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1、句子成分和句子结构句子成分和句子结构Knowledge is power.知识就是力量知识就是力量一、相关概念一、相关概念词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。1 名词名词 noun n.student 学生学生 2 代词代词 pronoun pron.you 你你3 形容词形容词 adjective adj.happy 高兴的高兴的4 副词副词 adverb adv.quickly 迅速地迅速地5 动词动词 verb v.cut 砍、割砍、割6 数词数词 numeral num.three 三三7 冠词冠词
2、 article art.a/an/the8 介词介词 preposition prep.at 在在.9 连词连词 conjunction conj.and 和和10 感叹词感叹词 interjection interj.oh 哦哦前六类叫前六类叫实词实词,后四类叫,后四类叫虚词虚词。特别注意动词分为及物动词动词分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词和不及物动词(vi)Vt:后面可以跟宾语后面可以跟宾语Vi:后面不能跟宾语后面不能跟宾语有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词,词意一致。有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词,词意一致。有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词,词意不一致。有些词既
3、可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词,词意不一致。The meeting began(vi).(开始)(开始)We began(vt)the meeting at 6.(开始)(开始)The man walked(vi)away.(走)(走)He walked(vt)the dog every day.(遛)(遛)二、句子成分英语句子的组成部分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、表语、和同位语八种。注意:表语和系动词一起作谓语。1.主语1.一般是动作的发出者,位于句首。主语常常由名词一般是动作的发出者,位于句首。主语常常由名词 代代词词 数次数次 动名词动名词 动词不定式等充当。动词不定式等
4、充当。The boy is twelve.Those apples are delicious.She looks attractive.2.形容词形容词,副词或介词短语不能做主语,若在句首,可能副词或介词短语不能做主语,若在句首,可能是倒装。是倒装。倒装语序:倒装语序:On the desk are some books.正常语序:正常语序:some books are on the desk.练习划出下面的句子主语,并说出由什么充当。During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.We oft
5、en speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.Smoking does harm to the healthThe rich should help the poor.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.It is necessary to master a foreign language.That he isnt at home is not true._ _名词做主语名词做主语_动名词做主语动名词做主语_人称代词做主语人称代词做主语_名词
6、做主语名词做主语_名词做主语名词做主语_不定式做主语不定式做主语_ _不定时做主语不定时做主语_ _从句做主语从句做主语2.谓语说明主语所做的动作或者具有的特征和状态。简单谓语简单谓语:He reads newspapers every day.They made a cake for me.复合谓语复合谓语:He has caught a bad cold.You may keep the book for two weeks.I have been reading the book all the time.My sister is crying over there.系动词系动词+表语作
7、谓语表语作谓语:His father is a musician.The man is handsome.My grandpa is seventy.练习划出下面句子的谓语,并说出是什么谓语。Miss Mary teaches us English.Many a person has read the novel.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.Her favorite sport is playing football._ _ _ _简单谓语简单谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语3.宾语1.一
8、般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词,或名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或者承受者。一般位于及物动词和介词之后。2.宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。We have breakfast at seven.He bought a new car last week.练习划出下面的句子宾语,并说出由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday.-How many dictionaries do you have?-I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.I wanted to buy a car
9、.I enjoy watching tv.I think(that)he is fit for his office._ _ _ _名词作宾语名词作宾语名词作宾语名词作宾语动名词作宾语动名词作宾语从句作宾语从句作宾语数词作宾语数词作宾语不定式作宾语不定式作宾语4.补语有些动词虽然是及物动词,但是只能跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的句有些动词虽然是及物动词,但是只能跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的句子意思,宾语后必须加上一个补语成分才能使句意完整,所加上的部子意思,宾语后必须加上一个补语成分才能使句意完整,所加上的部分就是宾语补足语。分就是宾语补足语。宾语补语宾语补语:宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的:宾语和宾
10、语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系主谓关系,它们,它们一起构成复合宾语。一起构成复合宾语。He asked me to lend him some money.I heard someone calling for help.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾补宾补主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾补宾补主语补语主语补语:对主语的补充。(含有宾语补足语的句子在:对主语的补充。(含有宾语补足语的句子在编程被动语态宾语作主语时,原来的宾语就成了主语补编程被动语态宾语作主语时,原来的宾语就成了主语补足语。)足语。)She was found singing in the next room.主语主语谓语谓语主补主补练习划
11、出下面的句子补语,并说出由什么充当。His father named him Dongming.They pained their boat white.Let the fresh air in.I asked him to come on time.We saw her entering the room.He kept his hand behind his back.I want your homework done on time._不定式短语不定式短语_ _名词名词_形容词形容词_副词副词_现在分词现在分词_ _介词短语介词短语_过去分词短语过去分词短语5.定语n 定语是对名词或者代
12、词起修饰限定作用的词,短语,定语是对名词或者代词起修饰限定作用的词,短语,或句子,汉语中用(或句子,汉语中用(的)表示的)表示.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前。形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前。The next man is a scientist.It is an interesting story.n在英语中,也有雨多情况是定语放在所修饰词之后,这在英语中,也有雨多情况是定语放在所修饰词之后,这点与汉语的表达习惯不同。点与汉语的表达习惯不同。1.副词作定语,一般要后置。副词作定语,一般要后置。People there are very friendly.(那儿的人们)(那儿的人们)He
13、didnt like the man downstairs.(楼下的那个人)(楼下的那个人)2.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The man next to me is a scientist.3.介词短语作定语要后置。介词短语作定语要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.4.现在分词短语,过去分词短语,动词不定式作定语现在分词短语,过去分词短语,动词不定式作定语常后置。常后置。I have something to say.我有我有要说的要说的话。话。The boy crying over there is my br
14、other.在那边哭在那边哭的的那个男孩是我的弟弟。那个男孩是我的弟弟。练习划出下面句子的定语,并说出由什么充当。The letter on the desk is for Mr.Wu.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.We need a place twice larger than this one.She carried a basket full of eggs.Its a book worth no more than one dollar.Its a city far away from the coast._ _ 介词
15、短语做后置定语介词短语做后置定语_形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语_ _形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语_ _形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语_ _with的复合结构作后置定语的复合结构作后置定语_形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语6.状语状语修饰动词,形容词,副词或者是整个句子,说明动作状语修饰动词,形容词,副词或者是整个句子,说明动作或者状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。或者状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。He writes carefully.(认真地写)(认真地写)He walks slowly.(慢慢地走)(慢慢地走)This material is envi
16、ronmentally friendly.(修饰形容词(修饰形容词用副词,作状语。)用副词,作状语。)The trees grew extremely slowly.(slowly修饰动词修饰动词grew,是副词,而是副词,而extremely是副词,修饰是副词,修饰slowly。)。)1.几个并列的状语的先后顺序:方式几个并列的状语的先后顺序:方式-地点地点-时间时间He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.2.英语中,时间状语、地点状语的排列一般都是按从小到大英语中,时间状语、地点状语的排列一般都是按从小到大得顺序。得顺序。
17、I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m.on Thursday,August 28th,2015.3.频度副词频度副词often,always,usually,sometimes,never等在句子中的位置是:动前助后(动:谓语动词,助:等在句子中的位置是:动前助后(动:谓语动词,助:Be动词、情态动词、助动词(动词、情态动词、助动词(do/does)。)。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.4.状语状语 如果按照句意分类,有时间状
18、语,地点状语,目的如果按照句意分类,有时间状语,地点状语,目的状语,结果状语,程度状语,条件状语,方式状语和让步状语,结果状语,程度状语,条件状语,方式状语和让步状语等。状语等。练习划出下面的句子主语,并说出由什么充当。1.Mr.Smith lives on the third floor.2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.She put the eggs into the basket with a great care.4.She came in with a dictionary in h
19、er hand.5.To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.6.The boy needs a pen very much._ _目的状语目的状语_ _伴随状语伴随状语_ _方式状语方式状语_ _原因状语原因状语_ _地点状语地点状语_程度状语程度状语7.同位语同位语同位语是在名词或者代词之后的并列名词或代词,对同位语是在名词或者代词之后的并列名词或代词,对前者加以说明。前者加以说明。We students should study hard.It is good for us students.8
20、.表语表语表语一般位于系动词之后。表语一般位于系动词之后。My father is a musician.简单句的简单句的5种基本句子结构和种基本句子结构和there be 句型句型主主 谓谓 宾宾主主 谓谓主主 谓谓 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补主主 系系 表表There be 句型句型 1.1.主主 谓谓 宾宾结构:主语结构:主语+及物动词及物动词/及物动词词组及物动词词组+宾语宾语宾语可以是名词、代词、数词、宾语可以是名词、代词、数词、to do 不定式、动名词不定式、动名词或者宾语从句。或者宾语从句。She likes English.They play
21、 football.We like swimming.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.2.主主 谓谓结构:主语结构:主语+不及物动词(不能带宾语,但可以带状语。)不及物动词(不能带宾语,但可以带状语。)The bus stopped.Tom left yesterday.It is raining.We have worked for five hours.The meeting lasted half an hour.3.主语主语 谓语谓语 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语 主语主语 +动词动词 +间接宾语间接宾语 +直接宾语
22、直接宾语He passed me a cup of tea.He bought me some books.He sent her some flowers.主语主语 +直接宾语直接宾语 +介词(介词(to/for)+间接宾语间接宾语He passed a cup of tea to me.She bought some books for me.Show this house to Mr.Smith.4.主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。(宾语相当于宾补宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。(宾语相当于宾补的主语)的主语)结构:主语结构:主语 +及物动词及物动词
23、 +宾语宾语 +宾补宾补My sister helped me do my homework.Our teacher doesnt allow us to speak in class.5.主主 系系 表表含有含有be(am is are/was were)动词的句子是)动词的句子是“主系表主系表”结构。结构。但是除了但是除了Be 动词之外,还有一些词也是系动词。动词之外,还有一些词也是系动词。系动词的分类系动词的分类1.状态系动词状态系动词:表示主语的状态。状态系动词只有表示主语的状态。状态系动词只有be动词。动词。2.持续系动词持续系动词:表示主语继续或保持一种状态或态度,主要表示主语继续
24、或保持一种状态或态度,主要有有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand.如:如:He kept silent at the meeting.This matter remains a mystery.The food stays fresh in the fridge.3.表表“像像”系动词系动词:表示表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念,主要有这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look.如:如:Something seems wrong.He appears young.4.感官系动词感官系动词:主要有主要有look“看起来看起来”feel“摸起来摸起来”smell“闻起来闻起
25、来”sound“听起来听起来”taste“尝起来尝起来”如:如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布摸起来很软。这种布摸起来很软。This flower smells very sweet.5.变化系动词变化系动词:表示主语变成什么样。主要有:表示主语变成什么样。主要有:become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.如:如:She grew rich within a short time.She fell ill yesterday.His face went red.What he had dreamt of came
26、true.6.终止系动词终止系动词:表示主语已经终止动作,主要有表示主语已经终止动作,主要有prove(证实证实)turn out(变成变成)。如:如:The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.What he predicted turned out(to be)wrong.6.There be 句型结构:结构:there+be+主语主语 +状语状语表达表达(某地(某地/某时)某时)存在有存在有There be 后的名词或代词是句子的实际主语,后的名词或代词是句子的实际主语,there 是是引导词,
27、也叫作形式主语。引导词,也叫作形式主语。注意:注意:1.be 动词要和其后的实际主语在人称和数的形式上保动词要和其后的实际主语在人称和数的形式上保持一致。如果持一致。如果 there be后实际主语是多个并列项时,后实际主语是多个并列项时,要遵循要遵循就近原则就近原则。如:如:There is a bird in the tree.There are many apples on the tree.There is a pencil and two rulers on the desk.There are two rulers and a pencil on the desk.2.可以用可以用
28、Live,stand ,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等词代替等词代替be动词。动词。There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.(不但不但“有有”而且而且“住住”在那里在那里)There exists no air on the moon.(存在存在)There lies a book on the desk.3.there be 和和 have 的区别。的区别。“there be”表示:某地有某物,某时有某物。表示:某地有某物,某时有某物。“have”表示:某人有某物。表示:某人有某物。There is a ball under the bed.He has a lovely dog.知识回顾知识回顾Knowledge Knowledge ReviewReview