The Yankee Group,1996Source:The Yankee Group,1996Apps(Always)Driving CapacitySimp
29、le Video,MultimediaSimple Video,MultimediaBrowsing,PCM VoiceBrowsing,PCM VoiceIP,PCS,E-Mail,IP,PCS,E-Mail,File TransferFile TransferPagingPagingVideo Conferencing,MPEG1 NTSC VideoVideo Conferencing,MPEG1 NTSC VideoTelnet,VoIPTelnet,VoIPISDN,ISDN,Frame RelayFrame RelayATM/POSATM/POST3/E3T3/E3T1/E1T1/
30、E1New ModemNew ModemWireless WANWireless WANOld ModemOld Modem.004.004.0192.0192.0288.0288.128.1281.51.53 3155155Mb/sMb/sMinimum Bandwidth for Minimum Bandwidth for Application per UserApplication per UserVirtual Reality,Medical ImagingVirtual Reality,Medical Imaging0 01 12 23 34 45 56 67 78 89 9199
31、7199719981998199919992001200120022002Voice Traffic(Rising)over Converged Networks13%13%0%0%Billions Billions of of Minutes/Minutes/MonthMonthVoice Traffic on Voice Traffic on Multiservice NetworksMultiservice NetworksFraction Fraction of Total of Total VoiceVoiceSource:Frost&Sullivan;Source:Frost&Su
32、llivan;Business WeekBusiness Week,April 6,1998,April 6,1998Home Access:Faster Getting Cheaper199719971998199819991999200020002001200120022002US$60US$60505040403030202010100 0Average USAverage USCost per MonthCost per MonthADSLADSLCableCableDialupDialupISDNISDNSource:Forrester Research,January 1998So
33、urce:Forrester Research,January 1998Data/Voice/Video Transport ConvergenceInternet高速信息网络的发展方向：通信与计算聚合通信和计算技术的聚合通信和计算技术的聚合改变了各自的原有特征改变了各自的原有特征高速信息网络体系结构的发展趋势高速信息网络体系结构的发展趋势分层结构；分布控制、管理和安全机制分层结构；分布控制、管理和安全机制分层结构分层结构比特路层比特路层服务层服务层应用层应用层高速信息网络的体系结构比特路层比特路层主干网传输技术：主干网传输技术：SDH/SONET，光纤，光纤主干网交换技术：主干网交换技术：I
34、P over SDH或光纤，或光纤，GbE，支持，支持IPv6端系统接入技术：端系统接入技术：LAN；ADSL、FTTC、FTTH、HFC服务层（支撑技术）服务层（支撑技术）全球统一的地址、域名；安全的系统管理和访问控制全球统一的地址、域名；安全的系统管理和访问控制Browser/Server 计算模式，支持计算模式，支持 Data,Voice,Video以以 Java 为代表的网络编程语言为代表的网络编程语言应用层（用户功能）应用层（用户功能）用户用户（立即响应，可适当延迟）用户用户（立即响应，可适当延迟）用户服务器（立即响应，可适当延迟）用户服务器（立即响应，可适当延迟）ATMATMSDH
35、/SONETSDH/SONETIPIPOpticalOpticalIP Transport AlternativesB-ISDNB-ISDNIP over IP over ATMATMIP over IP over SDH/SONETSDH/SONETIP over IP over OpticalOpticalLong-Term WinnersLong-Term WinnersIPIPATMATMOpticalOpticalIPIPSDH/SONETSDH/SONETOpticalOpticalIPIPOpticalOpticalMultiplexing,Protection,and Mana
36、gement at Every Layer.Multiplexing,Protection,and Management at Every Layer.Eliminating Layers Lowers Costs.Eliminating Layers Lowers Costs.国际高速信息网络技术研究计划1992年美国政府的“国家信息基础设施 NII”1993年西方七国的“全球信息基础设施 GII”美国NII组成部分“高性能计算和通信 HPCC”NGI 和 vBNSInternet 2 和 AbileneTransPAC、APAN、STAR TAPCANARIE 和 CA*net3NGI：美
37、国下一代 Internet研究计划NGI 目标 1：先进网络技术的实验研究网络工程网络工程规划和模拟；监视；集成；数据传递；规划和模拟；监视；集成；数据传递；网络管理；动态和自适应的网络网络管理；动态和自适应的网络服务质量（端到端）服务质量（端到端）服务质量体系结构；允许控制，计费和优先权；服务质量体系结构；允许控制，计费和优先权；可观察和控制的可观察和控制的API；Drill Down技术技术安全安全用户用安全和公平的方法服务网络资源；用户用安全和公平的方法服务网络资源；优越的网络管理；网络内部的监视；优越的网络管理；网络内部的监视；游动游动/远程访问；远程访问；公钥基础设施公钥基础设施NG
38、I 目标 2：下一代网络测试床开发下一代网络测试床，用比现在开发下一代网络测试床，用比现在Internet快快100倍倍 以上的速度连接至少以上的速度连接至少100个大学和国家研究实验室个大学和国家研究实验室以以1997年年1.54Mbps计，计，10个连接点速度达到比现在个连接点速度达到比现在Internet快快1000倍倍端到端连接速度达到端到端连接速度达到100Mbps1GbpsNGI 目标目标2包括包括高性能连接：开发广域网结构，用高性能连接：开发广域网结构，用100+Mbps速度连接速度连接100个广域点个广域点下一代网络技术和超高性能连接：开发超高速交换和传输技术，用下一代网络技术
39、和超高性能连接：开发超高速交换和传输技术，用 1+Gbps速度连接速度连接10个以上的局域点个以上的局域点主要策略：协调建立一个高性能的协作网络主要策略：协调建立一个高性能的协作网络利用现有的网络试验床：利用现有的网络试验床：vBNS,ESnet,NREN评价标准：连接点的数量，端到端的性能评价标准：连接点的数量，端到端的性能支持目标支持目标1的研究，支持目标的研究，支持目标3的应用的应用NGI 目标 3：革命性的网络应用开发今天开发今天Internet没有，对国家重要的网络应用没有，对国家重要的网络应用健康保健：远程医疗、紧急医疗响应支持健康保健：远程医疗、紧急医疗响应支持教育：远程教育、数
40、字图书馆教育：远程教育、数字图书馆科学研究：能源、地理系统、气象、生物科学研究：能源、地理系统、气象、生物国家安全：高性能全球通信、先进的信息传播国家安全：高性能全球通信、先进的信息传播环境：监测、预测、警告、响应环境：监测、预测、警告、响应政府：传递政府服务和信息给公民和企业政府：传递政府服务和信息给公民和企业突发事件：灾难响应、危机管理突发事件：灾难响应、危机管理设计和制造：制造工程设计和制造：制造工程主要策略：重点研究基础性应用主要策略：重点研究基础性应用分布式计算应用、协同性应用分布式计算应用、协同性应用vBNS Cooperative AgreementCompetitively a
41、warded in April 1995Established by the NSF in order to ensure the availability of high performance networking resources for the US Research&Education communityfoster the advancement of networking technologyNSF contributes:program management and fundingMCI contributes:bandwidth,equipment,and engineer
42、ingSan FranciscoNational Center forAtmospheric ResearchSan DiegoSupercomputer CenterHoustonDenverAmeritech NAPChicagoNational Center forSupercomputingApplicationsClevelandPerryman,MDSprint NAPMFS NAPPittsburghSupercomputingCenterLos AngelesAAtlantaANew York CityvBNS Backbone Network MapBostonWashing
43、ton,DCSeattleAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCJJAscend GRF 400Cisco 7507Juniper M40FORE ASX-1000NAPACDS-3OC-3COC-12COC-48JSan FranciscoNational Center forAtmospheric ResearchSan DiegoSupercomputer CenterHoustonDenverChicagoNational Center forSupercomputingApplicationsClevelandPerryman,MDPittsburghSupercomputingC
44、enterLos AngelesAtlantaNew York CityvBNS Backbone 3Q99BostonWashington,DCSeattlevBNS POPDS-3OC-3COC-12COC-48Internet 2UCAID（120多个大学会员）的一项研究计划多个大学会员）的一项研究计划University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development形成大学试验网，开发下一代形成大学试验网，开发下一代 Internet 技术和应用技术和应用IPv6，Multicasting，QOS以竞争方式得到以竞争方式得到 NGI 计划的
45、经费支持计划的经费支持NGI是政府计划，是政府计划，Internet 2 是大学合作计划是大学合作计划相互补充，相互依靠Internet 2和和 NGI的合作范围的合作范围NSF支持的支持的 vBNSInternet 2 将建立用于地区连接的将建立用于地区连接的gigaPoPInternet 2 的许多网络应用开发由的许多网络应用开发由NGI支持支持 Internet2 ApplicationsDeliver qualitative and quantitative improvements in the conduct of:ResearchTeachingLearningRequire a
46、dvanced networkingMany Disciplines and ContextsSciencesArtsHumanitiesHealth careBusiness/LawAdministrationInstructionCollaborationStreaming videoDistributed computationData miningVirtual realityDigital librariesVirtual LaboratoriesInteractive research and instructionReal-time access to remote scient
47、ific instruments Images courtesy of theUniversity of MichiganVirtual LaboratoriesReal-time access to remote instrumentsUniversity of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center3-D Brain MappingDigital LibrariesVideo and audioIndiana UniversityVariations ProjectDistributed ComputationMulti-site datab
48、asesOld Dominion University Chesapeake Bay SimulationImage courtesy of Old Dominion UniversityTeleimmersionShared virtual reality University of Illinois at ChicagoVirtual Temporal BoneImages courtesy Univ of Illinois-ChicagoAbileneProject announced 14 April 1998 by VP GoreMost advanced and far reach
49、ing research and education network in the worldsupport advanced research applicationsintegrated advanced network servicesDeveloped by UCAIDQwest,Nortel and Cisco corporate partnersAdvanced native IP backbone network available to universities participating in UCAIDs Internet2 projectAbilene Character
50、istics2.4 Gbps(OC48)among gigaPoPs,increasing to 9.6 Gbps(OC192)Connections at 622 Mbps(OC12)or 155 Mbps(OC3)IP over Sonet technologyAccess PoPs very close to almost all of the anticipated university gigaPoPsAbilene ScheduleFall 1998:Demonstrated network at member meeting,in pre-production at severa