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1、Defining&measuringstressAssist.Prof.Merve TopcuPSY 411 Health PsychologyDepartment of Psychology ankaya University2016-2017,FallSlide 11.2Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013TheNervousSystem(NS)&PhysiologyofStressNS is to integ
2、rate all the bodys systemsBillions of individual cells in NS called neuronsElectrically charged ions hold the potential for an electrical dischargeThe electrical charge leads to the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters(NTs)Excitatory or inhibitory NTsExcitatory or inhibitory messages have c
3、umulative effectNeurons threshold must be exceeded in order to be activatedIf the threshold is exceeded,then neuron firesThe released neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleftSlide 11.3Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited
4、2013Slide 11.4Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013TypesofneuronsAfferent neurons(Sensory neurons)Relay information from the sensory organs to CNS(spinal cord&brain)Efferent neurons(Motor neurons)Impulses travel from the CNS&cau
5、se contraction of muscles of stimulation of glands and organsInterneuronsConnect sensory neurons to motor neurons w/in the spinal cord Slide 11.5Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013Slide 11.6Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Int
6、roduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013TheNervousSystemTwo major divisions of the NS1.Central NS(CNS)The brain&spinal cord2.Peripheral NSAll other neuronsSlide 11.7Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limit
7、ed 2013PeripheralNervousSystemThat part of the NS lying outside of the brain&spinal column and is divided into two parts1.Somatic NS2.Autonomic NS(ANS)Slide 11.8Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013PeripheralNervousSystem1.Somat
8、ic NSServes the skin and the voluntary musclesMoving your fingersThings you think to doMotor nerves that activate muscles are part of SNS12 pairs of cranial nerves has role in the transmission through spinal cordSlide 11.9Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition
9、,Pearson Education Limited 2013Slide 11.10Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013PeripheralNervousSystem2.Autonomic NS1&2 works reciprocallyMaintaining appropriate level of activation called allostasisMeans,different circumstances
10、 requires different levels of physiological action1.Symphatetic NSMobilizes the bodys resources in emergency,stressful,and emotional situationsFight/flight response(Cannon)2.Parasympathetic NSPromotes relaxation,digestion,and normal growth functionsNon-stressful situationsSlide 11.11Val Morrison and
11、 Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013PeripheralNervousSystem-AutonomicNSSlide 11.12Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013Slide 11.13Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduc
12、tion to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013TheNeuroendocrineSystemSimilarities for endocrine system&neuroendocrine systemSystems share,synthesize,and release chemicalsHave communication&control functionsDifferences btw Endocrine System&Neuroendocrine SystemsEndocrine system
13、Neuroendocrine systemChemicals called hormonesChemicals called NTsActivation of neurons are slow&long-term-effectiveActivation of neurons are rapid&short-term-effectiveSynthesized by endocrine cells,released into the blood,reach target even in hours w/prolonged effectReleased by stimulation of neura
14、l impulses,flow across synaptic cleft,&immediately reabsorbed or inactivatedLike the radioshow,transmits everywhere at onceSlide 11.14Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013Slide 11.15Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction
15、to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013TheNeuroendocrineSystemThe Pituitary Gland Excellent example of the intricate r/ship btw the NS&endocrine systemsConnected to the hypothalamusA structure in the forebrainSometimes referred to as the“master gland”bc it produces 7 hormones
16、 that affect other glands and prompt the production of yet other hormonesInfluence secretions of tyroids,pancreas,adrenals,and gonadsSecrets growth hormoneAdenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)Produced by pituitary glandPlays an essential role in stressWhen stimulated by the hypothalamus,the pituitary gla
17、nd releases ACTH which acts on the adrenal glandsSlide 11.16Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013TheNeuroendocrineSystemThe Adrenal Glandslocated on top of each kidneyControls salt&carbonhydrate metabolismSecretes hormones for a
18、rousal&sleepContains 2 structures that produce different hormonesEach gland is composed of outer covering(the adrenal cortex,cortisol)&an inner part(the adrenal medulla,E&NE)Both secretes hormones that are important in the response to stressCortisol is the most important stress hormoneSlide 11.17Val
19、 Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013Slide 11.18Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013TheNeuroendocrineSystemThe Adrenal GlandsThe adrenomedullary response incl
20、udes activation of the adrenal medulla by SNSPrompts thesecretion of catecholamines A class of chemicals that contain epinephrine&noreepinephrine Epinephrine:sometimes known as adrenaline,is produced exclusively by the adrenal medulla&accounts for about 80%of hormone production of the adrenal glands
21、Noreepinephrine is produced in many places besides the adrenal medulla.It is also a NT.Both hormones act slower than NT,acts in bloodstream and synaptic cleft,&their effect is more prolongedCatecholamines is used as stress index(e.g.,in urine)Slide 11.19Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction
22、to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013PhysiologyofStressResponseHPAAxisPhysiological reactions to stress starts w/the perception of stress!SNS controls mobilization of the bodys resources in emotional,stressful,and emergency situations.Stress initiates a complex series of ev
23、ents w/in the neuroendocrine systemThe anterior pituitary gland secrets ACTH which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids,including cortisol.This mobilizes the bodys energy resources,raising the level of blood sugar to provide energy.Cortisol also has an-inflammatory effect which d
24、efends against swelling from injuries.Slide 11.20Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013PhysiologyofStressResponseHPAAxisHPA Axis:Hypothalamus/Pituitary Gland/Adrenal AxisSlide 11.21Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to
25、 Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013PhysiologyofStressResponseSAMresponseActivation of th edarenal medulla results in secretion of catecholamines(NE&E)E is produced exclusively in the adrenal medulla&is used as an index of stressThe amount of E secreted can be determined by
26、assaying a persons urineSlide 11.22Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013PhysiologyofStressResponseSAMresponseSAM=Sympatho-adrenal-medullaryStressANS stimulates Posterior hypothalamusHypothalamus has direct neural connections to
27、AdrenalmedulaAdrenal medulla secretes NE&EEnergy resourses mobilized Increasing heart rateDecreased digestion Slide 11.23Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013Slide 11.24Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psy
28、chology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013TheoriesofstressStress has no simple definitionIt has been defined in 3 different waysAs a stimulusI have a high-stress jobAs a response my heart races when I feel a lot of stressAs an interactionI feel stressed when I have to make financial decision
29、s at work,but other types of decisions do not stress me.Slide 11.25Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013TheoriesofstressWalter Cannon-Harvard Medical SchoolFirst to describe the effects of acute stressTermed this stress reaction
30、 as the fight-or-flight responseA primitive response that quickly increases heart rate,respiration,blood pressure,and serum cholesterolAcute Alarm ReactionBody prepares for fight or flightTime of emergencyHeart pumps blood faster and with greater forceBlood pressure elevates abruptlyLungs send more
31、oxygen to musclesFaster blood clottingWidening of the pupils to admit more light in order to heighten visual acuity and awarenessIncrease in breathing rateEndorphins released decrease in bodys sensitivity to painElevated blood sugar levelsSlide 11.26Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to H
32、ealth Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013DefinitionsStressor-a stimulus with the potential for triggering Fight or Flight in four categories(Social,Environmental,Psychological,Philosophical)Stress reactivity-Body changes to meet demands(F or F response)Strains-Outcomes of stress re
33、activity and may be physical,psychological,or behavioral.(tension headache,phobias,addictions)Stress-The wear and tear on the body when there is reactivity.Combination of a stressor,stress reactivity,and strain.Homeostasis-The bodys balanced stateEustress-Good stressDistress-Bad StressDuration/Degre
34、e-Duration=the amount of time our bodys physiology varies Degree=Condition or the amount of physiological varianceSlide 11.27Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013Slide 11.28Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health
35、 Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013HansSelyesviewofstressStudied the effects of long-term(chronic)stressConcept of stress&how body defends itself in a stressful situationStress is-“The nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it”Summarized his findings by proposing
36、 a three-phase process called the general adaptation syndromeAlarm reactionStage of resistanceStage of exhaustionSlide 11.29Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013HansSelyesviewofstressIn the alarm reaction,resources are quickly m
37、obilized as th SNS springs into actionIf the stressor remains,the organism enters a defensive resistance stageFollowing prolonged exposure to a stressor,the energy necessary for adaptive resistance may become depleted in a stage of exhaustionSlide 11.30Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction t
38、o Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013Slide 11.31Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013CriticsofHansSelyesviewofstressTheory is influencial in the learning&measuring stressBut ignores psychological factors
39、Experiences are mostly on non-humansSlide 11.32Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013LazarussviewInterpretation of stressful event is more important than the event itselfPerception includesPotential harmsThreatsChallengesIndividu
40、als perceived ability to cope w/themTransactional/interactionist approachStress as a transactionStress refers to a r/ship btw person&environmentStress is a subjective experience!Stress is a result of an interaction between an individuals characteristics and appraisals,the external or internal event(
41、stressor)environmentthe internal or external resources that a person has available to themMotivational and cognitive variables are considered centralSlide 11.33Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013LazarussviewAppraisal processes
42、Primary appraisal processesPerson considers quality and nature of a stimulus event:How does this stressor affect my wellbeing?those that pose harm(potential damage that has already been done.E.g.illness or injury)those that threaten(anticipation of harm)those that set a challenge(the persons confide
43、nce in overcoming difficult demands)Secondary appraisal processesAssessment of ones resources and abilities to cope with the stressor(coping potential):Will I be able to cope w/this stressor?internal resources(e.g.determination,knowledge,strength)external(e.g.social support,money)Reappraisal process
44、esWhat changes in coping do I need to make based on new information?Appraisals changes as new information becomes available Does not always result in more stress,sometimes it decreases stressSlide 11.34Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education L
45、imited 2013TransactionalmodelofstressFigure 11.1 Lazaruss early transactional model of stressSource:adapted from Lovallo(1997:77).Slide 11.35Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013Whatfactorsinfluenceappraisal?There are many aspec
46、ts of the stimuli event itself which can influence the appraisals that a person makes.Events that are imminent(e.g.medical results due the next day;driving test that day).Events at an unexpected time in life(e.g.being widowed in ones 40s).Events that are unpredictable in nature(e.g.being made redund
47、ant).Events that are ambiguous in terms of:personal role(e.g.starting a new job)potential risk or harm involved(e.g.undergoing surgery)Events that are undesirable(e.g.moving house due to job loss).Events over which the individual perceives no control(behavioural or cognitive,e.g.noisy neighbours).Ev
48、ents that elicit high amounts of life change(e.g.childbirth).Slide 11.36Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3rd Edition,Pearson Education Limited 2013LazarussviewAppraisals illustratedConsider forthcoming examinations as a potential stressor:There is no way I can possi
49、bly deal with this,I simply know I will fail(threat+no resources=stress)This will be really hard,I just am not as clever as the other students(threat+limited internal resources=stress)Maybe I can manage this,if I revise really hard(challenge+possible internal resources=less stress)I could perhaps do
50、 it if I get some help from my friends(challenge+external resources=less stress)This isnt a problem,I know the material really well(benign,no stress)I managed to pass the last time,Ill be okay this time(benign,no stress)Slide 11.37Val Morrison and Paul Bennett,An Introduction to Health Psychology,3r