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1、E C TranslationSome Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free It has marked the history of both western and Chinese translation theory for two thousand years.Some Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free In the WestIn Classical times,it was normal for translators working from Greek to provide a literal,word-for-word“translati
2、on”.Some Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free In the West Cicero,describing his own translation of Attic orators in 46 BC,emphasized that he did not follow the literal word-for-word approach but,as an orator(演讲家).Some Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free In the WestFour centuries later,St Jerome described his Bible t
3、ranslation strategy as I render not word-for-word but sense for sense.(Jerome 395/1997:25)Some Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free In China佛经翻译中的“文与质之争”e.g.维祗难、道安 质派 支谦、鸠摩罗什 文派Some Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free In China道安反对削胡适秦、饰文灭质，主张翻译必须力求合乎原文原意，“唯恐失实。”鸠摩罗什精通佛经，又通晓梵汉两种语言，深知两种语言文辞特点，所以译经时余地较大；注重译文的藻蔚，反对佛经翻译初
4、期质直失藻之风。Some Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free word-for-word translationKunta burst suddenly into tears,as much in fear as in grief.昆塔突然大哭起来，其害怕和悲哀是一样多。昆塔突然大哭起来，一方面是出于悲哀，另一方面是出于恐惧。Some Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free word-for-word translation书记：book record春暖花开：spring warm flower open贵阳：the expensive sun严禁向窗外抛
5、扔物品：Strictly forbidden toward window to throw to throw a productSome Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free What is a free translation?A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the original text.It may or may not closely follow the form or organization of the original.Some Majo
6、r IssuesLiteral vs.Free The Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.Literal:黑人依然在美国社会的角落中饱受痛苦，并发现自己是自己国土上的流亡者。Free:黑人仍然在美国社会的角落里过着痛苦的生活；美国虽是他们的家园，而他们却感到流落异乡/而他们却有种身在家乡为异客的感觉。Some Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free Smashing a mirror is no way
7、to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.Literal:砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。Free:砸镜子并不能解决问题。Some Major IssuesLiteral vs.Free What is a free translation?在正确理解原文意思的基础上，摆脱原文句子结构，重新遣词造句，把原文的意思用通顺的译语表达出来。这种翻译方法就是“意译”。Some Major IssuesLiteral or Free?No fixed ruleC
8、ontextRegisterGenreTT reader Some Major IssuesLiteral or Free?辜正坤的论述：辜正坤的论述：“直译，意译，各有千秋，译者依据功能、审美、读者层三要素，宜直译就直译，宜意译就意译，能神游于规矩之内，亦能神游于规矩之外，能循规蹈矩，亦能判道离经，方称得上翻译的行家里手。”Some Major IssuesLiteral or Free?忠实于原文内容可以有不同程度的直译或意译LiteralFreeSome Major IssuesLiteral or Free?He had about as much chance of getting
9、a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.Literal:他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会几乎差不多。Literal+Free:他要找到工作简直跟要当选芝加哥市长同样困难。Free:他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。Some Major IssuesLiteral or Free?Literal translation如果译文和原文相同的形式能表达和原文相同的内容，可以直译，如wash ones hands可以直译为“洗手”。如果原文的表达形式比译文精确、有力，可以直译，但要符合“忠实、通顺”的标准，如be parked like sardines可
10、以直译为“挤得像沙丁鱼罐头一样”。Some Major IssuesLiteral or Free?Free translation如果译文和原文相同的形式不能表达和原文相同的内容，一般意译，如wash ones hands of通常不能译成“洗手不干”，可以译成“撒手不管”。如果译文的表达形式比原文精确、有力，可以意译，如fight it out可以译成“决一雌雄”、“打个你死我活”等等。Some Major IssuesLiteral or Free?任何一个语篇的翻译，都会有一定比例的直译和意译。选择直译还是意译，应该根据文章具体需要而定，两种译法可以并用。无论直译、意译，都要符合“忠实
11、、通顺”的标准。Some Major IssuesForeignization异化异化 vs.Domestication归化归化The origin“The translator can either leave the writer in peace as much as possible and bring the reader to him,or he can leave the reader in peace as much as possible and bring the writer to him.”(Schleiermacher,1838:47,as translated in
12、 Wilss,1982:33)Some Major IssuesForeignization vs.DomesticationWhat is foreignization?“Foreignzation is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.This method is an ethnodeviant pressure on targ
13、et-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text,sending the reader abroad to have alien reading experience.”(Venuti,1995)Some Major IssuesForeignization vs.DomesticationWhat is domestication?“Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent,fluent
14、 style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.This method is an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values,bringing the author back home.”(Venuti,1995)Some Major IssuesForeignization vs.DomesticationWhat is d
15、omestication?Spring,the sweet spring is the years pleasant king.T.Nash春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。郭沫若Some Major IssuesForeignization vs.DomesticationExamples Curiosity enough,he prophesied with oracular accuracy to the amazement of all.说也奇怪，他像诸葛亮一样，料事如神，大家都惊讶不止。说也奇怪，他料事真准，像神启一样应验，让所有的人都惊讶不止。Some Major IssuesSome
16、 Major IssuesForeignization vs.DomesticationMore Examples 黛玉：“你们瞧,孙行者来了!”（红楼梦）“Look,monkey!”（David Hawkes）“Look,here comes the Monkey King!”（杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇）Some Major IssuesForeignization vs.DomesticationMore Examples 巧媳妇做不出无米的粥来，叫我怎么样呢？（红楼梦）“Even the cleverest housewife cant make bread without flour.”（D
17、avid Hawkes）“Even the cleverest housewife cant cook a meal without rice.”（杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇）Some Major IssuesForeignization vs.DomesticationMore Examples 宝玉满面泪痕泣道：“家里姐姐妹妹都没有，单我有，我说没趣；如今来了个这么一个神仙似的妹妹也没有，可知这不是个好东西。”（红楼梦）“.And now this new cousin comes here who is as beautiful as an angel and she hasnt got one
18、 either,.”（David Hawkes）Some Major IssuesForeignization vs.DomesticationMore Examples 宝玉满面泪痕泣道：“家里姐姐妹妹都没有，单我有，我说没趣；如今来了个这么一个神仙似的妹妹也没有，可知这不是个好东西。”（红楼梦）“Even this newly arrived cousin who is lovely as a fairy hasnt got one either,.”（杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇）Some Major IssuesForeignization vs.Domestication 翻译中的“归化”和“
19、异化”不仅是不矛盾的，而且是互为补充的。译者应对翻译中涉及的各种因素作综合的分析，如作者意图、翻译目的、文本类型和读者对象等等，再对是否在译文中保留哪些源语文化、怎样保留、哪些源语文化的因素需要作出调整以适应目的语文化等作出选择。练习1.Its more a poem than a picture.2.Fire goes wherever it can,but it prefers to follow a draft.3.The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.4.Taking care to pitch
20、my voice to politeness,I asked about the next bus to Hattiesburg.5.The bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.6.World-famous for his works he was never personally well known,for throughout his life he avoided publicity.5.The bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at
21、 both extremes of age.6.World-famous for his works he was never personally well known,for throughout his life he avoided publicity.7.While you are in the act of summoning your energies,focus on a plan.Dont exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities.1.与其说那是一幅画，不如说那是一首诗。
22、与其说那是一幅画，不如说那是一首诗。2.火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。3.循声而去，便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。循声而去，便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。4.我陪着小心，用温和的口吻询问开往哈蒂斯堡下我陪着小心，用温和的口吻询问开往哈蒂斯堡下一班车的情况。一班车的情况。（我小心翼翼，用礼貌的语调询问下一班开往哈蒂斯（我小心翼翼，用礼貌的语调询问下一班开往哈蒂斯堡的班车何时出发。）堡的班车何时出发。）5.患有流感的幼儿和老人可能并发细菌性肺炎。患有流感的幼儿和老人可能并发细菌性肺炎。（viral pneumonia 病毒性肺炎）病毒性肺炎）6.他
23、的著作举世闻名，而他个人却一直少为人知，因他的著作举世闻名，而他个人却一直少为人知，因为他一生始终避免抛头露面。为他一生始终避免抛头露面。7.在集中精力的过程中，要贯注于一个计划；不要同在集中精力的过程中，要贯注于一个计划；不要同时涉足各种可能的情况，把自己搞得精疲力竭、一事时涉足各种可能的情况，把自己搞得精疲力竭、一事无成。无成。8.A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities,with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws up
24、on.9.To petrol we owe the existence of the motor-car,which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse.To petrol we owe the possibility of flying.8.朋友是能使你表现出自己最佳品质的人，朋友是能使你表现出自己最佳品质的人，和他在一起你就会精神焕发，并且变得更具和他在一起你就会精神焕发，并且变得更具有友谊所要求的种种内涵。有友谊所要求的种种内涵。9.有了汽油，我们才有了汽车，取代了私人有了汽油，我们才有了汽车，取代了私人马车；有了汽油
25、，我们才有可能飞上天空。马车；有了汽油，我们才有可能飞上天空。翻译症（1）Translationese/translatorese翻译症翻译症/翻译体翻译体/翻译腔翻译腔翻译症的表现是译笔拙劣翻译症的表现是译笔拙劣(clumsy)，译者过分受，译者过分受原文的语言形式束缚，结果是，轻则译文不自然、原文的语言形式束缚，结果是，轻则译文不自然、不流畅、生硬不流畅、生硬(stiff;inflexible;gritty)，读者，读者要花费较多的时间才能理解；重则译文晦涩难懂、要花费较多的时间才能理解；重则译文晦涩难懂、读者不知所云读者不知所云(inscrutable)。造成的原因：造成的原因：1、没有
26、理解原文；、没有理解原文；2、死译，对号入、死译，对号入座；座；3、表述不符合译入语的习惯。、表述不符合译入语的习惯。下面我们来具体分析。下面我们来具体分析。1、句子过长（特别是定语过长）I surprised the company by refusing to drink the dark red beverage poured out of a fat bellied bottle neatly dressed in a tight-fitting straw jacket.(讨论译文讨论译文)当我拒绝喝从一个密封草套精致地装饰的当我拒绝喝从一个密封草套精致地装饰的大肚子瓶子里倒出来的深
27、红色饮料时，大家吃了一惊。大肚子瓶子里倒出来的深红色饮料时，大家吃了一惊。改译：这大肚子瓶子是用密封草套精致地装饰着的。改译：这大肚子瓶子是用密封草套精致地装饰着的。当深红色饮料从里面倒出来时，我拒绝喝它，这让大当深红色饮料从里面倒出来时，我拒绝喝它，这让大家着实吃了一惊。家着实吃了一惊。Their speeches were dressed up with as much care as though they were parliamentary harangues fashioned to the columns of the daily press.(讨论译文讨论译文)他们的演说被那么
28、小心翼翼地装扮得像是他们的演说被那么小心翼翼地装扮得像是适合于每日报刊专栏新闻上刊登的议会高谈阔论似的。适合于每日报刊专栏新闻上刊登的议会高谈阔论似的。改译：他们的演说被小心翼翼地装扮，就像是议会里改译：他们的演说被小心翼翼地装扮，就像是议会里的高谈阔论，适合于刊登在每日报刊专栏新闻上似的。的高谈阔论，适合于刊登在每日报刊专栏新闻上似的。Those who judged of his ultimate success by the failure of his first attempt were agreeably disappointed.(讨论译文讨论译文)那些从他初次尝试遭到失败便断那
29、些从他初次尝试遭到失败便断定他的最后结局的人，高兴地失望了。定他的最后结局的人，高兴地失望了。改译：他初次尝试失败了。但是那些人却据此改译：他初次尝试失败了。但是那些人却据此判断，他最终会取得胜利。因此他们虽然失判断，他最终会取得胜利。因此他们虽然失望，却也有几分高兴。望，却也有几分高兴。The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer.The more cigarettes smo
30、ked by the husband,the greater threat faced by his non-smoking wife.(讨论译文讨论译文)这项研究发现抽烟男子的不抽烟妻子患肺这项研究发现抽烟男子的不抽烟妻子患肺癌的危险比一般人大的多，丈夫抽烟越多，其不抽烟癌的危险比一般人大的多，丈夫抽烟越多，其不抽烟妻子面临的威胁越大。妻子面临的威胁越大。修改：这项研究表明，妻子不抽烟丈夫抽烟，妻子得修改：这项研究表明，妻子不抽烟丈夫抽烟，妻子得肺癌的危险性比一般人大的多。丈夫抽的烟越多，妻肺癌的危险性比一般人大的多。丈夫抽的烟越多，妻子受到的威胁也就越大。子受到的威胁也就越大。The re
31、port noted proposals that eating less fat and more food with whole grains and other fibers can protect against cancer.译文：这份报告特别提到了少食脂肪，多吃含全面粉译文：这份报告特别提到了少食脂肪，多吃含全面粉和其他纤维素的食物能预防癌症的那些建议。和其他纤维素的食物能预防癌症的那些建议。修改：该报告提到一些建议，主张人们少吃脂肪，多修改：该报告提到一些建议，主张人们少吃脂肪，多吃全粮食品和其他含纤维素的食物，能预防癌症。吃全粮食品和其他含纤维素的食物，能预防癌症。2.过多地使
32、用介词、连词等功能词（汉语中能省就省）Return if Undelivered.无法投递请退回原处。无法投递请退回原处。Because it is late,I must go now.我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。（朱自清（朱自清背影背影）We entered the railway station after crossing the River.While I was at the booking office buying a ticket,father saw to my luggage.（张培基）（张培基）We cro
33、ssed the Yangtze and arrived at the station,where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage.（杨宪益）（杨宪益）少壮离家老大回，乡音无改鬓毛衰少壮离家老大回，乡音无改鬓毛衰When I was young,I left my hometown,now Im old,I return.My accent is unchanged while my hair turns grey.3.译文的隐含信息没有外化而导致欠额翻译They parted enemies.(讨论译文讨论译文)他们与敌人分手了。他们
34、与敌人分手了。改译：他们分手了，成为了敌人。改译：他们分手了，成为了敌人。We bombed the Axis Europe.(讨论译文讨论译文)我们轰炸了轴心国的欧洲。我们轰炸了轴心国的欧洲。改译：我们轰炸了轴心国在欧洲的占领区。改译：我们轰炸了轴心国在欧洲的占领区。The European Empires in Africa have disappeared.(讨论译文讨论译文)在非洲的欧洲帝国已经消失了。在非洲的欧洲帝国已经消失了。改译：欧洲在非洲建立的帝国消失了。改译：欧洲在非洲建立的帝国消失了。This is the official kind of strike.译文：这是一种官方
35、的罢工。译文：这是一种官方的罢工。修改：这是工会组织的罢工。修改：这是工会组织的罢工。This is a dangerous and violent city.In some parts of it,the only law is the law of the jungle.译文：这是一个危险的充满暴力的城市。在有译文：这是一个危险的充满暴力的城市。在有些地方，唯一的原则就是森林法则。些地方，唯一的原则就是森林法则。修改：这是一个危险的充满暴力的城市。在有修改：这是一个危险的充满暴力的城市。在有些地方，唯一的法则就是弱肉强食。些地方，唯一的法则就是弱肉强食。4.过度发挥而导致超额翻译Some
36、men have been virtuous blindly,others have speculated fantastically,and others have been shrewed to bad purposes.讨论译文：有些人非常正直，但却瞎做事情，败事讨论译文：有些人非常正直，但却瞎做事情，败事有余；有些人考虑周到，但却充满幻想，处处染指；有余；有些人考虑周到，但却充满幻想，处处染指；还有些人非常狡猾，时时想着坑害别人，达到不可还有些人非常狡猾，时时想着坑害别人，达到不可告人的目的。告人的目的。参考译文：有些人品行端正，但对周遭不闻不问；参考译文：有些人品行端正，但对周遭不闻
37、不问；有些人深思熟虑，但却流于脱离现实；有些人非常有些人深思熟虑，但却流于脱离现实；有些人非常精明，但却把精明用到邪道上去。精明，但却把精明用到邪道上去。5.搭配不当The fierce light of the burning house lighted Kinos face.(讨论译文讨论译文)燃烧中的房子的熊熊火光强烈地燃烧中的房子的熊熊火光强烈地照亮了基诺的脸。照亮了基诺的脸。改译：房子燃烧的熊熊火光将基诺的脸照得通改译：房子燃烧的熊熊火光将基诺的脸照得通亮。亮。Thats why I did it,for good,cold,pragmatic reasons.I want our
38、employees and suppliers to be thinking:I can follow a guy who sets that kind of examples.(讨论译文讨论译文)我之所以这样做是因为有正当的、冷酷的我之所以这样做是因为有正当的、冷酷的和实用主义的理由的。我想要是我们的职工和我们的和实用主义的理由的。我想要是我们的职工和我们的供应商认为：供应商认为：“我们可以追随一个树立了这样的榜样我们可以追随一个树立了这样的榜样的人。的人。”改译：我之所以这样做，是出于正当的、冷静的、实改译：我之所以这样做，是出于正当的、冷静的、实际的理由。际的理由。When I told
39、 him what I had just done and why,his weathered face slowly changed.(讨论译文讨论译文)我把刚才做的事情高告诉他并解释原因，他那我把刚才做的事情高告诉他并解释原因，他那饱经风霜的脸可慢慢地变了。饱经风霜的脸可慢慢地变了。修改：我把刚才做的事情告诉他并作了解释，他饱经风霜修改：我把刚才做的事情告诉他并作了解释，他饱经风霜的脸上，的脸上，脸色脸色慢慢地慢慢地变了变了。Improve Your Study Habits (title)译文：优化你的学习习惯。译文：优化你的学习习惯。修改：改善你的学习习惯。修改：改善你的学习习惯。修改
40、：养成良好的学习习惯。修改：养成良好的学习习惯。I am sure that it would change the situation if you are kind enough to lend support to me.我相信如果你有足够的好心支持我的话，它我相信如果你有足够的好心支持我的话，它将会改变形势。将会改变形势。【译文译文】我相信如果你非常好心能撑我我相信如果你非常好心能撑我一把的话，情况就不一样了。一把的话，情况就不一样了。练习1.Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness
41、and contentment.2.She couldnt have come at a better time.3.But the next century well be able to alter our DNA radically,encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms.1.（讨论译文）职业和工作能提供必我们大（讨论译文）职业和工作能提供必我们大多数人认识多得多的幸福和满足。多数人认识多得多的幸福和满足。改译：工作能给与人们很大的幸福和满足，大改译：工作能给与人们很大的幸福和满足，大多数人对此认
42、识不足。多数人对此认识不足。2.她来得正是时候。她来得正是时候。但下个世纪我们将能很大程度上改变但下个世纪我们将能很大程度上改变DNA，能在构建新的生命时把我们的种，能在构建新的生命时把我们的种种想象、种种出于虚荣的要求，都编入种想象、种种出于虚荣的要求，都编入遗传密码。遗传密码。4.This was one of the secrets of his great popularity,but it was a popularity which was as unsettled as the waves.It swelled,and bubbled,and foamed for a while
43、,only to recede,and be lost to its former possessor.5.I walked to the ticket counter.When the ticket-seller saw me,her otherwise attractive face turned sour,violently so.6.The expectation of collision informed British frontier policy in this period.4.【讨论译文讨论译文】这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏
44、不定：一时间但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定：一时间奔腾高涨，汹涌澎拜，转瞬间又一落千丈，奔腾高涨，汹涌澎拜，转瞬间又一落千丈，终于在原来享有这种声望的人身上荡然无存。终于在原来享有这种声望的人身上荡然无存。改译：这是他名噪一时的秘密，但这种名声如改译：这是他名噪一时的秘密，但这种名声如同潮水一样起伏不定：波浪涨起，水泡涌出，同潮水一样起伏不定：波浪涨起，水泡涌出，泡沫翻现，然后潮水退去，名声又回归前一泡沫翻现，然后潮水退去，名声又回归前一任主人。任主人。5.我走到售票台。女售票员一看见我，她那我走到售票台。女售票员一看见我，她那原本颇为动人的脸刷地一沉，变得怒气冲冲。原本颇为动人的脸刷地一沉，变得怒气冲冲。6.英国预计到了将会发生冲突，并据此对这英国预计到了将会发生冲突，并据此对这一时期的边境政策作了调整。一时期的边境政策作了调整。