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1、2021年浙江新高考英语二轮复习讲义+典例训练高频解密0 6 动词的时态和语态考点详解【命题趋势】1.语法填空以时态的考查为主，语态的考查为辅。2.在语法填空中侧重考查一般时，进行时及完成时。3.动词的时态和语态是高考中出现频率最高的语法项目。考题创设的语境比较明确，通常是根据所设置的语境中的信息判断时态以及主谓语之间的主谓或动宾关系。【考法指导】1.了解并能正确运用常考的11种时态；2.熟练运用现在完成时、现在完成进行时、一般过去时等高考高频时态；3.掌握几种易混时态的区别，如现在完成时和一般过去时等。动词时态的知识网络（以动词do为例）现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般时do/doesdid
2、shall/will doshould/would do进行时am/is/are doingwas/were doingshall/will be doingshould/would be doing完成时have/has didhad didshall/will have didshould/would have did完成进行时have/has beendoinghad been doingshall/will have been doingshould/would have been doing考向1 一般时一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。一、一般现在时1.
3、一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时，动词后面要加-s或-es。方They want good jobs.他们想要好的工作。bThe coat matches the dress.夕卜衣和裙子彳艮相配。kThis work does not satisfy me.这项工作我不满意。bD o you understand?你懂了 吗？2.一般现在时的用法一般现在时的基本用法a.表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态bH e always takes a walk after supper.晚饭后他总是散散步。-Everyone is in high spirits now
4、.现在大家都情绪高涨。b.表示客观事实或普遍真理声The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起在西方落下。Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。bTime and tide wait for no man.时间不等人。c.表示主语的特征、能力和状态bThis cloth feels soft.这布摸上去很软。love classical music.我喜欢古典音乐。方The President still seem
5、s able to find time to go fishing.看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。d.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作方The meeting begins at 7:00.会议七点钟开始。方We leave here at 8:00 sharp.我们八点整离开这里。e.在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来动作bWhen you come next time,bring me some magazines.你下次来时，给我带几本杂志。田If time allows,we shall go there tomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去那里。Whether he agree
6、s or not,I will stay at home.不管他同意与否，我都会待在家里。一般现在时的特殊用法a.用于新闻标题或图片说明中育China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功bLaura Bush Arrives in Moscow劳 拉 布什抵达莫斯科b.用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中Francis slips past,passes the ball to Yao Ming,who jumps,catches and shoots it into the basket.弗朗西斯穿过去，把球传给姚明，姚明跳起来
7、，接住球投进篮里。Now,look,I press the button and turn on the machine.现在，看、我按下按扭，打开了这台机器。c.表示告诫或劝说bYou mind your own business.你不要管闲事!b lf he does that again,he goes to prison.如果他再那样的话，他就会进监狱的。d.表示现在瞬间的动作田Here comes the bus.汽车来了。奇There goes the bell.铃响 了。2.一般过去时一般过去时的基本用法a.表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态方He suddenly fe
8、ll ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了。口The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.发动机因燃料用光而停机了。注意：在一般过去时的句子中，通常都要有表示过去的时间状语。【误】I visited the Palace Museum.（在没有上下文的情况下，应避免这样说）【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.去年我参观过故宫博物院。【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.我参观过故宫博物院。b.表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态方1 wrote home o
9、nce a week at college.我上大学时每周给家里写一封信。bH e was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用过去式外，还可以用used to 或 would来表示。AShe used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.她上高三时经常学习到深夜。方He would sit fbr hours doing nothing.过去他常常一坐几个钟头什么事也不做。C.表示过
10、去连续发生的一系列动作bShe entered the room,picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走进房间，拿起一本杂志，认真地翻阅了起来。市The students got up early in the morning,did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.学生们很早起床，做早操，然后在室外朗读英语。一般过去时的特殊用法a.在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态bits time we went.是我们该走的时候了。育
11、1 wish I were twenty years younger.但愿我年轻 20 岁。牙4 would rather you didnt do anything for the time being.我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。b.在口语中，一般过去时往往显示委婉客气。方I wondered if you could give me a hand.我想请你帮个忙。bMight I come and see you lonighl?我想今晚来看你，好吗？3.一般现在时和一般过去时的比较一般现在时要和现在时间相联系，而一般过去时和说话的“现在”不相联系。方His father is a
12、film director.他父亲是电影导演。（他现在还是）bH is father was a film director.他父亲曾是电影导演。（他现在不是）bHow do you like the novel?你觉得这部小说怎么样？（还在看小说）的How did you like the novel?你觉得这部小说怎么样？（已看完小说）三、一般将来时1.一般将来时的用法表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态方I shall be free this afternoon.我今天下午有空。奇Therell be no chemistry classes tomorrow.明天没有化学课。方They w
13、ill probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.他们可能去上海度假。注意：在口语中，常用will/shall+be doing结构来代替will/shall+动词原形，以表示生动。aT11 be seeing a friend off at the airport.我要去机场给一个朋友送行。方Hell be going with us tomorrow.他明天和我们一起去。表示将要反复发生的动作少My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.我叔叔每个星期六都会来看我。bThe students will h
14、ave five E nglish classes per week this term.本学期学生们每周要上五节英语课。表示同意或答应做某事时That bag looks heavy.Til help you with it.这个包看起来很重，我来帮你提。b l wont tell anyone what happened,I promise.我保证不告诉别人所发生的事。2.一般将来时的常用结构 用 于 I expect,Pm sure,I think,I wonder+宾语从句”中奇Dont worry about the exam.Im sure youll pass.不要担心这次考试，
15、我确信你会通过的。引wonder what will h叩pen.我不知道将会发生什么事。用 于“祈 使 句+a n d+陈述句”中牙Work hard and you will succeed.如果你努力，就会成功的。生Go at once and you will see her.马上去，你就会见到她了。与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用 ril let you know as soon as he arrives.他一到我就通知你。61f you ask him,he will help you.如果你请他，他会帮助你的。生We shall go unless it rains.除非下雨，否
16、则我们是要去的。3.将来时间的其他表达法be going to+动词原形田Im going to buy a new coat this winter.今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。守Look at those black clouds.It is going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。bThe car is going to turn over.汽车要翻了！比较：ube going to+动词原形”与uwill/shall+动词原形”的区别a.be going to通常表示很快就要发生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的将来，也可表示长远的将来或不确定的将来。AShe is
17、going to get better.她的病要好了。（有恢复健康的迹象）首3she will get better.她的病会好的。（认为最终会恢复健康的）b.will表示将来，通常是指事先无计划的意图，是临时决定的；be going to则表示事先有计划的意图，是经过考虑的。百一 George phoned while you were out.你外出的时候乔治打电话来的。Ok.Til phone him back.好的，我给他回电话。（临时决定）百一Matthew phoned while you were oul.你外出的时候马修打电话来了。Yes,I know.Fm going to
18、phone him back.是的，我知道了。我准备给他回电话。（早有安排）c.表示有迹象显示将要发生某一动作时,要用be going t o,不用will或shallo6 feel terrible.I think Im going to be sick.我觉得不舒服，我想我要生病了。d.be going t o可用于条件句，表示将来时间，w ill则不能。口If you are going to attend the meeting,youd better leave now.如果你要出席会议，你最好现在就动身。be+动词的-ing形式“be+动词的-ing形式”表示根据现在的计划或安排，
19、预期将会发生某事，这种安排不容随意改变。在这一结构中，动词-ing形式通常是表示位置转移的动词，如arrive,come,go,leave,move,start,stay,g e t以及eat,meet,see off,die等，并与表示将来的时间状语连用。如果没有时间状语，则所表示的动作有即将发生之意。b H e is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days.他几天后要动身去x疆。田I am dining out tonight.今晚我将出去吃饭。bThe plane is taking off soon.飞机马上就要起飞了。hThe old man is dy
20、ing.那位老人快要死了。比较：be+动词的-ing形式”和“be going to+动词原形”的异同a.表示按计划发生的动作时，两者可互换。bW e are moving to a new flat tomorrow.我们明天就要搬到新房子里去了。W e are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.我们明天就要搬到新房子里去了。b.表示由于客观因素而产生的将来动作或状态时，用 be going to 结构，不用be+动词的-ing形式。bYou are going to fall if you climb that tree.如果你爬树的话，你会摔下来的
21、。(不 可 说 You are falling if.)方Be careful.You are going to break that chair.当心！你会把那张椅子弄坏的。(不可说You are breaking由at chair)b e+动词不定式这一结构中的b e,只有现在式(am,is,are)和过去式(was,w ere)两种形式。a.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作奇The highway is to be open to traffic in May.这条公路将在五月份通车。宇Am I to take over his work?我是不是要接管他的工作？b.用于条件句中强调按计划
22、或安排将要发生的动作口If we are to take the 5:00 train,we must leave now.如果我们乘坐5 点的火车的话，那我们现在就得出发。c.表示命令或吩咐等。否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不许”。You are to be back before 10 p.m.你必须在 10 点前回来。方You are not to go out alone at night.晚上你不能单独出去。比较：“b e+动 词不定式 与be going to+动词原形”的区别a.be going to+动词原形”侧重说话人个人的意图和打算，“be+动词不定式”侧重受别人的指示或安排要
23、做的事。Pm going to try my best to write this article well.我将尽力把这篇文章写好。kA m I to wait here till their arrival?我要在这儿一直等到他们抵达吗？b.表示由于客观因素或不受人控制的将要发生的动作时，只 用“be going to+动词原形”，不 用“b e+动词不定式二等Its going to rain.天要下雨了。（不说 Its to rain.）Rachel is going to faint.雷切尔要晕倒了。四、一般过去将来时一般过去将来时的用法一般过去将来时间的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时
24、刻看以后要发生的动作和状态。a.一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中b H e said they would aiTange a party.他说他们将安排一个晚会。asked if he would come and fix my TV set.我问他是否来帮我修电视机。b.一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态If I had a chance to study abroad,I would study at Cambridge University.如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。守I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonigh
25、t.今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。X典例制折1.（2018,新课标卷 I 语法填空）While running regularly cant make you live forever,the review says it 64（be）more effective at lengthening life 65（than）walking,cycling or swimming.【答案】is【解析】考查动词的时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用般现在时。故填is。2.（2017 新课标卷 II 短文改错）When summer came,the
26、y will invite their students pick the vegetables!【答案】将came改为comes【解析】考查时态。主句是是一般将来时，且本文全篇为一般现在时，故将came改为comes。（2018 新课标 I 卷单项填空）During my last winter holiday,I went to（加 the）countryside with my fatherto visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.【答案】find改成found【解析】考查动词时态。根据文章中的During my last wi
27、nter holiday可知，事件发生在过去，故用一个过去时。故将find改成found o（2017新课标卷 I短文改错）Before getting into the car,I thought I had learned the instructors orders,so（改为 but/yet)once I started the car,my mind goes blank,I forgot what he had said to me altogether.【答案】goes改为went【解析】考查时态。根据前文中的started可知时态为一般过去时，故将goes改为went。考向2
28、进行时进行时表示动作正在进行，这个动作是暂时的，也是未完成的。进行时包括现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时。一、现在进行时1.现在进行时的用法现在进行时的基本用法a.表示说话的此刻正在进行的动作通常由表示“此刻”的时间状语(now,at this moment)或通过Look/Listen!这两个提示语来表明此时此刻动作正在进行。sShe is making a fire now.她正在生火。bListen!Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.听！玛丽正在教室里唱英文歌。b.表示现在时间段中正在进行的动作bThey are plan
29、ting trees on the hill these days.这几天他们正在山上种树。旬 dont really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我并不在这儿工作，我只是在新秘书来之前帮帮忙罢了。c.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作能这样用的动词并不多，通常是arrive,begin,come,do,drive,fly,go,leave,stay等表示位置转移的动词。这种用法比较生动，给人以一种期待感。bJane and Betty are going on holiday in a few d
30、ays.几天后简和贝蒂将出去度假。Where are you staying in Guangzhou?你到广州后准备住在哪里？现在进行时的特殊用法a.表示一种重复的动作，带 有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩现在进行时往往与constantly,always,forever等状语连用，给现在的动作披上一层感情色彩。bShes constantly complaining,她不停地抱怨。匿My brother is always leaving things about.我弟弟总是乱丢东西。bH e is forever thinking of doing more for the student
31、s.他总是想着为学生多做些事情。b.表示某一具体动作或心理状态的发展过程bThe house is falling down.房子正在倒下。bThe weather is changing for the better.天气慢慢转好了c.强调动作的重复-T h e train is arriving late almost every day this summer.这个夏季火车几乎天天晚点。Someone is knocking at the door.有人不断地在敲门。bThe boy is jumping with joy.那男孩高兴地跳个不停。2.不用进行时态的动词表示状态的动词这类动
32、词有 seem,look,appear,have,belong to,own,hold 等。This backpack belongs to me.这背包是我的。方He seems rather angry with you.看起来他很生你的气。表示知道、信念、理解、推测、怀疑、希望等含义的动词这类动词有 know,remember,understand,see,think,believe,suppose,hope,doubt 等。don*t think he will come tomorrow.我想他明天不会来。口I still remember the days when we stud
33、ied together.我还记得我们一起学习的那些日子。提示：有时这些动词的进行时态可表示心理状态的缓慢发展过程。bShes understanding you better now.她越来越了 解你了。表示要求、心愿等意义的动词这类动词有 want,wish,need,desire 等。bYour clothes need washing.你的衣服需要洗了。bHow I wish I were a bird!我多希望我是一只鸟啊！表示继续或持续含义的动词这类动词有 continue,keep,last,go on 等。b She still continues in poor health
34、.她仍然身体很差。bEvery day after finishing his homework,he goes on to do some reading.他每天做完作业后，都会继续看会儿书。表示感觉的动词这类动词有 see,hear,smell,taste,feel 等。雷The apples taste good.这些苹果尝起来不错。This flower smells nice.这花闻上去很香。bYour suggestion sounds reasonable.你的建议听上去有道理。注意：如果这些动词表示一种有意识的行为，则可用进行时态。bShe is tasting the app
35、le.她正在尝苹果。h The dog is smelling the footprints.狗正在嗅脚印。算The bell is sounding for dinner.晚饭铃响 了。【易混辨析】现在进行时和一般现在时的比较a.暂时性动作和经常性动作方The computer is working perfectly.计算机运转得很好。（暂时）b fh e computer works perfectly.计算机运转很好。（一直如此）b.持续性动作和短暂性动作bThe bus is stopping.车停了 下来。（渐渐地）方The bus stops.车停 了 （迅速）c.暂时性动作和永
36、久性动作bShe is living in the country.她现在住在农村。（暂时）bShe lives in the country.她住在农村。（永久）d.有感情色彩和没有感情色彩方He is doing well at school.他在学校表现很好。（赞扬）b He does well at school.他在学校表现很好。（一般事实）二、过去进行时过去进行时的基本用法a.表示在过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或该动作与过去的另一动作同时发生寸1 was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.昨天晚上7 点我正在吃晚饭。甘She was pl
37、aying the piano while I was reading the newspaper.她弹钢琴时我在看报。提示：当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时。bW e listened closely while the teacher read the text.老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。b.表示过去一段时间内正在进行的动作bW e were talking about you the whole morning.我们整个上午都在说你。bH e was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday aftern
38、oon.昨天下午从3 点到5 点他一直在看电视。c.表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事He told me that he was going soon.他告诉我他很快就要走了。方She said she was leaving for New York the next month.她说她下个月动身去纽约。【易混辨析】过去进行时与一般过去时的区别一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。方She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚给朋友写了封信。（信写完了）bShe was writing a letter t
39、o her friend last night.她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。（信不一定写完）一般过去时表示只做一次动作，而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。bShe waved to me.她朝我挥了挥手。bShe was waving to me.她不断地朝我挥手。雷The boy jumped up and down.这男孩跳了 一下。谬The boy was jumping up and down.这男孩不停上也品先着。三、将来进行时1.将来进行时的基本用法a.表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作击Til be taking my holiday soon.我不久就去度假了。方They will
40、be meeting us at the station.他们会在车站接我们的。b.在口语中代替will/shalldob l hope you will be coming on tim e.我希望你按时来。aTll be seeing Mr.Smith tomorrow.我明天将见到史密斯先生。bThe minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部长将就国际事务发表演讲。2.将来进行时的特殊用法a.表示原因、结果或猜测,Please come tomorrow afternoon.Tomorrow morning I
41、ll be having a meeting.请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。（表原因）方Stop the child or he will be falling over.抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。（表结果）bYou will be making a mistake.你会出错的。（表推测）b.用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌kW ill you be reading anything else?你还要看点儿什么吗？牙When shall we be meeting again?我们什么时候再见面？c.表示稍后一点儿的安排牙The students aer studying Unit 3 t
42、his week,and next week well be studying Unit 4.这星期我们学第三单元，下周我们将学第四单元。方My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.我的任务在7 月结束，之后我会回上海。Q典例剧折1.（2018-天津卷单项填空）My washing machine this week,so I have to wash my clothes by hand.A.was repaired B.is repairedC.is being repaired【答案】CD.has bee
43、n repaired【解析】考查时态。句意：这周我的洗衣机正在修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。根据后句sol have to wash myclothes by hand.可知，洗衣机正在修，故用现在进行时态的被动语态。故选C。2.（2018-北京卷单项填空）Susan had quit her well-paid job and as a volunteer in the neighborhoodwhen I visited her last year.A.is working B.was workingC.has worked D.had worked【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意：Susan
44、已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。Susan辞职发生在她当志愿者之前，hadquil是过去完成时态，过去完成时态通俗的说就是“过去的过去“，且结合时间状语when I visited her last year可知，Susan做志愿者是过去的某个时间段发生的情况，故该空应用过去进行时态。B 选项正确。3.（2016北京卷单项填空）Jack in the lab when the power cut occurred.A.works B.has workedC.was working D.would work【答案】C【解析】考查时态。句意：突然断电时，杰克正
45、在实验室里工作。根 据 occurred可知，这里指过去某时刻正在发生的事情，断电时，杰克正在工作，要用过去进行时，故选C。4.（2017-江苏卷单项填空）He hurried home,never once looking back to see if he.A.was being followed B.was followingC.had been followed D.followed【答案】A【解析】考查宾语从句和时态。分析句子成分可知，h e和 follow是被动关系，即他被别人跟踪，排 除 B、D；根据句意”在匆忙赶回家的路上，他从未回头看是否正被跟踪”，故用过去进行时最合适，故选
46、A。5.Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she a class at that time.A.will teach B.would teachC.has taught D.will be teaching【答案】D【解析】句意：简不能参加今天下午3 点钟的会议，因为她那个时候在一个班上课。根据句中的时间状语al that time指代at 3 oclock this afternoon,表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事,要用将来完成时。故选D。【名师点睛】本题考查时态。将来进行时主要表示将来某一时间正
47、在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。分析此题需抓住时间状语以及that tim e所代指的时间，再联系所学将来进行时所应用的范围及句意可以选出正确的答案。考向3完成时完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。一、现在完成时1.现在完成时的用法表示结果的现在完成时现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果.6 have bought a pen.我买了一支笔。（结果：I have
48、 a pen now.）bThe temperature has increased by 10.温度上升了 10摄氏度。（结果：It is quite hot now.）守Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。（结果：Air pollution is very serious now.）注意：现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought 表示你现在已经有笔了，这和后面的 have lost有矛
49、盾）【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.我（过去）买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。【误】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost 强调你现在已经没有笔了，与后面 have found的意思有冲突）【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。表示经历的现在完成时：强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。方Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你去过长城吗？份1 have visit
50、ed Beijing at least ten times.北京我至少访问过十次了。bShe has never spent a holiday at the seaside.她从未到海滨度过假。表示延续的现在完成时这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能要继续下去。Hes loved fishing for a long time.他爱好钓鱼为时已久。（他现在仍爱好钓鱼）5 have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在这儿住了三十多年了。（也许还会继续住下去）注意：现在完成时的“未完成”用法既可用于动态