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1、句子成分和句子结构Elements and Structures of Sentences本节内容概述句子成分主语 谓语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 同位语 独立成分句子分类按功能划分：陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句按结构划分：简单句 并列句 复合句句子的基本句型S+V S+V+O（S+V+P）S+V+SC S+V+O+OC S+V+Oi+Od there be句型1句子成分句子成分1.句子的主干部分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语；句子的修饰成分：定语、状语、补语、同位语；2.句子中某一成分不要只理解为一个单词，它可以是以单词、词组或句子的形式出现；3.分清整体与局部的关系；要明白.作.的（成分）
2、；如：.作.的宾语；4.主语、宾语、表语同表示名词性质；定语表示形容词性质；状语表副词性质；5.短语动词，短语名词可当成一个单词来看，不必拆分，所以学习单词时最好以意群或语块为单位进行；6.词性是对单词进行分类，是一个单词的性质;成分是对句子而言,一个成分可以是单词，短语，句子,是句子中的某一个意群。句子成分一.主语（the Subject）1.定义：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。2.句中位置：陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前，但在there be结构、主语不是疑问词的疑问句和倒装句中，位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。3.表现形式：名词（短语）、代词、数词、动词
3、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、the+形容词以及从句。句子成分一.主语（the Subject）例句：1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）2.We often speak English in class.（代词）3.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）4.Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）5.The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）6.W
4、hen we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）7.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）句子成分一.主语（the Subject）当堂练习说明下列句子中主语的位置及其表现形式：1.One third of the students in our class are good at English.2.It is a great pleasure to swim in summer.3.What he said
5、is true.4.Learning new words is very useful to me.名词不定式（或it为形式主语）主语从句动名词句子成分二.谓语（the Verb）1.定义：谓语说明主语的动作，特征或状态等。一般由动词担任，其人称和数必须与主语一致，有时态、语态和语气变化。2.句中位置：一般在主语后(疑问句、倒装句除外)。3.表现形式：动词（短语）、情态动词+动词原形、某些动词+不定式（如happen，would like，seem等）、系动词+表语。句子成分二.谓语（the Verb）例句：1.He has caught a cold.（动词）2.You may keep t
6、he book for two weeks.（情态动词动词原形）3.I would like to invite all my friends here.（其他动词不定式）4.We are students.（系动词）句子成分二.谓语（the Verb）当堂练习说明下列句子中谓语的位置及其表现形式：1.He looked a bit excited.2.I have not finished my work yet.3.Old people should be taken good care of.4.I must learn to speak English.系动词动词（现在完成时）动词（情
7、态动词+被动语态）情态动词+动词原形句子成分三.宾语（the Object）1.定义：表示动作、行为的对象或承受者，包括单宾语、双宾语(间接宾语直接宾语)和复合宾语等形式。2.句中位置：一般在及物动词或介词后；间接宾语通常放在直接宾语前，也可在其后，但此时前面须加介词to或for，直接宾语为人称代词时，间接宾语一般后置。3.表现形式：名词、代词、数词、the形容词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句。句子成分三.宾语（the Object）例句：1.You can leave your pet with me while travelling.（名词；直宾、间宾）2.He gave me s
8、ome good advice.（代词，名词；间宾、直宾）3.Please take them to the waiting room.（代词）4.They only bought three.（数词）5.Hes always helping the poor.（the形容词）6.He refused to do it.（不定式短语）7.Tom likes playing football.（动名词短语）8.I dont know if the plane will arrive on time.（从句）句子成分三.宾语（the Object）当堂练习说明下列句子中宾语的位置及其表现形式：1.
9、We are thinking about the plan.2.Do you understand what I said?3.Mr.Wang practices speaking English every day.4.We should learn from him.名词从句动名词代词句子成分四.表语（the Predicative）1.定义：与动词连用，一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、身份、类别、状态等。2.句中位置：一般位于系动词（如be，become，get，look，seem，turn等）之后。3.表现形式：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、
10、分词、介词短语、从句。句子成分四.表语（the Predicative）常用系动词总结：be 是 feel 感觉 appear 显示出 look 看起来smell 闻起来 taste 尝起来 sound 听起来continue 继续 remain 保持 stay 保持 keep 保持hold 维持住 rest 使依靠 prove 显示出，证明是become 变得.get 变得.turn 变成.go 变得.run 维持 fall 变得（糟糕，萧条等）come 变得.grow 发展成.seem 似乎句子成分四.表语（the Predicative）例句：1.Our teacher of Engli
11、sh is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one.（数词）句子成分四.表语（the Predicative）例句：6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）9.Time is up.The
12、class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（从句）句子成分四.表语（the Predicative）当堂练习说明下列句子中表语的位置及其表现形式：1.The door remained open.2.My wish is to become a scientist.3.We are against/for the plan.4.His hobby is learning English.形容词不定式介词短语代词句子成分五.定语（the Attribute）1.定义：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的句子成分
13、，它说明人或物的状态、品质、数量及所属关系等。2.句中位置：单个的词常放在被修饰的名词（名词性短语）前，短语和从句放在所修饰的名词（名词性短语）之后；副词常放在被修饰的名词（名词性短语）后；不定代词的定语常放在其后。3.表现形式：名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词、名词所有格、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词(短语)、介词短语、从句。句子成分五.定语（the Attribute）例句：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country.（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our
14、 school.（数词、名词）4.Women there were living a terrible life.（副词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（代词、不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词，介词短语）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.This is the book that he bought yesterday.（从句）
15、句子成分五.定语（the Attribute）当堂练习说明下列句子中定语的位置及其表现形式：1.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.2.Have you got anything to say?3.The man in the room below is friendly.4.I still remember the day when I first met her.形容词不定式副词从句句子成分六.状语（the Adverbial）1.定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词以及句子，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。句中位置比较灵活。2.
16、状语分类：时间、原因、地点、目的、让步、程度、条件、结果、方式、比较、伴随状语等。（时地原结条目比方让程伴）3.表现形式：副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、形容词(短语)、名词(短语)、独立结构、从句等句子成分六.状语（the Adverbial）例句：（句后的括号中为句中突出的状语部分的表现形式和分类）1.The old man sat in the chair,motionless and speechless.（形容词，方式）2.The meeting lasted an hour.（名词，时间）3.Dinner being ready,mother called us to
17、 the table.（独立结构，时间）4.There are many kinds of living things in the sea.（介词短语，地点）5.The old buildings were pulled down because a new road will be built here.（从句，原因）句子成分六.状语（the Adverbial）例句：6.He went to Australia in order to find a better job.（不定式短语，目的）7.He spoke so fast that I couldnt follow him.（从句，
18、结果）8.If it rains,we will not go hiking.（从句，条件）9.In spite of my great efforts,I failed.（介词短语，让步）10.He was deeply moved.（副词，程度）11.She went upstairs,singing and smiling.（分词，伴随）12.The weather was worse than I had expected.（从句，比较）句子成分六.状语（the Adverbial）当堂练习说明下列句子中状语的位置及其种类：1.He has lived in the city sinc
19、e ten years ago.2.To buy a computer,I need money.3.He entered the room,with a book in his hand.4.Melancholy（忧伤的）as I was,I still joined them to the party.地点、时间目的伴随让步句子成分七.补语（the Complement）1.定义：补充说明宾语或主语的意义、状态等，分别叫做宾语补足语（object complement）和主语补足语（subject complement）。2.句中位置：宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后，主语补足语通常置于主语和谓
20、语之后。3.表现形式：名词（短语）、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）句子成分七.补语（the Complement）例句：1.We made him our monitor.（宾补，名词）2.I found it difficult to learn maths.（宾补，形容词）3.We showed him around.（宾补，副词）4.The machine was found in a bad state.（主补，介词短语）5.The factory was ordered to be closed.（主补，不定式短语）6.He was seen opening t
21、he window.（主补，现在分词短语）7.He has just had his hair cut.（宾补，过去分词）句子成分七.补语（the Complement）当堂练习说明下列句子中补语的位置及其种类（SC or OC）：1.We consider Mr.Smith an excellent teacher.2.The dog ran loose around the street.3.They painted the wall white.4.We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.宾
22、语补足语主语补足语宾语补足语宾语补足语 主语补足语句子成分八.同位语（the Appositive）1.定义：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位。2.句中位置：常常置于被说明的词之后。3.表现形式：名词、代词、数词、从句。句子成分八.同位语（the Appositive）例句：1.Mr.Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.（名词）2.Have you ever been to Beijing,capital of China?（名词）3.They both went to the cinema.（代词）4.Is t
23、his room for us two?（数词）5.I heard the news that our team had won.（从句）6.I have no idea when he will be back.（从句）句子成分八.同位语（the Appositivev）当堂练习说明下列句子中同位语的位置：1.The youngest boy,Peter,refused to accept the money.2.I am looking for a job driving cars.3.The question whether we should go on with the work h
24、asnt been discussed.4.We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.句子成分九.独立成分（the Independent Element）1.定义：与句子的其他成分只有意义上的联系而没有语法关系的词、短语或从句。2.句中位置：可放句首、句中或句末，位置灵活。3.表现形式：感叹语（interjection）、呼语（direct address）、插入语（parenthesis）。*注：这里的独立成分并不是独立结构（the Absolute Construction），独立结构的内容将
25、在后续章节中详细讲解，请同学们不要混淆概念。句子成分九.独立成分（the Independent Element）例句：1.My goodness！How could you work so fast？（感叹语）2.Be quiet,children.（呼语）3.The proposal,I think,is just a nonsense.（插入语）句子成分九.独立成分（the Independent Element）（1）单词作插入语，常见者如下：certainly,surely,undoubtedly,indeed,really,honestly,truly,strangely,surp
26、risingly,briefly,perhaps,maybe,curiously,possibly,frankly,happily,unhappily,luckily,unluckily,fortunately,personally,obviously,actually,naturally,otherwise,however,still,yet,besides,firstly,secondly,etc.句子成分九.独立成分（the Independent Element）（2）词组作插入语，常见者如下：不定式短语：to be exact,to be fair,to be honest,to b
27、e sure（无疑）,to begin/start with,to make matters worse,so to say/speak（可以说）,to speak generally,to speak plainly（坦率地说）,to tell the truth,to be frank to be plan with you（说实话）,to sum up,to put it differently（换句话说）,to put it simply（简单地说）,to conclude,etc.句子成分九.独立成分（the Independent Element）（2）词组作插入语，常见者如下：分
28、词短语：judging by/from,generally speaking,strictly speaking,properly speaking,honeatly speaking,roughly speaking,talking of（说到）,including,etc.句子成分九.独立成分（the Independent Element）（3）介词短语作插入语，常见者如下：after all,as a matter of fact,as a reasult,at least,by the way,for example,in a sense（在某种意义上）,in a word,in a
29、 few words(in short,in sum),in addition（此外）,in conclusion,in all,in fact,in general,in my opinion/view,in other words,in summary,in the first place（首先）,of course,on the one hand,on average,on the whole,to my regret/surprise/rejoice/delight,to our knowledge（据我们所知）,to my thinking（照我看）,etc.句子成分九.独立成分（t
30、he Independent Element）（4）形容词短语、副词短语、名词短语作插入语，常见者如下：more/most important,strange to say（说来奇怪）,strange enough,needless to say,all the same,or rather（更确切地说）,worse still,better still,sure enough,no dooubt,no wonder,etc.句子成分九.独立成分（the Independent Element）（5）句子作插入语，常见者如下：as I see it（在我看来）,I admit,I believ
31、e,I dare say,I hope,I remember,I fear,I think,I guess,I suppose,I wonder,I tell you,you know,you see,who knows,God knows,I am pleased/sorry to say,Im afraid,Im sure,if I may say so,if you dont mind,it is said,it seems,let me see（让我想想）,that is,that is to say,believe me,dont you think,dont you know,so
32、/as far as I know,it may be,whats more（而且）,what is more important,what is worse,etc.句子成分综合练习分析下列句子的句子结构：1.The Chinese proverbrob the rich to save the poorshould be halted,for this is a severe disrespect to others labor.句子成分综合练习分析下列句子的句子结构：2.In some peoples minds,he who is more wealthy than the major
33、ity of people should donate money and other commodities,providing his assistance for those who are in adversity.句子成分综合练习分析下列句子的句子结构：3.Vice versa,a mighty nation will facilitate an auspicious atmosphere in the society where everyone is kind and amiable,enjoying assisting others.2句子分类句子分类两类划分方法：按功能划分：
34、陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句按结构划分：简单句 并列句 复合句句子分类一.功能类划分：1.陈述句：用于传递信息、提供情况、肯定或否定某事等，结构特征为主语在前，谓语在后，句尾用句号。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。2.疑问句：用于提出问题，询问情况，可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和附加疑问句。（1）简单特殊疑问词：who,what,which,whose,when,where why,how。复合疑问词有：what if.（=What will/would happen if.?,如果.）eg:What if the bag accidently inflates while y
35、ou are driving down the high way,thus causing an accident that would never have occurred otherwise?译：万一你在高速公路行车时，安全气囊突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？句子分类一.功能类划分：how come.（=How does it happen that.?或 Why it is that.?,为什么.）eg:How come the lawyer brains are damned expensive?译：为什么律师的脑袋这么值钱？why(not)do.（为什
36、么（不）.）eg:Why not take a chance?译：为什么不试一试呢？what/how about（=What it is there about.?，.怎么样？）eg:What about taking some carnations?译：带一些康乃馨怎么样？句子分类一.功能类划分：（2）特殊疑问句有它的强调形式来表示惊奇、愤怒等心情，其方法是在疑问词后加exactly,ever,on earth（究竟）,the hell（到底.，表示愤怒）等强调式词组。eg：What the hell do you think you are doing?译：你到底知不知道你在干什么？！（3
37、）附加疑问句（反义疑问句），内容较多，此处不再赘述，将在后续课程中学习。3.祈使句、感叹句（略）句子分类二.结构类划分：1.简单句：由一个分句，即一个作主语的名词词组（NP）和作谓语的动词词组（VP）构成的句子称为简单句。2.并列句：两个或两个以上的分句的组合，并用and,but,still,yet,so,or,however,as well as,rather than等并列连接词连接而成的句子称为并列句。3.复合句：由一个主句和一个从句组成，构成主从关系的句子称为复合句。从句由从属连词because,when,if,as,as if 等词引导。3句子的基本句型句子的基本句型主要分为以下几类
38、（了解即可）：1.主语+谓语；2.主语+谓语+宾语（S+V+O）主语+系动词+表语（S+V+P）3.主语+谓语+主语补足语（S+V+SC）eg:The good is the beautiful.译：好的就是美的。4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（S+V+O+OC）5.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+Oi+Od）句子的基本句型 there be 句型的拓展知识1.除 be 之外，一些表示存在，位置移动等意义的不及物实义动词也可以用在 there 句型中，常用的有seem,appear,live,lie,remain,exist,happen,follow 等。eg:So long as
39、 human beings remain curious,there seems no doubt that the whodunit,in all its various forms,will continue to exert its fatal attraction.译：只要人类还有好奇心，那么毫无疑问，各种各样的侦探小说都将继续保持致命的诱惑力。句子的基本句型 there be 句型的拓展知识2.there be 的特殊结构：（1）there/it is no use（in）doing.，意为“.是没有用的”。eg:There is no use asking hershe doesn
40、t know anything.译：问她是没有用的，因为她什么都不知道。（2）there is no point/sense in+V-ing，意为“.是没有意义的”。eg:There is no sense in making him exasperated.译：惹恼他是毫无意义的。句子的基本句型 there be 句型的拓展知识3.there be 句型不能与 since 连用。4.there be 表示“某地有.”，所以一般不与 has 或 have 连用。5.在使用 there be 结构时，特别要注意不要出现双谓语。eg:Are there no people in the worl
41、d help me during this crisis?（）Are there no people in the world who can help me during this crisis?（）Are there no people in the world to help me during this crisis?（）4巩固练习巩固练习1.Nowadays more and more students are working directly on the Internet where different types of course are supplied.What is the sentence elements of the underlined words?A.adverbial B.complement C.attributeD.appositive 巩固练习1.C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：现在越来越多的学生直接在网上学习，网络提供了不同类型的课程。分析句子结构可知本句是一个定语从句，先行词是the Internet，后面的定语从句结构很完整，使用关系副词where引导定语从句。所以判断划线部分是做定语成分，修饰Internet,所以选C项。